Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Textbook Microbiology of Well Biofouling Sustainable Water Well D Roy Cullimore Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Microbiology of Well Biofouling Sustainable Water Well D Roy Cullimore Ebook All Chapter PDF
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-science-of-being-
well-2007th-edition-wallace-d-wattles/
https://textbookfull.com/product/earls-well-that-ends-well-1st-
edition-jane-ashford/
https://textbookfull.com/product/teaching-well-understanding-key-
dynamics-of-learning-centered-classrooms-1st-edition-stephen-d-
brookfield/
https://textbookfull.com/product/education-and-well-being-an-
ontological-inquiry-1st-edition-matthew-d-dewar-auth/
Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness
and Wellness, 12th Edition Thomas D. Fahey
https://textbookfull.com/product/fit-well-core-concepts-and-labs-
in-physical-fitness-and-wellness-12th-edition-thomas-d-fahey/
https://textbookfull.com/product/elegant-simplicity-the-art-of-
living-well-satish-kumar/
https://textbookfull.com/product/fit-to-be-well-5th-edition-
thygerson/
https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-community-well-
being-research-1st-edition-rhonda-phillips/
https://textbookfull.com/product/ethics-of-digital-well-being-a-
multidisciplinary-approach-christopher-burr/
MICROBIOLOGY of
WELL BIOPOULING
L istain ab lc
MICROBIOLOGY of
WELL BIOFOULING
Roy Cullimore
m LEWIS PUBLISHERS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cullimore, Roy.
Microbilological o f well biofouling / Roy Cullimore.
p. cm. — (The sustainable well series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-400-6 (alk paper)
1. Wells— Fouling. 2. Fouling organisms. I. Title. II. Series.
TD405.C85 1999
628.1T 4— dc21 99-35336
CIP
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety o f references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity'of all materials or for the consequences o f their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or
retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The consent o f CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for
creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC
for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
Tradem ark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
D. Roy Cullimore
Ph.D., Registered Microbiologist
July 1999
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Roy Cullimore is an applied ecologist trained at the University
of Nottingham, U.K. Since 1975, he has been Director of the Regina
Water Research Institute at the University of Regina. He along with co
inventor, George Alford, have five patents including the biological
activity reaction test (BART™) and the blended chemical heat treatment
(BCHT™). Roy has published over one hundred refereed papers, two
hundred and seventy technical reports, and has received over 3.5 million
dollars in research funding. At present, he is President of Droycon
Bioconcepts Inc. o f Regina, a biotechnology company involved in
research, development and manufacture. He authored Practical M anual
o f Groundwater M icrobiology which was published by Lewis
Publishers in 1993. Currently, Roy is editor o f a series o f books on
sustainable wells. He is now involved in research on the rusticle
growths on RM S Titanic and dove to the ship in 1996 and 1998 as a part
of the Discovery Channel expeditions. Also, Roy is currently involved
in the AWWARF water well rehabilitation project being undertaken by
Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Connecticut.
CONTENTS
2. CONCEPTS........................................................................................ 21
Microbial Dynamics of Biofilms ........................................... 23
Biofilm M aturation...................................................................24
Bacteriology of Plugging.........................................................26
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................421
INDEX....................................................................................................427
INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW
1
2 Biofouling of Wells
as one o f the inherent and essential factors. These are involved in such
events as plugging, remediation o f pollution events, hydrophobicity in
soils and the bioaccumulation and degradation o f potentially hazardous
chemicals. Some of these events can become manageable once the key
controlling factors have become understood.
While the microorganisms are, by and large, very simple in
structure, small in size (ranging from 0.5 to 20 microns or 10"^ mm in
cell diameter) and commonly spherical (coccoid) or rod shaped, the
impact that these organisms can create can have dramatic effects on the
activities of what is probably the most sophisticated species. Homo
sapiens. In recent millennia, man has learned to construct and devise
many sophisticated systems that not only provide protection, safety and
transportation but now also allow rapid communication. During the
period o f evolution, microorganisms have also developed very sophisti
cated systems o f protection, community structures, modes oftransporta
tion and even communication.
In today’s human society, engineering has created many advances that
have facilitated both the intellectual and material developments within a
global society. So rapid have been these developments, particularly in the
last centuiy, that the interaction between these systems and structures with
other cohabiting species has received but casual secondary consideration.
Traditionally, surface dwelling plant and animal species that are deemed to
be desirable strains are often “landscaped” into the environment or allowed
to flourish within these manipulated structures for the direct or indirect
benefit of man. Less progress has been made to understand the extent to
which subsurface dwelling organisms occupy, and are active within, the
soils and geological “crust” of the earth. Only today are extensive studies
being initiated.
communities that are not only stable and durable but also dynamic. To
undertake such comprehensive management practices, a very clear
appreciation has to be generated regarding the role o f these biological
components as contributors to the dynamics of the crust o f this planet.
For Homo sapiens, as a surface dwelling species, it is relatively
convenient to comprehend the role o f the plants and animals since these
are, by and large, either surface dwelling or flourish in the surface-
waters which abound on this planet.
Perhaps not so recognized at this time are the rotes of the microorgan
isms. These are the insidious organisms of relatively small dimensions and
(apparently) simple abilities that are almost totally ubiquitous within the
soils, surface- and ground- waters and even upon and within many of the
living organisms that populate this planet. An example of the ubiquitous
nature of microorganisms can be found in the fact that 90% of the cells in
the human body are, in fact, microbial. The remaining 10% are actually the
tissue cells that make up the human body as such. This is possibly symbolic
of the role of microorganisms throughout the surface structures of this
planet. They are small, insidious, numerous and can also be biochemically
veiy active.
Additionally, these microbes are able to resist, survive, adapt and
flourish in some of the very harshest of habitats. Some examples of these
extreme environments in which microorganisms can flourish are:
vadose zone. Generally in igneous rocks, the bottom of the ground water
could be at depths of 150 to 275 meters while in sedimentary rocks, depths
could reach 15,900 meters. In the latter case, extremely high hydraulic pres
sures could be exerted upon any incumbent microflora. Hydraulic pressures
will be very much influenced by the hydraulic conductivity of the overbur
den and the degree o f inter-connectivity between the various related
aquifers witiiin the system. In oceanic conditions, these factors are not
signiflcant and pressures can reach 600 atmosphere (8,820 p.s.i. or 1,280
kPa). At these higher pressures, the temperature at which water would
convert to steam would also be elevated so that many microorganisms could
still exist and flourish at superheated temperatures provided that the water
was still liquid. For example, water will not boil until the temperature (°C)
is reached for the pressure shown (in parenthesis, p.s.i.): 125°C (33.7);
15(FC (69.0); 200°C (225.5); 250“C (576.6); 300°C (1,246); and 350”C
(2,398). There would therefore appear to be a strong probability that there
may be a series of stratified microbial communities within the crust. These
may be separable by their ability to function (with depth) under increasing
hydrostatic pressures in more concentrated salt solutions, at higher
temperatures under extremely low veiy reductive (-Eh) redox potentials
(e.g., -450 millivolts).
For those microorganisms able to survive and flourish in extremely
deep subsurface environments, the geologic formations must provide
openings in which the water (and the organisms) can exist. Here the
microbes will, in all probability, grow attached to the surfaces presented
within the openings. Typical openings include inter-grain pores (in
unconsolidated sandstone, gravel, and shale), systematic joints (in
metamorphic and igneous rocks, limestone), cooling fractures (in basalt),
solution cavities (in limestone), gas-bubble holes and lava tubes (in basalt)
and openings in fault zones. All of these openings provide surfaces large
enough to support such attachment if the cells can reach the site. Such a
restriction would be relatable to the size of the microbial cells in relation to
the size of the openings.
Porosity is usually measured as the percentage of the bulk volume of
the porous medium that is occupied by interstices and can be occupied with
water when the medium is saturated. This volume is sometimes referred to
as the void volume. For coarse to fine gravel, the percentage porosity can
range from 28 to 34% respectively. Porosities for sand tend to range from
39 to 43%. Fine and medium grain sandstone generally have porosities from
33 to 37% respectively. Tightly cemented sandstones would have a
porosity of 5%. However, rocks tend to be porous structures with pore sizes
large enough to accommodate bacterial cells that, in the vegetative state,
have cell diameters of between 0.5 and 5 microns. When these cells enter
6 Biofouling of Wells
[2] Les notes qui composent cet Essai ont été réunies
de 1903 à 1914. Celles qui concernent l’idée de Patrie
datent du printemps 1914. Je n’ai rien à y changer.
J’aurais trop à y ajouter.
CHAPITRE PREMIER
DE L’ÉDUCATION : PRINCIPES ET MOYENS D’ACTION
Pour améliorer une race, il ne faut guère compter sur les lois, qui
ne sont que l’enjeu des luttes de partis. Il faut agir directement sur
ses mœurs. C’est l’œuvre de chacun, qui tient ainsi un peu de
l’avenir dans ses mains. Et l’action la plus facile, la plus logique, la
plus urgente, ne doit-elle pas s’exercer sur l’éducation, par
l’éducation ?