BRIDGE COURSE

Coordinator-Mr. A.H.ANSARI
CLASS-XII
(Principal-PM SHRI KV MATI)

SUBJECT-CHEMISTRY

Coordinator-Mr. A.H.ANSARI
(Principal-PM SHRI KV MATI)

Prepared By-
1.Mrs.Nisha Singh (KV Raebareli)
2.Mr. Ajay Pratap Singh (KV Balrampur)
3.Mr.H.D.Tiwari (PM SHRI KV NO.2 Chakeri)
4.Mr.Piyush Mishra (PM SHRI KV NO.1 Armapur)
5.Mr. Amit Saxena (PM SHRI KV Mati)
6.Mr.S.K.Pandey(PM SHRI KV Mati)
DAY-1

Topics 1. Concept of solution(Binary)- Solute & Solvent

2.Concept of mole
3. Concentration of solution – Molarity, Molality, Mole fraction
percentage ,ppm
4. Units & interrelation of units of concentration
5.Molarity equation
Learning The students will beable to –
Outcomes 1.Identify solute andsolvent 2.Understand the concept of mole 3.Understand the
concept of concentration of solution
4. Solve thenumerical.
Content Solution
coverage
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1.Calculate the molecular mass of –Glucose(C6H12O6)
, Sucrose (C12H22O11) , Urea(NH2CONH2), Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) .
2.Define the following terms –a)Mole (b)Molarity (c)Molality ( d)Mole fraction
Out of molarity and molality which is better for expressing the concentration
of solution?
3.Calculate the molality of solution prepared by dissolving 2.5 g of ethanoic acid
Assignment (CH3COOH) in 75 g of benzene .
Level-1 4.A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with
Chloroform (CHCl3), supposed to be carcinogenic in nature .The level of
contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i)Express this in percentage by mass.
(ii)Determine the molalityof chloroform in the water sample

1.A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10%w/w .What would be

the molality and mole fraction of each componentin the solution? If the
density of solution is 1.2 g/ml, then what shall be themolarity of the
Assignment solution?
Level-2 2.Calculate
(i)Molality and Molarity of KI solution if the density of 20% (w/w)
3.Calculate the molarity of solutions of 30ml of 0.5M H2SO4 diluted to
500ml.
4.A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% and 400g of 40%
solution by mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting
solution?
DAY-2

Topics 1.Concept and use of logarithm

2.Plot of graph and interpretation
3.Exponential terms and series
4.Plot the equation of line and its mathematical interpretation
Learning The students will be able to –
Outcomes  Use log in numerical
 Know the meaning of slope and intercept on y axis
Content Numerical and graphs of Electrochemistry andChemical Kinetics
coverage
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1. Solve the following-
a)- log (0.0025)
b)log (4.82 × 10-5)
2.Calculate the value of x if –
Log x = 8.34 3.Calculate log 10-2/10-4
Assignment
Level-1

1. Calculate the value of log(-1.8192)

2.calculate the value of log (----2-.6862)
3.calculate Antilog value of (-15.4896)
4.Plot the graph

Assignment
Level-2
DAY-3

Topics 1. Symbols ,Formulae, Atomicity, Charge of chemical species

2. Formula making with the concept of ions.
3. Concept of strong and weak electrolyte and their dissociation.
4.Electrode potential
5.EMF & Cell potential6.Electrochemical cell
Learning The students will beable to –
Outcomes 1.Write formula of compounds 2.Understand the construction and working of electrochemical cell
Content Electrochemistry
coverage
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1. Give the function of salt bridge in the electrochemical cell.
2. What is standard Hydrogen Electrode?
3. Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction,
Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ————> Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
takes place. Further show:
(i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged?
Assignment
(ii)the carriers of current in the cell and
Level-1
(iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.
(iv) Find out the direction of flow of electron and current.

1. An aqueous solution of CuSO4 is stirred with a silver spoon, what types of ions
are formed?
2. Why silver cannot be electroplated on gold.
3.Why the current stops flowing when Ecell=0
4.Write the cell reaction and Eocell from the cell depicted as
Assignment Mg(s)|Mg2+(aq)||Al3+(aq)|Al(s)
Level-2
DAY-4

Topics 1. Electrochemical series and its applications.

2.Electrolysis
3.Product of electrolysis
4.Gibbs energy
5.Law of mass action 6.Equilibrium constant
Learning The students are able to –
Outcomes
1. Differentiate between Electrochemical cell and Electrolytic cell. 2.
Give the product ofelectrolysis of electrolytes.
Content Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics
coverage
Important conceptual Questions for Practice

1 Given the standard electrode potentials – K+/K = - 2.93 V , Ag

+ 2+ 2+ 3+
/Ag = 0.80 V , Hg /Hg = 0.79 V Mg /Mg = -2.73 V,Cr /Cr = -
0.74 V
Arrange these metals in their increasing order of reducing power.
2. Predict the product of electrolysis in each of the following -
Assignment
a) A dilute solution of H2SO4 with platinum electrode.
Level-1
b) An aqueous solution of CuCl2 with platinum electrodes.
3. Can we store copper sulphate solution in nickel vessel?

-8
1. Calculate the PHof aqueous solution of 10 M HCl.
2. Electrolysis of KBr solution gives Br2 ions at the anode, but the
solution of KF does not produce any F2 ions. Give a reason.
3.State the condition under which an electrochemical cell behaves like
Electrolytic cell.
Assignment
Level-2
DAY-5

Topics Electronic configuration of atoms and ions

Learning After studying this topic students will be able to-
Outcomes  Write electronic configuration of atoms and ions correctly.
 Understand and relate the stability of ions with reference to electronic
configuration of atomic or ionic species.
 Understand and predict the magnetic behavior of a species.
Content Aafbau Principle, Hund’s rule, Electronic configurations of elements with special
coverage reference to d-block elements and ions, stability and electronic configuration ,
unpaired electron and magnetic behavior of atoms and ions
( paramagnetic & diamagnetic)
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1.Write the electronic configuration of following species -
(a)Fe2+ (b) Cr3+ (c)Mn2+ (d) Co3+ (e) Ni2+ (f) Cu2+

2. Calculate the No. of unpaired electrons in the following species and

predict the magnetic behavior
Assignment
(a)Fe3+ (b) Cu2+ (c) Sc3+
Level-1 (d) Cr3+

1. Why are half filled or fully filled orbitals more stable?

2+ 3+
2. Fe and Co have the same electronic configuration. Explain

Assignment
Level-2
Day-6

Topics Geometry and shape of molecules and ions

Learning After studying this topic students will be able to-
Outcomes  Predict and draw the geometry of molecules and ions
 Understand the concept of hybridization and its role in determining the shape
of molecules and ions.
Content VSEPR theory,
coverage Concept of Hybridization and shape of molecules with more emphasis on sp3, sp3d2
and introduction of dsp2 and d2sp3 type of hybridizations.
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1.Predict and draw the shape of following species on the basis of
VSEPR theory-
- - 2-
CH4, PCl5, SF6, SF4, ClO3 , MnO4 , CrO4 ,XeO3
2. Find the state of hybridization of following species-
- 2-
MnO4 , CrO4 , [NiCl4]2- , [Cu(NH3)4]2-
Assignment
Level-1

.
1. Why all the bonds in PCl5 are not similar.
2—
2. Why all the C-O bonds in the CO3 are equal in length?
Assignment 3.Draw the structure of HNO3, why the bond N-O & N-O-H are not
Level-2 equal in length?
Day-7

Topics Concept of Oxidation No. and Balancing Redox reactions

Learning After studying this topic students will be able to-
Outcomes 1. Calculate oxidation No. of elements in molecules and ions.
2. Balance redox reactions.
Content Concept of oxidation number.
coverage 1. Calculation of oxidation number of elements in molecules & ions.
2. Balancing the redox reactions.
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1. calculate the oxidation state of underlines elements-
(a) KMnO4 (b) K2Cr2O7
(c) K4Fe(CN)6 (d) [Fe(H2O)6]3+
2. Balance the following reactions-
- 2+ + 2+
(a) MnO4 + Fe + H  Mn + Fe3+ + H2O
- - -
Assignment (b) Cl2 + OH  ClO3 + Cl + H2O
Level-1 3. find the oxidation no. of underlined element in the following;
1. H2S2O8
2. H2SO5
3. KO2
4. H2O2

1. Compare the stability on the basis of Electronic configuration among the following pair
(i) Fe2+ & Fe3+
(ii) Mn2+ & Mn3+
(iii) Cr2+ & Cr3+
Assignment
Level-2
Also compare the magnetic behavior.
2. 3rd Ionization Energy of Mn is Exceptionally high. Explain
3. What are the interstitial compounds and why it is formed by the
transition elements?
4.During identification of chloride ions in qualitative analysis , the
precipitate so formed dissolve in liq. NH3.(NH4OH solution).Explain
Day-8

Topics Nomenclature & Isomerism of organic compounds

Learning Students will be able to name the organic compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature and
Outcomes also derive their structures from the given names.

Content  Classification of Organic compounds, Nomenclature of organic Compounds

coverage  IUPAC system of nomenclature of Alkane, Alkene, Alkynes (cyclic & acyclic compounds),
Nomenclature of organic compounds having functional group(s). Nomenclature of substituted
Benzene groups.
 Isomerism
(i) Structural Isomerism
(ii) Stereoisomerism

Important conceptual Questions for Practice

1.Write the structures of the following compounds: (related to R-OH, Ar-OH & R-O-R)
(i)2-Methylbutan-2-ol
(ii)3,5-Dimethylhexane –1, 3, 5-triol
(iii)1 – Ethoxypropane
Cyclohexylmethanol.
2. Draw the structures of the following compounds : (related to R-CHO, R-CO-R & R-COOH)
(i) 3-Methylbutanal
Assignment (ii) p-Methylbenzaldehyde
Level-1 3. How many chain isomers does pentene have?
4. Write all possible structural isomers of the compound with molecular formula C 5 H 12 O.

Write the IUPAC name of the following structure

Assignment
Level-2

(f)
2. Draw the structures of following componds
(a) 5-methylhept-3-yne
(b) 3-Ethylhexa-1,4-diyne
Day-9

Topics Electronic effects & Application (Resonance, Hyperconjugation, Inductive effects,

Mesmeric effects etc.)
Learning Students will be able to understand electronic transfer in the conjugate system,
Outcomes polarity of bond, shifting of electrons stability of molecule/ion, directive influence
(ortho, meta, para) effect on acidic/basic strength
Content Electromeric effect, inductive (+I,-I ) effect, EDG & EWG, Delocalization of Pi
coverage electron, +R & -R effect electron density at ortho, meta and para, stability of
carbocation and carbanions, and mesomeric (+M & -M)
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1. Which electron displacement effect explains the following correct orders of
acidity of the carboxylic acids?
(a) Cl3CCOOH > Cl2CHCOOH > ClCH2 COOH
(b) CH3CH2COOH > (CH3)2 CHCOOH > (CH3)3CCOOH
2. Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron
shift using curved-arrow notation. (a) C6H5OH (b) C6H5N02
Assignment 3. Write the order of stability of primary, secondary and tertiary carbocation and
Level-1 give reason.
4. Draw the resonating structure of phenoxide ion.

1.Melting point of which compound is maximum

(a) Chlorobenzene (b) o-dichlorobenzene
(c)m-dichlorobenzene (d) p-dichlorobenzene
Assignment 2. The stability of 2,3-dimethyl but-2-ene is more than but-2-ene.
Level-2 Explain
3. 2. Identify the false statement regarding resonance
a) As the number of charges increases, the resonance forms gets more
significant
b) Zero charge of resonance is the most significant one
c) Atoms with full octet resonance form are more stable when
compared with the one with unfilled octet
d) Resonance is unstable in case of unfilled octet of nitrogen atom
Day-10

Topics Bond Cleavage, Electrophiles & Nucleophiles Reaction Intermediate &

Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Benzene & Directive Influence
Learning Students will be able to understand electronic transfer in the conjugate system,
Outcomes hemolytic heterolytic fission formation of electrophile, nucleophile correlate with
Lewis acid and base electrophile and nucleophile center, free radical, electrophilic
substitution reactions(halogenation, nitration and Friedel Craft reaction
Content Homolytic and heterolytic fission formation free radical, electrophile and
coverage nucleophile, Lewis acid and base, electrophilic substitution reactions substituted
benzene, position at which electrophile attack
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1. Show the bond cleavage in tert. butyl chloride.
2. Suggest the name of another Lewis acid instead of anhydrous aluminum
chloride which can be used during alkylation of benzene.
3.What will be the product when nitration of following compound take place
(i) phenol (ii) benzaldehyde
4.Short list the electrophile and nucleophile
Assignment Cl-, CH3+ CN-, SO3H+, +COCH3, OH-, NO2+
Level-1 5.Which of the following sets of substituents are all meta directing in electrophilic
substitution reaction?
a) Cl, NH2,CH3
b) CN, SO3H, CHO
c) COCH3, CONR2, NH2
d) OCOCH3, OH, CN
6. What are electrophiles and nucleophiles? Explain with examples.

1. Why phenol is more acidic than alcohol?

2. Why the OH- group of aliphatic alcohol is not the best leaving group?
3. Arrange the following in the increasing order of the leaving group
- - - -
Assignment -OH ,-Cl ,RO ,RCOO ,
Level-2
Day-11

Topics SN reactions, Mechanism, Reactivity Order, SN1 & SN2

Learning Students will be able to correlate with Molecularity and order of reaction, slow and
Outcomes fast steps of mechanism. Stepwise mechanism
Content Hydrolysis and cyanidation (with KCN) of primary secondary and tertiary alkyl
coverage halide, inversion and retention.
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1. In which nucleophilic substitution reaction is carbocation
intermediate formed?
2. Which nucleophilic substitution reaction has a one-step mechanism?

3. What is the reactivity order of 10,20,30 alkyl halides.in the SN2

mechanism?
Assignment 4. What is the reactivity order of 10,20,30 alkyl halides.in the SN1
Level-1 mechanism?
5. How do your account for the formation of ethanol during hydrolysis
of chloroethane?
6.Convert the followings
(i)Propane nitrile from ethyl chloride,
(ii) tert. Butyl alcohol from tert. Butyl chloride
1.Arrange the reactivity order of the following towards the
Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction
(i) Haloalkanes
Assignment (ii) Allyl halides
Level-2 (iii) Vinyl Halides
(iv) Haloarenes
(v) Benzyl Halides
2. Why Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanide as a main
product, while AgCN forms isocyanides as a main chief product?
Day-12&13

Topics Electrophilic Substitution Reaction of Aromatic Benzene & It’s mechanism,

directive influence of the groups & effect on the reactivity order for the substituted
Benzene - detail concept
Learning Students will be able to understand reactivity of Benzene. Delocalization of Pi
Outcomes electron. Effect of –I, +I, -R, +R on reactivity of Benzene / Substituted Benzene
Content Delocalization of π-electron. -R, +R on reactivity of Benzene / Substituted
coverage Benzene, effect electron density at ortho, meta and para, Electrophilic Substitution
Reaction of Aromatic Benzene
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1. Why is benzene extraordinary stable though it contains three double
bonds?
2. Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution reactions easily
and nucleophilic substitutions with difficulty?
3. Out of benzene, m-dinitrobenzene and toluene which will undergo
Assignment nitration most easily and why?
4. Give some examples of electrophilic substitution reactions.
Level-1
5.Write the reaction mechanism of chlorination and nitration of
(i) phenol (ii) benzaldehyde

1. Aniline is highly reactive towards Electrophilic Substitution Reaction

but it doesn’t give friedal craft reaction why?
2. On the Nitration of aniline it forms mixture of ortho, para, & meta
Assignment substituted compounds. Explain
Level-2 3. Phenol, on nitration with conc. HNO3 gives 2, 4, 6 trinitrophenol
that all the ortho and para position are occupied. Why?
Day-14

Topics Concept &mechanism of Nucleophilic addition reaction of carbonyl compounds –

detail mechanism and reactivity orders
Learning Students will be able to understand hybridization of carbon, Steric hindrance and
Outcomes planarity of carbonyl compounds. Formation of cyanohydrin, primary secondary
and tertiary alcohol, acetal /ketal
Content Hybridization, geometry, nucleophile attacking centre, steric hindrance. Addition of
coverage HCN, Alcohol, Grignard reagent
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1.Write hybridization and geometry of following compounds
Ethanal, Propanone, benzaldehyde, benzophenone.
2. Show the electron transfer when nucleophile attacks over
acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, Propanone and benzophenone.
3. Write the reaction mechanism (stepwise) when HCN react with
Assignment (i) acetaldehyde (ii) benzaldehyde, (iii) Propanone (iv) benzophenone.
Level-1 4. Out of acetaldehyde and Propanone which one give faster
nucleophilic addition reaction and why?

1. Arrange the reactivity order towards Nucleophlic addition reaction.

HCHO,CH3CHO,C6H5CHO,NO2CH2CHO
2. Carboxylic Acid & all it’s derivatives contain CO group but they don’t give
characteristic reactions of carbonyl group.
Assignment 3. Why the formic acid (HCOOH) gives the characteristic reactions of the
Level-2 aldehydes.
Day-15

Topics Acidic & Basic Strength of Reasoning – explanatory types & other reasoning
questions in general organic chemistry
Learning Students will be able to understand about Effect of Electron donating and electron
Outcomes withdrawing group, Availability of lone pair of electrons and Hydrogen Bonding
with stability of molecules. Ka/Kb and pKa /pKb
Content Acidic & Basic Strength, concept of conjugate acids and bases, stability of
coverage respective conjugate base of acid and conjugate acid of base, +I/-I effect, Effect of
hydrogen bond in basic strength of amines.
Important conceptual Questions for Practice
1. Formic acid is stronger acid than that of acetic acid why?
2.2-chloroethanoic acid is stronger acid than that of acetic acid
why?
3. Benzoic acid is stronger acid than that of phenol why?
4. Ethyl amine is less basic than that of diethyl amine why?
Assignment 5.pKa of ethanoic acid is less than the pKa of benzoic acid why?
Level-1 6.pKb of aqueous solution of trimethylamine is greater than that of
pKb of aqueous solution of methyl amine why?
7. Aniline is less basic than methyl amine why?
8. Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their
decreasing relative reactivity with an electrophile, E+.
(a) Chlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-
nitrochlorobenzene
(b) Toluene, p-H3C – C6H4 – NO2, p-O2N – C6H4 – NO2
1.Arrange the following in the increasing order of acidic strength
(i)

Assignment
Level-2
(a) (b) (C) (D)

(ii) (a) (b) (C)

2.Why aliphatic amines are more Basic than NH3 while aniline is less basic than NH3
3.Arrange the basic strength of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
(a) in gaseous phase
(b)In aqueous stage for ethyl amines and methyl amines