Geotechnical Site Investigations For Underground Projects2

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Volume 2
Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects
Abstracts of Case Histories and Computer-Based Data Management System
Subcommittee on Geotechnical Site Investigations U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1984
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the subcommittee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences. SPONSORS: This project was sponsored through Transportation Systems Center Contract DTRS-57-81-C-00129 by the following agencies: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Energy, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S. Geological Survey. A limited number of copies are available from U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20418
PREFACE
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Preface
The high costs of underground construction are a major concern of both the general public and the agencies (federal, state, and local) that build or provide funds for a variety of projects. The U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology (1974, 1978) has issued recommendations addressing certain aspects of underground construction that contribute to its high risk and high cost. However, underground construction continues to be expensive, with project costs rising rapidly and often significantly exceeding the preconstruction estimate. The escalation in costs is incompatible with the most advantageous use of the subsurface at a time when the desirability of constructing underground rather than surface facilities is becoming increasingly apparent. The emphasis on developing underground construction to suit a variety of purposes is expanding with our needs to conserve surface space as our population grows; conserve energy required for heating and cooling; provide refuge from, and mitigate the effects of, both natural and man-made hazards; provide economical storage for food, water, and strategic goods; provide safe disposal of toxic and radioactive wastes; and provide for subsurface energy-production projects. Improvements in cost-effectiveness, however, will be required to spur the growth of underground construction. Considering the advantages of using underground space, it is desirable to find ways to improve the economic feasibility of underground construction. One promising avenue is examination of the geotechnical site investigation process for proposed construction sites. Of all large construction efforts, underground projects among the most complicated and are particularly sensitive to geotechnical considerations because the construction environment both affects and responds to the design and construction processes, and ultimately the operation
U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology. 1974. Better Contracting for Underground Construction. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 143 pp. U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology. 1978. Better Management of Major Underground Construction Projects. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 151 pp.
PREFACE
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of the completed facility. Therefore, an adequate and reliable determination of subsurface conditions is essential to every phase of the project and, as a consequence, is a significant factor in the final cost.
The basic objective of this study is to recommend ways of planning and conducting more effective geotechnical site investigation programs. In turn, the results of the study are expected to provide a fundamental contribution to a series of wider objectives: advancements in underground construction technology, improvements in controlling or moderating construction costs, and reductions in the incidence and degree of construction hazards or failures.
METHODOLOGY
The approach adopted for this study was to examine completed projects for which the results of the preconstruction site investigation could be related to the construction history. The procedure was designed to permit indepth study of a large number of these projects, their respective site investigation programs, and the construction problems and unanticipated costs, or lack thereof, as a means of determining the nature and signififance of the relationship between investigation programs and project problems and costs. Basically, the study consisted of four main tasks, as follows: A list of underground projects completed in the last 20 years was developed, from which 100 projects were selected as suitable for case history study. A case history data form was developed to relate the types and extent of the site investigations conducted prior to design and construction, as-built geological conditions, differing site conditions claims, cost overruns, and delays encountered during construction. The case history data and additional information from the personal experiences of subcommittee members were evaluated and conclusions drawn, keeping in mind the rapidly advancing state of the art in design and in construction equipment and methods. A computer program was developed to receive and store for future retrieval the pertinent site investigation and construction case history data. As the study progressed, it became apparent that although there exist a large number of projects from which to choose, obtaining complete data on any one project is extremely difficult. No one source contained all the data on any project and a surprising amount of information had been lost or thrown away. Also, much of the data was found to be proprietary or was simply not available due to unresolved claims litigation. Due to these constraints, 87 of the original 100 case histories were deemed sufficiently complete to be included in the final compilation of data presented herein.
PREFACE
The subcommittee's method of collecting and compiling mined tunnel data, including the basic 15-page data form, are explained in considerable detail in Volume 1, Appendix C. It should be recognized that the need for brevity in any printed form has the potential to produce distortion, as a short answer may not explain the shadings or nuances of a particular situation. This problem was generally compensated for in the 15-page data forms by adding explanations in parentheses and footnotes. This form became the primary record of all data collected for each project studied and provided the information extracted for the summary matrixes (Plates 1 and 2) in Volume 1 and the casehistory abstracts and computer retrieval system presented in this volume. The reader should understand that for general knowledge of the 87 projects reported as case histories, a study of the matrixes will suffice for quick correlation. For a more thorough understanding of particular projects, it will be necessary to research the abstracts, which are themselves more general than the original data forms.
PREFACE vi
CONTENTS
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Contents
ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES United States Projects Mass Transit Railroad Water Conveyance, Flood Control, Dam Diversion Sewage/Wastewater Storm Water Detention Nuclear Plant Cooling Hydropower Canadian Projects Mass Transit Water Conveyance Sewage Deep Shafts Hydropower Radioactive Waste Storage Mine Access COMPUTER-BASED DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM File Definition Program Format Program Searching Session for Cases with Squeezing Ground Searching Session for Cases in Mixed Face Self-Help Guide
1 6 62 64 126 144 152 154 162 168 170 174 176 178 181 192 196 209 226 238
CONTENTS viii
ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES
Abstracts of Case Histories
The abstracts of the 87 case histories presented herein were prepared from the 15-page data form that was the subcommittee's basic means of compiling and recording information on every project selected for study. Therefore, the reader may find it useful to refer to Appendix C (Volume 1), which discusses the data form in detail. Many of the explanations in Appendix C apply to the abstracts and are not repeated here. Additional items requiring further clarification are listed below in the order in which they appear in the abstracts.
Tunnel Construction Costs

Refers only to the cost of excavating and permanently supporting the mined (or sunk or raised) opening under study. Total project costs are given later. Changes Awarded: refers only to cost overruns actually paid, rather than to all that were requested.
Tunnel Data
Type(s) and Length(s): as taken from final construction records, which may not always match original design documents. Depth, crown to water table: a plus (+) sign indicates the water table is above the crown and a minus () sign that it is below the crown. Geology: Soil quality--described as cohesive or granular. If cohesive, whether very soft, soft, medium stiff, stiff, very stiff or hard. If granular, whether cemented or uncemented and then whether very loose, loose, medium dense, dense, or very dense. (Note: for a rock tunnel not particularly affected by the overlying soil, the soil units are not described.) Rock quality--described as weathered or unweathered, massive/ thick bedded or foliated/thin bedded, jointing (close, moderate, wide spacing) or no jointing, shear zones or no shear zones, faulting or no faulting.
Site Exploration
Borehole tests: a dash preceding the name of a test means the actual number performed could not be determined. Lab tests: explanation applies as for borehole tests.
Construction
Problems Encountered: listed according to six specific categories and then described with key words/phrases. Unstable ground--blocky or slabby, running, flowing, squeezing, swelling, spalling (bursts). Hazardous environmental factors--noxious fluids, existing utilities or structures, high temperature, gas. Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs--hard or abrasive, mucking, soft bottom, face fall-out, gripper instability, roof slabbing, pressure binding. Soft-ground methods--surface subsidence (minor = 0-3 in.; moderate = 3-6 in.; major = greater than 6 in.), face instability, water inflow (operating nuisance, large quantity, high pressure), obstructions (boulders, piles, etc.), material hardness, steering. Compressed air--blowouts, fire. Other problems were sometimes added as a category because interviewers discovered a few that would not fit the 6 categories and 20 key words/phrases described above.
Subsurface-Related Extra Payments

Tabulates monies requested as opposed to monies awarded. Descriptions and Amounts: follows approximately the same categories and key words/phrases as in Problems Encountered, above.
Remarks
Briefly describes the remainder of the items which make up the total project and the total costs involved. In addition, this section summarizes any other salient facts that do not fit into the rigid, abstract format yet are necessary for a true understanding of the project as a whole.
ORGANIZATION SCHEME
The order in which the abstracts are presented matches the arrangement used for Plate 1. The overall scheme separates U.S. projects, Canadian projects, and deep shafts. Within those major units, the abstracts are organized according to type (or purpose) of project and then grouped by owner. To assist the reader in researching the abstracts, the scheme is outlined below and lists the page numbers pertaining to the respective owners.
U.S. PROJECTS Mass transit

Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART), pp. 6-11. Mission Line, Contract 1M0011 Mission Line, Contract 1M0031 Market Street Line, Contract 1S0022
Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System (BRRTS), pp. 12-21. Bolton Hills Laurens Street Lexington Market Mondawmin Line North Mondawmin Line South Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), pp. 22-27. Red Line, Contract 091-105 Red Line, Contract 091-106 Porter Square Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA), pp. 28-29. Peachtree Center Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA), pp. 30-33. Buffalo Light Rail, Section C-11 Buffalo Light Rail, Section C-31 New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), pp. 34-49. Route 131-A, Section 1 Route 131-A, Sections 2 and 3 Route 131-A, Section 4 Route 131-A, Section 5A Route 131-A, Section 5B Route 131-D, Section 5 Route 131-D, Section 8 Route 133, Section 2 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), pp. 50-61. Section A-9a Section A-11a Section A-11c, Medical Center Station Section C-4 Section F-1b Section G-2
Railroad
Burlington Northern Railroad (BNRR), pp. 62-63. Bonneville 2nd Powerhouse
Water Conveyance, Flood Control, Dam Diversion

Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec), pp. 64-99. Alpine Aqueduct, Section 1 Bacon No. 2 Boustead Buckskin Mountains Burnt Mountain and Agua Fria Carter and Mormon Cunningham Dolores Hades and Rhodes Hunter, Completion Contract Navajo Route 44 Navajo No. 5 Pacheco, Reach 2
Santa Clara South Fork and Chapman Stillwater, Initial Contract Stillwater, Completion Contract Sugar Pine Diversion California Department of Water Resources (CWR), pp. 100-109. Angeles Carley V. Porter Castaic Dam Diversion San Bernardino Tehachapi 1, 2, and 3 Corps of Engineers (COE), pp. 110-115. North Fork Outlet Park River Auxiliary Skiatook Outlet Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD), pp. 116-121. Newhall and Balboa Inlets San Fernando Tonner 1 and 2 Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC), pp. 122-125. Bi-County, East Main Bi-County, West Main
Sewage/Wastewater
San Francisco Clean Water Program (SFCWP), pp. 126-129. North Shores Outfalls, N-1 North Shores Outfalls, N-2 Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMBD), pp. 130-137. Hampton Avenue Northeast Relief, Contract 287 Northeast Relief, Contract 288 Northeast Relief, Contract 289 New York City, Department of Environmental Protection (NYDEP), pp. 138-139. Red Hook Interceptor Rochester Pure Waters District (RPWD), pp. 140-143. Cross Irondequoit Interceptor Genesee Valley Interceptor
Storm Water Detention

Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago (MSDGC), pp. 144-151. Contract 72-049-2H Contract 73-160-2H Contract 73-162-2H (Part 3) Contract 75-123-2H
Nuclear Plant Cooling

Public Service Company of New Hampshire (PSCNH), pp. 152-153. Seabrook Station
Hydropower
California Department of Water Resources (CWR), pp. 154-155. Edward Hyatt Powerhouse Northeast Utilities (NU), pp. 156-157. Northfield Mountain Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E), pp. 158-159. Kerckhoff No. 2 Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), pp. 160-161. Loon Lake Powerhouse
CANADIAN PROJECTS Mass Transit

Bureau de Transport Metropolitain (BTM), pp. 162-163. Montreal Metro Line No. 5 Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), pp. 164-167. Spadina Subway Yonge Subway
Water Conveyance
Toronto Metropolitan Works Department (TMW), pp. 168-169. Easterly Filtration Intake
Sewage
Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OME), pp. 170-173. York-Durham Sewage, Contract 85 York-Durham Sewage, Contract 86
DEEP SHAFTS Hydropower

Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), pp. 174-175. Look Lake Penstock
Radioactive Waste Storage

Department of Energy (DOE), pp. 176-177. Exploratory Shaft, WIPP
Mine Access
Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corp., Ltd. (BMS), pp.. 178-179. Brunswick Shaft No. 3
BART MISSION LINE, CONTRACT 1MOO11 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: 23rd Street to 16th Street, San Francisco, California PURPOSE: Running lines for subway system OWNER: San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District DESIGNER: Parsons, Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel (JV) CONTRACTOR: Kiewit-Traylor (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: February 19, 1968 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 20, 1969 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of completed tunnel TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $8,043,356 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 125,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $8,168,356 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 7,756 lin ft Total length = 7,756 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin parallel tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 18 ft 0 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 254 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 32 lin ft minimum = 22 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +20 lin ft minimum = +10 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: sand and silty sand Quality: granular uncemented dense to very dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: clayey sand Quality: granular uncemented medium dense to dense 3rd Unit Identification/Type: silty clay Quality: cohesive hard Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: pinnacles of severely weathered clayey sandstone, shale and chert Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing (no information) shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 9 Total length = 515 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests - Advance rates recorded LAB TESTS: 17 Unconfined compression tests on soil samples 6 Sieve analyses 2 Atterberg limits tests 3 Mechanical analyses 2 Specific gravity tests 2 Consolidation tests 11 Unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests
1 Drained triaxial test - Natural moisture tests - Dry density tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground TBM (Caldwell) with compressed air PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel liner segments, 30 in. wide PERMANENT SUPPORT: Steel liner segments, 30 in. wide ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 105 lin ft Average = 56 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --mucking (muckbound; lost 3 hrs/wk average) Soft ground methods --surface subsidence (degree not known) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS No descriptions available
TOTAL = $253,692
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included a concrete box crossover structure, 2 ventilation structures, 4 tunnel cross passages, relocation and construction of utilities, surface improvements, and other related work. The total contract price as estimated was $14,165,856; the low bid was $12,734,618 and the final total contract cost was $12,876,916. These figures are affected by the fact that the owner supplied the tunnel liner segments. Some information is missing because of the difficulty with follow-up interviews. Contact with the contractor was never made. Although contact was made with the owner, he had trouble providing some data because no one was left with personal knowledge of the project, and records were extremely difficult to obtain from inactive files.
BART MISSION LINE, CONTRACT 1MOO31 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: 24th Street to Randell Street, San Francisco, California PURPOSE: Running lines for subway system OWNER: San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District DESIGNER: Parsons, Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel (JV) CONTRACTOR: Morrison-Knudsen, Perini, Brown & Root (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: October 8, 1968 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: May 30, 1969 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit priced per lin ft of completed tunnel TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $9,376,130 CHANGES AWARDED: No information (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: No information (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 8,754 lin ft Mixed face = 271 lin ft Total length = 9,025 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin parallel tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 18 ft 1-1/2 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 258 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 36 lin ft minimum = 21 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +15 lin ft minimum = +10 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: sandy clay alluvium with interbedded sand layers Quality: cohesive stiff to hard Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: soft metasandstone Quality: weathered bedded jointing (no information) shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 25 Total length = 1,596 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests - Water observation wells (in half of the borings) LAB TESTS: 18 Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression tests 11 Unconfined compression tests on soil samples 2 Unconfined compression tests on rock core 3 Permeability tests 77 Unit weights 14 Consolidation tests 1 Drained triaxial test 77 Natural moisture content tests - Specific gravity tests - Shrink/swell potential tests - Moisture-density relations tests - Sieve analyses - Atterberg limits tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: No GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground TBM (Memco), with 33% under 10 psi compressed air PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel liner segments, 30 in. wide (welded together) PERMANENT SUPPORT: Steel liner segments, 30 in. wide (welded together) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Left line tunnel--maximum = 102.5 lin ft average = 34 lin ft Right line tunnel--maximum = 75 lin ft average = 35 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance (only a minor problem) Soft ground methods --pressure binding Compressed air --no blowouts --no fire SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included a vent shaft, pumping station, 4 cross passages, underpinning of structures, utility work, paving of tunnel invert, and other related work. The total contract price as estimated was $14,594,050 and as bid was $11,679,460. These figures are affected by the fact that the owner supplied the tunnel liner segments. The as completed final costs and detailed information on overruns were not available because of difficulties with follow-up interviews. Although contact was made with the owner, he had trouble in providing some data because no one was left with personal knowledge of the project, and records were extremely difficult to obtain from inactive files. However, contact was also made with the contractor and feedback from him indicates there were no significant claims and that all disputes were resolved at job level. This would seem to indicate at least some minor cost overruns due to unexpected subsurface conditions.
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BART MARKET STREET LINE, CONTRACT 1S0022 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: 8th Street to 15th Street, San Francisco, California PURPOSE: Running lines for subway system OWNER: San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District DESIGNER: Parsons, Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel (JV) CONTRACTOR: Morrison-Knudsen, Brown & Root, Perini (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: August 13, 1967 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: August 13, 1968 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit priced per lin ft of completed tunnel TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $14,961,220 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: No information (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 10,200 lin ft Total length = 10,200 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin parallel tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 18 ft 1-1/2 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 258 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 70 lin ft minimum = 30 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +42 lin ft minimum = +22 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: sand with interbedded silty sand, clayey sand, and sandy clay Quality: granular cemented (slightly in places) dense to very dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 14 Total length = 1,253 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests - Water observation wells in a few borings LAB TESTS: 9 Unconfined compression tests on soil 4 Sieve analyses 6 Atterberg limits tests 4 Specific gravity tests 4 Consolidation tests 2 Unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests 3 Drained triaxial tests - Natural mositure tests - Dry density tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground TBM (Memco), mostly in compressed air PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel liner segments, 30 in. wide (welded together) PERMANENT SUPPORT: Steel liner segments, 30 in. wide (welded together) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Left tunnel line--maximum = 72.5 lin ft average = 26 lin ft Right tunnel line--maximum = 82.5 lin ft average = 40 lin ft
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running ground (required dewatering until compressed air system was installed to control running) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance (caused running condition until compressed air was installed) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --face fallout (95 cu yd cave-in) Soft ground methods --face instability (until compressed air installed) --water inflow (even under compressed air, water leaked into tunnel around shield, at the invert, and through cracks in the liner) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included ventilation and pump shaft structures, cross passages, mechanical and electrical work, and other related items. The total contract price as estimated was $20,341,517 and as bid was $17,763,825. These figures are affected by the fact that the owner supplied the tunnel liner segments. The as completed final costs and detailed information on overruns were not available because of difficulties with followup interviews. Although contact was made with the owner, he had trouble in providing some data because no one was left with personal knowledge of the project and records were extremely difficult to obtain from inactive files. However, contact was also made with the contractor and feedback from him indicates there were no significant claims. It is still possible there were some minor cost overruns due to unexpected subsurface conditions.
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BOLTON HILL TUNNELS GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Baltimore, Maryland PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System, Maryland Department of Transportation DESIGNER: Bechtel Inc. CONTRACTOR: Fruin-Colnon Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: August 22, 1977 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 9, 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation including lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $35,183,497 BID TOTAL: $29,112,730 CHANGES AWARDED: In litigation (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 10,030 lin ft Mixed face = 1,200 lin ft Total length = 11,230 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 19 ft 1 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 287 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 76 lin ft minimum = 48 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +22 lin ft minimum = 5 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: fine to coarse sand, trace silt Quality: granular uncemented very compact 2nd Unit Identification/Type: silty clay and clay pockets Quality: cohesive hard 3rd Unit Identification/Type: residual silty sand and sandy silt (saprolite) Quality: granular uncemented very dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: biotite hornblende gneiss with pegmatite intrusion Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 60 Total length = 5,111 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Falling head tests in cased boreholes 1 Constant head test in cased borehole 2 Pumping tests in 2 pump test wells LAB TESTS: - Unconfined compression tests - Triaxial tests - Consolidation tests - Sieve analysis tests
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- Atterberg limits tests - Natural moisture contents tests - Specific gravity tests - Slaking tests on a unit block of soil EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: A shaft at station entrance, approximately 7 ft by 7 ft by 27 ft deep SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--shield driven under compressed air (12 psi max) Mixed face--drill-and-blast (rock in invert) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--metallic liner plates PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--metallic liner plates ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Shield--maximum = 48 lin ft Overall--average = 17.6 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Soft ground methods --obstructions (hard rock in invert requiring drill-and-blast) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Obstructions TOTAL = $3,200,000 = $3,200,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels discussed above, this contract also included 5 mined cross passages, 8 tunnel interface structures, above ground work, restoration, compaction grouting, and an instrumentation program. The total contract price as estimated was $44,715,777, and as bid was $41,658,000. Claims for encountering hard rock in the soft ground tunnels are unsettled as of this writing. Borings were too far from the claim area to detect the high rock condition.
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LAURENS STREET TUNNELS GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Baltimore, Maryland PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System, Maryland Department of Transportation DESIGNER: Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton CONTRACTOR: Granite Construction Company CONSTRUCTION START: March 29, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: March 26, 1980 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation including lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $14,757,0000 BID TOTAL: $13,617,000 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $14,823,670 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 340 lin ft Mixed face = 140 lin ft Rock = 4,726 lin ft Total length = 5,206 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Soft ground--horseshoe Mixed face--horseshoe Rock--horseshoe SIZE(S): Soft ground--22 ft 4-1/2 in. high by 18 ft 8 in. wide Mixed face--19 ft 2-3/4 in. high by 16 ft 3 in. wide Rock--19 ft 2-3/4 in. high by 16 ft 3 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Soft ground--390 sq ft Mixed face--264 sq ft Rock--264 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 98 lin ft minimum = 52 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +72 lin ft minimum = +9 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: residual silty sands and sandy silt (saprolite) Quality: granular uncemented very dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granite gneiss Quality: weathered massive jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: foliated gneiss Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 47 Total length = 4,396 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Falling head tests in cased boreholes - Water pressure tests using packers
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LAB TESTS: 15 Unconfined compression tests on rock core - Triaxial compression tests on soil - Consolidation tests on soil -Aggregate hardness tests (weighted average of the hardness of the various mineral components of the rock) - Unit weight of rock cores - Grain size analysis on soil - Atterberg limits tests on soil - Natural moisture contents tests on soil - X-ray analysis of clay minerals in gouge material - Modal analysis (thin sections cut from core specimens) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--heading and bench and hand mining Mixed face--drill-and-blast and hand mining Rock--drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--ribs, liner plates, and spiling Mixed face--ribs, liner plates, and spiling Rock--ribs, rock bolts, and crown bars PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 20 in. thick Mixed face--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 20 in. thick Rock--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Rock--maximum = 32 lin ft Overall--average = 6.3 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running ground (2 runs in mixed face) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --excessive overbreak (in rock and mixed face) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Excessive overbreak in mixed face Excessive overbreak in rock TOTAL = $ 80,000 = $1,000,000 = $1,080,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels discussed above, this contract also included a cut-and-cover station, shafts, cross passages, and restoration. The total contract price as estaimted was $37,401,000; as bid was $36,283,000 and as completed was $39,040,000. Claims for overbreak were not pursued further by the contractor after denial by the owner.
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LEXINGTON MARKET TUNNELS GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Baltimore, Maryland PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System, Maryland Department of Transportation DESIGNER: Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc. CONTRACTOR: Traylor Bros., Morrison-Knudsen, Grow Tunneling (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: September 1978 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: April 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation including lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $16,648,752 BID TOTAL: $11,568,130 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 250,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $11,818,130 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 3,080 lin ft Mixed face = 40 lin ft Total length = 3,120 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 19 ft 1 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 287 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 54 lin ft minimum = 44 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +12 lin ft minimum = +2 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: fine to coarse sand, trace silt Quality: granular uncemented very compact 2nd Unit Identification/Type: silt and clay layers (generally less than 3 ft thick) Quality: cohesive hard 3rd Unit Identification/Type: residual silty sands and sandy silts (saprolite) Quality: granular uncemented very dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: biotite-hornblende gneiss Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 22 Total length = 1,894 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Falling head tests in cased boreholes LAB TESTS: - One-dimensional swell tests - Unconfined compression tests - Atterberg limits tests - Grain size analysis
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- Natural moisture content tests - Specific gravity tests - Grout injection tests (laboratory) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--shield (Robbins) with compressed air (6 psi average; 12 psi maximum) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--None PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--steel liner plate in one tube; precast concrete liner panels in the other tube ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Shield--maximum = 54 lin ft average = 24 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running (one 12 cu yd run at face) Soft ground methods --obstructions (hard rock in invert) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Obstructions TOTAL = $250,000 = $250,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels discussed above, this contract also included a large construction shaft, dewatering, compaction grouting, building demolition, and 2 mined cross passages. The total contract price as estimated was $21,900,485; as bid was $17,514,970 and as completed was $18,114,534. Precast concrete liner segments were used experimentally in 1,500 lin ft of tunnel.
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MONDAWMIN LINE NORTH GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Baltimore, Maryland PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System, Maryland Department of Transportation DESIGNER: Singstad, Kehart, November & Hurka CONTRACTOR: Clevecon, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: November 1977 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: April 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation including the final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $13,402,915 BID TOTAL: $10,313,225 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 36,741 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $10,349,966 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 6,316 lin ft Total length = 6,316 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 17 ft 9 in. high by 16 ft 3 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 260 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 100 lin ft minimum = 58 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +60 lin ft minimum = +30 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: amphibolite Quality: weathered massive jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: quartz plagioclase gneiss Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: tremolite gneiss Quality: weathered massive jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 32 Total length = 3,441 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Falling head tests - Rising head tests - Water pressure tests LAB TESTS: 21 Unconfined compression tests on rock core - Aggregate hardness tests - Unit weight of rock cores - Slaking tests on rock - Modal analysis (thin sections for rock identification) - Atterberg limits tests
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- Grain size analysis - Natural moisture content tests - Unconfined compression tests on soil EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Ribs with blocking and lagging, and rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 20 lin ft Average = 12 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky (occasional rockfalls) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --excessive overbreak SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Excessive overbreak TOTAL = $408,693 = $408,693
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels discussed above, this contract also included a shaft and a section of cut-and-cover tunnel. The total contract price as estimated was $21,480,808; as bid was $22,646,035 and as completed was $23,629,569. There were 5 outstanding claims at settlement that were settled with a lump sum; only one of these claims was geology related. The settlement amount for this claim was apportioned, based on a percentage of the original asking amount of this claim and the original asking amount of all claims.
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MONDAWMIN LINE SOUTH GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Baltimore, Maryland PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System, Maryland Department of Transportation DESIGNER: Singstad, Kehart, November & Hurka CONTRACTOR: Clevecon, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: July 1978 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: December 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation including lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $15,150,330 BID TOTAL: $11,877,810 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 125,058 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $12,024,803 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 6,600 lin ft Total length = 6,600 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 17 ft 9 in. high by 16 ft 3 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 260 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 96 lin ft minimum = 48 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +75 lin ft minimum = +30 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: amphibolite Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: quartz plagioclase gneiss and schist Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 44 Total length = 4,354 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Falling head tests in cased borings - Rising head tests - Water pressure tests LAB TESTS: 23 Unconfined compression tests on rock core - Aggregate hardness of rock - Unit weight of rock cores - Slaking tests on rock - Modal analysis (thin sections for rock identification) - Unconfined compression tests on soil - Atterberg limits tests - Grain size analysis - Natural moisture content tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Ribs and blocking with lagging, and rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Drill-and-blast--maximum = 30 lin ft Overall--average = 20 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky (occasional rock falls) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --excessive overbreak SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Excessive overbreak TOTAL = $493,413 = $493,413
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels discussed above, this contract also included a vent shaft, mined cross passages, relocation and support of utilities, and other above-ground work. The total contract price as estimated was $19,279,031; as bid was $19,518,746 and as completed was $18,659,141. There were 4 outstanding claims at settlement that were settled with a lump sum. Only one of these claims was geology related. The settlement amount for this claim was apportioned, based on a percentage of the original asking amount of this claim and the original asking amount of all claims.
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RED LINE EXTENSION, CONTRACT 091-105 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Between Porter and Harvard Squares, Cambridge, Massachusetts, PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority DESIGNER: Bechtel Civil and Minerals, Inc. CONTRACTOR: Morrison-Knudsen, J.F. White and Mergentime (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: September 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: December 4, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of excavation and per unit of lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $37,303,000 BID TOTAL: $25,046,700 CHANGES AWARDED: Not available (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 2,630 lin ft Mixed face = 1,720 lin ft Rock = 4,300 lin ft Total length = 8,650 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Soft ground--circular Mixed face and rock--horseshoe SIZE(S): Soft ground--23 ft 6 in. diameter Mixed face and rock--21 ft 2 in. high by 21 ft 10 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Soft ground--434 sq ft Mixed face and rock--352 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 105 lin ft minimum = 28 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +93 lin ft minimum = +10 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: glacial till (mixture of sand, gravel, silt and clay) Quality: granular uncemented very dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: bedded silty argillite Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones faulting, minor 2nd Unit Identification/Type: igneous dikes and sills (with diabase and andesite) Quality: weathered massive jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones faulting, minor SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 59 Total length = 5,571 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 46 Water pressure tests in rock with packers 57 Field permeability tests in soil 2 Test wells with pump tests - Oriented coring runs LAB TESTS: 24 Unconfined compression tests on rock 16 Shore hardness tests 15 Schmidt hardness tests
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14 Tabor abrasion tests 10 Total hardness tests 32 Rock density tests - Wet-dry durability (slake) tests on rock - Petrographic examinations on rock 7 Density tests on soil - Unconfined compression/Torvane/vane shear tests on soil - Moisture/Atterberg limits/sieve analysis tests - Consolidation tests - Quality (chemical concentration) tests on water EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey for rock depth GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--Shields (2 Elgood Mayo) Mixed face--Shields (2) and drill-and-blast and backhoe Rock--drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--ribs and lagging Mixed face--ribs and lagging Rock--steel ribs and rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--cast-in-place concrete, 18 in. thick Mixed face--cast-in-place concrete, 18 in. thick Rock--cast-in-place concrete, 17 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Soft ground--maximum = 48 lin ft average = 13.4 lin ft Rock--average = 5.5 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby --running --flowing Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Soft ground methods --minor surface subsidence --face instability --water inflow (operating nuisance) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Blocky, slabby, unstable ground Running, flowing unstable ground; groundwater inflow; face instability; surface subsidence TOTAL = $ 3,800,000 = $14,700,000 = $18,500,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined running tunnels described above, the total contract included five mined cross passages, two vent shafts, muck hauling by rail, and remedial work at an abandoned city dump to receive muck. The total contract was estimated at $55,395,920 and the low bid was $47,478,600. Actual final costs cannot yet be reported. The owner does not wish to prejudice litigation in adjacent sections by revealing amounts settled in Contract 091-105. The claims were settled through negotiation rather than litigation.
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RED LINE EXTENSION, CONTRACT 091-106 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Between Porter and Davis Squares, Cambridge, Massachusetts PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority DESIGNER: Bechtel Civil and Minerals, Inc. CONTRACTOR: Perini Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: April 4, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 9, 1980 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of excavation and per unit of lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $18,607,300 BID TOTAL: $14,182,800 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $13,601,912 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Mixed face = 484 lin ft Rock = 4,616 lin ft Total length = 5,100 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Mixed face--circular Rock--horseshoe SIZE(S): Mixed face--23 ft 6 in. diameter Rock--21 ft 1-1/2 in. high by 21 ft 6 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Mixed face--434 sq ft Rock--352 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 100 lin ft minimum = 32 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +84 lin ft minimum = +20 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: glacial till (mixture of sand, gravel, silt and clay) Quality: granular uncemented very dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: marine silty clay (Boston blue clay) Quality: cohesive medium stiff to very stiff Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: bedded silty argillite Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones faulting, minor 2nd Unit Identification/Type: igneous dikes (with diabase and felsite) Quality: weathered massive jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones faulting, minor SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 37 Total length = 3,315 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 45 Water pressure tests with packers 9 Borehole permeability tests in soil 1 Pumping test in test well
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LAB TESTS: 43 Unconfined compression tests on rock 26 Shore hardness tests 20 Schmidt hardness tests 18 Tabor abrasion tests 16 Total hardness tests 39 Rock density tests - Wet-dry durability (slake) tests on rock - Petrographic examinations on rock 33 Density tests on soil - Unconfined compression/Torvane/vane shear tests on soil - Moisture/Atterberg limits/sieve analysis tests - Consolidation tests on clay - Quality (chemical concentration) tests on water EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey for rock depth GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Mixed face--backhoe and drill-and-blast Rock--drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Mixed face--ribs and cribbing plus crown bars and spiling Rock--ribs and rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Mixed face--cast-in-place concrete, 18 in. thick Rock--cast-in-place concrete, 17 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Mixed face--maximum = 4 lin ft average = 2.5 lin ft Rock--maximum = 36 lin ft average = 10.3 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --squeezing ground Soft ground methods --face instability SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined running tunnels described above, the total contract included four mined cross passages and two shafts. The total contract was estimated at $30,304,160; the low bid was $24,384,050 and the actual final cost was $23,546,070. Cost underruns were mostly due to use of less ground support than anticipated in bidding documents.
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RED LINE EXTENSION, PORTER SQUARE STATION, CONTRACT 091-303 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Porter Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts PURPOSE: Passenger station for subway system OWNER: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority DESIGNER: Cambridge Seven Associates Inc. CONTRACTOR: Slattery-MacLean (joint venture) CONSTRUCTION START: March 11, 1980 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 30, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation and per unit of lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $13,035,444 BID TOTAL: $21,045,650 CHANGES AWARDED: $ None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $20,344,052 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 490 lin ft Total length = 490 lin ft LAYOUT: Large underground chamber SHAPE(S): Split level horseshoe SIZE(S): 45 ft 7 in. high by 70 ft 6 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 2,360 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 82 lin ft minimum = 64 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +60 lin ft minimum = +48 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: bedded silty argeilite Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, moderate to wide spacing no shear zones faulting, minor 2nd Unit Identification/Type: igneous dikes (with andesite and basalt) Quality: unweathered massive jointing, wide spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 48 Total length = 4,034 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 3 Boreholes where oriented coring performed 47 Borehole permeability tests 6 Pumping tests (in conjunction with inspection shaft) - Overcoring tests (in pilot tunnel) LAB TESTS: 22 Unconfined compression tests on rock 16 Rebound hardness tests 16 Abrasion hardness tests 22 Rock density tests - Atterberg limits tests - Gradation tests on soil - Quality (chemical concentration) tests on water EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: One inspection shaft, 36 in. diameter, 111.5 ft deep One pilot tunnel, 12 ft by 12 ft (length of station) SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: One blast vibration test in conjunction with inspection shaft GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (3-stage excavation) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs, rock bolts, and 3 stages of shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Shotcrete above and 4th stage (minimum total thickness, 15 in.) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 12 lin ft (per day per stage) Average = 5 lin ft (per day per stage) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of major consequence SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined station vault and crossover tunnel described above, the total contract included miscellaneous surface work, an open-cut mezzanine structure, entrance ways, and architectural, electrical, and mechanical work. The total contract was estimated at $36,969,138; the low bid was $43,887,900; and the actual final cost was $44,877,854. The site investigation was unusually thorough and probably cost in the neighborhood of $2,000,000 in 1976-78 dollars. This undoubtedly accounts for the fact that there were so few problems with unexpected subsurface conditions.
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PEACHTREE CENTER STATION AND SUBWAY TUNNELS (CONTRACT CN-120) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Marietta Street to Mills Street, Atlanta, Georgia PURPOSE: Running tunnels and station structure for subway system OWNER: Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority DESIGNER: Singstad, Kehart, November & Hurka; PB/T; Parsons Brinckerhoff; DeLeuw Cather CONTRACTOR: Horn-Fruin Colnon (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: January 19, 1978 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 17, 1980 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit prices for excavation and support items for the tunnels and station TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $28,119,948 BID TOTAL: $23,621,507 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 290,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $22,641,610 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 626 lin ft Mixed face = 1,291 lin ft Rock--tunnel = 2,490 lin ft station chamber = 770 lin ft Total length = 5,177 lin ft LAYOUT: Parallel single-track tunnels with station SHAPE(S): Soft ground and mixed face--circular Rock--horseshoe Station--horseshoe SIZE(S): Soft ground and mixed face--20 ft diameter Rock--18 ft 9 in. high by 18 ft 9 in. wide Station--42 ft high by 60 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Soft ground and mixed face--314 sq ft Rock--356 sq ft Station--2,450 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 98 lin ft minimum = 36 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +55 lin ft minimum = +35 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: residual-micaceous silty sands Quality: granular uncemented medium dense to dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: decomposed metamorphic rock Quality: weathered foliated jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: interbedded biotite, amphibole, and granitic gneisses Quality: weathered foliated jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 88 Total length = 8,225 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 5 Oriented integral coring tests - Standard penetration tests
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- Single and double packer tests - Variable head permeability tests LAB TESTS: 37 Unconfined compression tests on rock core 20 Triaxial tests on soil samples 19 Rebound and abrasion hardness tests - Petrographic examination of rock core - Rock resistivity tests - Soil classification tests - Moisture content of soil samples - Direct shear tests on rock joints - X-ray difraction of joint filling materials - Chemical testing of groundwater EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: A 900-ft long (5 ft high and 9 ft to 14 ft wide) pilot tunnel through crown of station; overcoring, flatjack testing, and MPBXs in pilot tunnel SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--shield with compressed air Mixed face--shield with compressed air Rock--drill-and-blast with specified multiple heading and bench sequence in station PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--none Mixed face--none Rock--rock bolts in tunnels and station PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--liner plates Mixed face--liner plates Rock--cast-in-place concrete (12 in. thick) or shotcrete (4 in. thick) Station arch--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 2 ft 11 in. to 3 ft 6 in. thick Station walls--none or reinforced cast-in-place concrete (9 in. thick) or shotcrete (4 in. thick) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Soft ground or mixed face--maximum = 12.5 lin ft Rock (tunnels)--maximum = 7 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (overbreak requiring additional support) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Blocky, slabby (overbreak requiring additional support) TOTAL = $1,000,000 = $1,000,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels and station described above, the total contract also included cut-and-cover portions, vents, shafts, entrance ways, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $43,764,000 and the low bid was $42,500,000. Total final costs were not available.
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BUFFALO LIGHT RAIL RAPID TRANSIT SECTION C-11 (Contract 1C0011) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Ferry to Amherst Streets, Buffalo, New York PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority DESIGNER: Hatch Associates Consultants, Inc. CONTRACTOR: Fruin-Colnon, Traylor Bros. and Onyx Construction (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: March 12, 1980 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 6, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation, separate unit price per unit of lining component TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $38,922,752 BID TOTAL: $28,650,062 CHANGES AWARDED: In litigation (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 20,416 lin ft Total length = 20,416 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 18 ft 6 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 268.8 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 72 lin ft minimum = 18 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +54 lin ft minimum = +12 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: solutioned dolostone and dolomitic limestone (Bertie formation) Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to wide spacing no shear zones faulting, minor SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 48 Total length = 4,027 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Packer tests on rock 1 Pump test with observation wells - Methane gas tests LAB TESTS: 48 Unconfined compression tests on rock core 262 Point load tests - Total hardness and fracture toughness studies (by Cornell University) - X-ray diffraction of rock samples - Groundwater tests for pH and coliform bacteria - Clay/shale content, acidity and iron sulfide tests on rock samples EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: One inspection shaft, 36 in. diameter, 62 ft deep SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBMs (Robbins 186-206 and 186-207) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts (8 ft long), with ribs in limited areas PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Robbins 186-207--average = 77.9 lin ft Robbins 186-206--average = 68.5 lin ft Combined TBMs--average = 74.8 lin ft
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --slabby (rock fallout at quarter arch points) Groundwater inflow --large quantity Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --mucking (mud from solution cavities clogged mucking system) --hard rock SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS Mucking (solution cavities, delays)
Hard rock TOTAL = $8,000,000 = $8,000,000
REMARKS In addition to the TBM mined tunnels described above, the total contract also included three subway stations, a water discharge pipeline, and a TBM recovery shaft. The total contract was estimated at $46,427,160 and the low bid was $38,949,800. Final cost was not available, because claims were in litigation at the time of this study.
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BUFFALO LIGHT RAIL RAPID TRANSIT SECTION C-31 (Contract 1C0031) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Amherst Street to South Campus Station, Buffalo, New York PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority DESIGNER: Hatch Associates Consultants, Inc. CONTRACTOR: S&M Constructors, McHugh Construction, Kenny Construction Company (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: January 16, 1980 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: August 1, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation, separate unit price per unit of lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: Not available BID TOTAL: $17,741,935 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) CHANGES AWARDED: In litigation AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 14,897 lin ft Total length = 14,897 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): Inbound--18 ft 6 in. diameter (7,600 lin ft) Outbound--18 ft 7 in. diameter (7,297 lin ft) EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Inbound--268.8 sq ft Outbound--271.1 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 49 lin ft minimum = 22 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +14 lin ft minimum = 6 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: solutioned dolostone and dolomitic limestone (Bertie formation) Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to wide spacing no shear zones faulting, minor SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 42 Total length = 3,154 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Packer tests on rock 1 Pump test in exploration shaft (with observation wells) LAB TESTS: 14 Unconfined compression tests on rock core 207 Point load tests on rock core - Groundwater tests for pH and coliform bacteria - X-ray diffraction of rock samples - Acidity, clay/shale content and iron sulfide tests on rock samples EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: One inspection shaft, 36 in. diameter, 62 ft deep SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 185-178-1 and 181-182) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts (8 ft long), with ribs in some areas PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Robbins 185-178--average = 52.4 lin ft Robbins 181-182--average = 56.0 lin ft
33
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --slabby (rock fallout at quarter arch points) Groundwater inflow --large quantity Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --mucking (mud from solution cavities clogged mucking system) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Mucking (muck filled solution cavities) TOTAL = $6,000,000 = $6,000,000
REMARKS In addition to the TBM mined tunnels described above, the total contract also included two subway stations, installation of dewatering pipelines, three shafts, and a TBM recovery shaft. No engineer's estimate was available for the contract, but the low bid for the total contract was $35,381,213. The final contract cost was not available due to litigation concerning claims.
34
NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY ROUTE 131-A, SECTION 1 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: East 63rd and York (Manhattan) to 41st and Vernon (Queens) PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway and railroad OWNER: New York City Transit Authority DESIGNER: New York City Transit Authority CONTRACTOR: Peter Kiewit & Sons, Morrison-Knudsen Company, Slattery Associates (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: October 24, 1969 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 27, 1974 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $26,025,500 BID TOTAL: $17,231,500 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $17,274,006 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock--running tunnel = 882 lin ft station = 596 lin ft Total length = 1,478 lin ft (includes transition through backfill concrete) LAYOUT: Single four-track tunnel SHAPE(S): Running tunnel--horseshoe Station--large chamber SIZE(S): Running tunnel--44 ft high by 40 ft wide Station--43 to 75 ft high by 42 to 60 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Running tunnel--1,580 sq ft Station--1,660 to 3,540 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 63 lin ft minimum = 47 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +62 lin ft minimum = +43 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granodiorite gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing (no information) shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 16 Total length = 1,110 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: Not available EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast, top heading and bench PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel sets, rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 2.5 ft thick (minimum) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Running tunnel--maximum = 22 lin ft average = 3.0 lin ft Station tunnel--average = 2.4 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (excessive overbreak) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance
35
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included sunken tube construction below the East River, 2 ventilation/emergency shafts, and other related work. The total contract price as estimated was $80,985,266; as bid was $69,480,920 and as completed was $75,742,756. There were no geology related claims in the tunnels for this project. There were claims in a shaft excavation on Welfare Island where rock moved inward up to 10 in. on the east wall of the shaft due to high in-situ stresses.
36
NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY ROUTE 131-A, SECTIONS 2 and 3 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: E. 63rd Street and 5th Avenue to W. 58th Street at 7th and 6th, Manhattan PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway OWNER: New York City Transit Authority DESIGNER: New York City Transit Authority CONTRACTOR: Central Park Constructors (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: May 7, 1971 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 1976 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate prices per unit of lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $16,157,330 BID TOTAL: $13,787,800 CHANGES AWARDED: Claims pending (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 2,516 lin ft Total length = 2,516 lin ft LAYOUT: Single two- and four-track tunnels SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): Two tracks--16 ft high by 36 ft wide Four tracks--40 ft high by 96 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 544 to 3,648 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 71 lin ft minimum = 26 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +61 lin ft minimum = +24 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: mica schist Quality: weathered foliated jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: hornblende schist Quality: weathered foliated jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 16 Total length = 609 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast, top heading and bench PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel sets, rock bolts, timber support, and liner plates PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 16 to 24 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Top heading (tunnel width by 19 to 21 ft high)--maximum = 14 lin ft average = 6 lin ft Top heading (junction area)--average = 0.5 lin ft Low rock profile (claim area)--average = 1 lin ft
37
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (cave-in) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --mucking --face fall-out Soft, weathered or decomposed rock SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Decomposed rock in rock tunnel TOTAL = $9,200,000 = $9,200,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included cut-and-cover construction, a substation, and other related work. The total contract price as estimated was $37,321,454 and as bid was $33,873,696. Claims for $9,200,000 are pending so completed costs are not available. The total contract price not including these claims was $40,961,800. The claim area is in New York's Central Park, where access to obtain borings had been denied. The claim might have been avoided if borings had been made in the area.
38
NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY ROUTE 131-A, SECTION 4 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: 5th Avenue to Park Avenue along E. 63rd Street, Manhattan PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway OWNER: New York City Transit Authority DESIGNER: New York City Transit Authority CONTRACTOR: McLean, Grove & Company; Grove, Shepard, Wilson, Kruge, Inc.; Grow Tunneling Corporation (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: July 1974 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: December 1977 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $25,505,700 BID TOTAL: $40,897,590 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $43,044,400 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 1,170 lin ft Total length = 1,170 lin ft LAYOUT: Single four-track tube (with crossover lines) SHAPE(S): Horseshoe and double arch SIZE(S): 37 ft high by 41 to 68 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Horseshoe--1,400 sq ft Double arch--2,350 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 77 lin ft minimum = 46 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +60 lin ft minimum = +39 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: mica schist with pegmatite intrusions Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 39 Total length = 2,819 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 1 Double packer test in fault zone LAB TESTS: 3 Unconfined compression tests 3 Shore hardness tests 3 Schmidt rebound tests 3 Modified Taber abrasion tests 2 Impact toughness tests 29 Total hardness tests (by TBM manufacturer) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel sets, rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, up to 5 ft thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 8 lin ft (3 shifts) Average = 2.5 lin ft (3 shifts) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (excessive overbreak and extra support in fault zone) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance
ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES 39
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included a ventilation shaft, emergency passageways, an equipment room, and other related work. The total contract price as estimated was $34,186,470; as bid was $54,252,215 and as completed was $55,893,000. This contract was advertised twice and had only two bidders.
40
NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY ROUTE 131-A, SECTION 5A GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Park Avenue to 3rd Avenue, along E. 63rd Street, Manhattan PURPOSE: Running tunnel for subway OWNER: New York City Transit Authority DESIGNER: New York City Transit Authority CONTRACTOR: Schiavone Construction Company, Impresit Girola Lodiani, Inc., Thomas Crimmins Contracting Company (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: March 17, 1976 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 17, 1982 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $67,930,600 BID TOTAL: $67,545,200 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 1,300,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $73,155,800 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 1,240 lin ft Total length = 1,240 lin ft LAYOUT: Single four-track tunnel SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 38 to 46 ft high by 43 to 56 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 1,672 sq ft to 2,464 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 76 lin ft minimum = 69 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +72 lin ft minimum = +34 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: mica schist with intruded pegmatite dikes Quality: weathered foliated jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 30 Total length = 2,233 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: 1 Unconfined compression test 1 Density test 1 Shore sclerscope hardness test 1 Schmidt hardness test 1 Modified Taber abrasion test 1 Rock abrasiveness test EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (full face, except for multiple drifts in fault zones) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel sets, rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 2 to 5 ft thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 7 lin ft (2 shifts) Average = 2 lin ft (not including fault zones) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (rock falls and extra support at two fault zones)
41
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Blocky, slabby (fault zones) $ Unknown
REMARKS In addition to the mined running tunnel described above, the total contract included a station, entrance ways, shafts, underpinning of structures, and other related work. The total contract price as estimated was $149,025,596, and as bid was $154,286,300. Claims on this project (other than for tunnels) have not been settled as of this writing. The estimated total completion cost is $160,500,000. Additional exploration might have detected fault zones which caused the major claim.
42
NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY ROUTE 131-A, SECTION 5B GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Third Avenue to FDR Drive, along E. 63rd Street, Manhattan PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway and railroad system OWNER: New York City Transit Authority DESIGNER: New York City Transit Authority CONTRACTOR: Schiavone Construction Company, Impresit Girola Lodiani, Inc., Thomas Crimmins Contracting Company (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: October 3, 1978 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 1982 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $175,088,250 BID TOTAL: $119,370,250 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $113,840,300 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 2,420 lin ft alignment (tunnel length not possible to determine due to complex configuration) Total length = 2,420 lin ft LAYOUT: Four parallel tubes; five-track large chamber and various combinations SHAPE(S): Circular (TBM bores), horseshoe, and flared sections SIZE(S): Circular--20 ft 2 in. to 22 ft 0 in. diameter Horseshoe--40 to 80 ft high by 27 to 79 ft wide Flared section--21 ft high by 21 to 58 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 319 to 6,930 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 89 lin ft minimum = 61 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +73 lin ft minimum = +50 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: mica schist with pegmatite intrusions Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: blocky, decomposed schist and fault gouge Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 76 Total length = 8,733 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: 9 Unconfined compression tests 9 Density tests 1 Shore scleroscope hardness test 1 Schmidt rebound hardness test 1 Modified Taber abrasions test 1 Rock abrasiveness test 2 Impact toughness test - Petrographic analyses of rock cores EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No
43
GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 200-220) supplemented by drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel sets, rock bolts, shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 2 to 5 ft thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: TBM--maximum = 87 lin ft (3 shifts) average = 23 lin ft (3 shifts) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Localized soft ground --highly weathered fault zones (required extra support) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS This contract involved a total of 6 subway and 2 railroad tracks converging and diverging along the alignment. The project consists of extremely complex tunnel sections, constructed mainly as 4 parallel TBM bores (2 upper and 2 lower). Using drill-and-blast methods, the TBM bores were enlarged in places into flared sections and large chambers. In addition to the mined tunnels discussed here, the contract also included 2 shafts and other related work. The total contract cost as estimated was $250,847,873, and as bid was $185,825,022. The estimated total completion cost is $186,745,000; project completion is expected in May 1984.
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NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY ROUTE 131-D, SECTION 5 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Borough of Queens, New York, New York PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: New York City Transit Authority DESIGNER: Corddry Carpenter Dietz & Zack CONTRACTOR: MacLean-Grove and Company, Inc CONSTRUCTION START: November 10, 1975 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 24, 1976 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of tunnel excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $2,128,000 BID TOTAL: $4,386,520 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $4,429,980 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 327 lin ft Total length = 327 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 19 ft 8 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 303 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 27 lin ft minimum = 23 lin ft Crown to water table--water table below invert GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: sand and gravel with occasional boulders Quality: granular uncemented medium dense to dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 10 Total length = 744 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Shield (make and model unknown) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Cast iron liner plates PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 13-1/2 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 161 lin ft Average = 71 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running ground Soft ground methods --face instability
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included cut-and-cover box construction, support structures for existing facilities, underpinning, and other related work. The total contract price as estimated was $20,724,286; as bid was $24,810,955 and as completed was $24,792,447.
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NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY ROUTE 131-D, SECTION 8 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Borough of Queens, New York, New York PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: New York City Transit Authority DESIGNER: Singstad, Kehart, November & Hurka CONTRACTOR: Schiavone Construction Company, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: September 21, 1981 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 8, 1982 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of tunnel excavation and per ton of precast concrete liner TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $30,716,300 BID TOTAL: $22,578,750 CHANGES AWARDED: Not settled (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 2,410 lin ft Total length = 2,410 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 19 ft 5 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 296 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 42 lin ft minimum = 15 lin ft Crown to water table--unknown GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: fine to coarse sand and gravel, with occasional boulders and some silt Quality: granular uncemented medium dense to very dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 19 Total length - 1,321 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration LAB TESTS: - Unknown EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Shield (make and model unknown) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Precast concrete panels PERMANENT SUPPORT: Precast, segmented, reinforced concrete liner panels, 9 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 17.5 lin ft Average = 14.0 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --flowing ground Soft ground methods --face instability
47
Unknown $ Unknown
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included a cut-and-cover fan room and ventilation structure, a pump room, and underpinning and support of existing structures and utilites. The total contract price as estimated was $40,495,407, and as bid was $35,278,627. Claims on this project have not been settled. The total as completed contract price, not including outstanding claims, was $35,280,000. One claim for cracks in the concrete liner for about $1,000,000 was submitted, but no details on this claim are available.
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NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY ROUTE 133, SECTION 2 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Borough of Queens, New York, New York PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: New York City Transit Authority DESIGNER: Singstand, Kehart, November & Hurka CONTRACTOR: Schiavone Construction Company, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: March 1977 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 3, 1978 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of tunnel excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $21,482,716 BID TOTAL: $21,053,000 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 485,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: 21,025,800 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 2,220 lin ft Total length = 2,220 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 19 ft 5 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 296 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 46 lin ft minimum = 24 lin ft Crown to water table--unknown GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: fine to coarse sand and gravel, with occasional boulders Quality: granular uncemented medium dense to very dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 8 Total length = 400 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Shields (2, makes and models unknown) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Liner plates PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 13 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 37.5 lin ft Average = 14.0 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Groundwater inflow --large quantity (required deep dewatering wells)
49
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS Groundwater inflow
--deep dewatering wells $ Unknown
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included a 150-ft long fan chamber and ventilation superstructure (all of which is cut-and-cover), a chemical grouting program, and underpinning and support of existing structures. The total contract price as estimated was $30,010,424; as bid was $27,358,688 and as completed was $27,098,000.
50
WASHINGTON METRO SECTION A-9a GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Northwest quadrant, Washington, D.C. PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority DESIGNER: Parsons Associates (The Ralph M. Parsons Company) CONTRACTOR: Morrison-Knudsen & Associates CONSTRUCTION START: September 19, 1975 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: November 8, 1976 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of single-track tunnel TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $25,362,500 BID TOTAL: $24,993,500 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 1,975,350 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $27,164,746 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 15,240 lin ft Total length = 15,240 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 19 ft 1 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 286 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 132 lin ft minimum = 82 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +103 lin ft minimum = +70 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: decomposed rock (saprolite), fine sandy silt to medium sand Quality: cohesive to granular hard or very compact Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: quartz-diorite gneiss Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones, occasional no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: gabbro gneiss Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones, occasional no faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: quartz-mica schist-to-gneiss Quality: weathered (badly in one area) foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 49 Total length = 6,122 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 45 Water pressure tests with packers 75 Falling head tests in observation wells and boreholes 2 Borehole photography runs LAB TESTS: 75 Unconfined compression tests on rock - Corrosion potential tests of groundwater (pH, resistivity, concentrations of SO4, Cl, CO3)
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EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 191-161) plus drill-and blast in a short section of bad ground PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts in 63% of tunnels, with ribs in local bad ground areas PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: TBM--maximum = 125 lin ft average = 60 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running ground (1 chimney to surface) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --face fallout SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Face fallout and running ground TOTAL = $7,000,000 = $7,000,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined running tunnels described above, the total contract included 6 fan and vent shafts, a tiebreaker station, and a pilot tunnel for a future passenger station. The total contract was estimated at $33,293,520 and the low bid was $34,931,600. The actual final cost was $36,950,201, with almost 98 percent of the overrun stemming from the tunnel changed condition claim. The claim resulted in litigation, but settlement was achieved before it actually came to trial.
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WASHINGTON METRO SECTION A-11a GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Bethesda, Maryland (Rockville Route) PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority DESIGNER: Mathews-Chatelain-Beall CONTRACTOR: J.F. Shea Company, Arlington, Virginia CONSTRUCTION START: March 25, 1977 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 10, 1978 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit priced per lin ft of tunnel excavation including support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $36,172,900 BID TOTAL: $23,331,580 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 907,374 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $21,988,208 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 22,928 lin ft Total length = 22,928 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 19 ft 1 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 286.5 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 130 lin ft minimum = 40 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +100 lin ft minimum = +15 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: quartz diorite gneiss Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones, occasional no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: quartz mica schist to gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, common no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 93 Total length = 12,768 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests with packers - Falling head tests 5 Borehole photography runs LAB TESTS: 76 Unconfined compression tests on rock core - TBM drillability tests (abrasion testing by P.J. Tarkoy and E.J. Cording) - Specific gravity of rock cores - Direct shears on clay gouge, rock in shear zones - Corrosion testing of water (pH, CO3, SO4, CL) - Resistivity EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES : None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 191-161) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts for 75% of length, ribs for 25%
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PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 100 lin ft Average = 47 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky/slabby (2 cave-ins) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --material hardness SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Hard rock and groundwater slowing TBM Cave-ins TOTAL = $3,412,000 = $1,460,000 = $4,872,100
REMARKS In addition to the mined running tunnels described above, the total contract included 7 fan and vent shafts, a pilot tunnel for a future passenger sation, a portal structure, some cut-and-cover, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $55,526,175; the low bid was $52,296,583 and the actual final cost was $50,987,139. The underruns were due to liquidated damages and back charges, and the elimination of 1,434 lin ft of mined tunnel. On the tunnel claims, papers were filed for litigation but settlement was reached prior to hearing.
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WASHINGTON METRO, MEDICAL CENTER STATION (SECTION A-11c) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Bethesda, Maryland (Rockville Route) PURPOSE: Station structure for subway system OWNER: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority DESIGNER: Mathews-Chatelain-Beal CONTRACTOR: Peter Kiewit & Sons Company CONSTRUCTION START: April 26, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: May 1980 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of station excavation including final support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $14,134,400 BID TOTAL: $11,571,500 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $11,595,052 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 744 lin ft Total length = 744 lin ft LAYOUT: Large underground chamber SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 43 ft high by 59 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 2,127 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 85 lin ft minimum = 80 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +70 lin ft minimum = +55 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: quartz diorite gneiss Quality: unweathered weakly foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones, occasional no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 25 Total length = 3,712 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests using packers - Falling head tests 2 Borehole photography runs LAB TESTS: 45 Unconfined compression tests on rock cores - Specific gravity of rock cores - Detailed petrographic examinations of thin sections taken from rock cores EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: One 774-ft long pilot tunnel through crown Two 20-ft diameter running tunnels prebored by TBM through station length SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts and ribs, plus 2 stages of shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Rock bolts and ribs, plus 3rd stage of shotcrete (8 in. total thickness) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Average = 2.5 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any consequence
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SUBSURFACE-RELATED PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined station vault and mined portion of entrance described above, the total contract included 2 shafts, the cut-and-cover portion of the entrance, miscellaneous surface work, and some internal structures. The total contract was estimated at $22,675,810; the low bid was $21,474,003 and the actual final cost was $22,046,558. Prior to bid, the rock was mapped in a pilot tunnel and 2 running tunnels pre-excavated through the station length. Medical Center bedrock was the soundest of Metro's 11 rock station locations, and the tunnels did not warn of any hazardous areas because there were none. Although the presence of the pilot and pre-excavated tunnels may have helped elicit responsible bids, it was ultimately the soundness of the rock that contributed most to avoidance of claims and overruns.
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WASHINGTON METRO SECTION C-4 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Under Potomac River and Northwest Quadrant, Washington, D.C. PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority DESIGNER: Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas CONTRACTOR: Shea, Ball, S&M (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: November 1972 (shield tunnels) CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: August 1973 (shield tunnels) CONTRACT FORMAT: Separate unit prices for excavation and support items TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $18,230,267 BID TOTAL: $15,649,372 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 9,217,999 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $24,967,159 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 2,740 lin ft Mixed face = 1,069 lin ft Rock = 8,303 lin ft Total length = 12,112 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Soft ground--circular Mixed face--horseshoe and circular Rock--horseshoe SIZE(S): Soft ground--20 ft 6 in. diameter Mixed face--19 ft 8 in. diamater Rock--19 ft 8 in. high by 19 ft 8 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Soft ground--330 sq ft Mixed face--304 sq ft Rock--322 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 80 lin ft minimum = 12 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +65 lin f minimum = 8 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: fine to coarse sand with boulders Quality: granular uncemented medium dense to dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: clayey silt (silty clay layers) Quality: cohesive medium stiff to stiff Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: quartz-mica schist-to-gneiss Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close to wide spacing shear zones, common no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 30 Total length = 2,532 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests using packers - Falling head tests LAB TESTS: 72 Unconfined compression tests on rock cores 6 TBM drillability tests (sonic pulse velocity, abrasion hardness, rebound and Shore hardness) on rock cores 6 Moh's hardness tests on rock - Atterberg limits tests on soil - Sieve analysis tests on soil
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- Natural moisture tests on soil - Unconfined compression tests on soil - Triaxial tests on soil - Consolidation tests on soil - Direct shear tests on soil Corrosion testing of water (SO4, CL, CO3, pH, and electrical resistivity) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--Shield (Elgood Mayo) Mixed face--drill-and-blast, hand and mechanical mining Rock--drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--ribs and lagging Mixed face--ribs and lagging, spiling Rock--ribs and blocking, crown bars PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick Mixed face--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick Rock--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Shield--maximum = 36 lin ft average = 13 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running (earth tunnel) Groundwater inflow --large quantity (2 floods) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --excessive overbreak Soft ground methods --minor surface subsidence --obstruction (high rock in soft ground tunnel invert) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
High rock (in soft ground tunnel) Overrun in ribs (rock and mixed face) Shotcrete deletion Rock bolt deletion Change to reinforced cast-in-place concrete liner Miscellaneous steel overrun (rock and mixed face) TOTAL = $ 1,187,200 = $ 2,503,815 = $ 2,362,891 = $ 116,200 = $ 6,150,000 = $ 448,268 = $12,768,374
REMARKS In addition to the mined running tunnels described above, the total contract included 3 shafts, a mid-Potomac River pumping station, and a substation. The total contract was estimated at $26,930,647; the low bid was $23,397,053 and the actual final cost was $32,009,752. The tunnel claim situation was extremely complex, entailing a total of more than 30 claims filed, many of them related directly or indirectly to geological conditions. At the time of construction, U.S. contractors had only limited experience with the mostly shotcrete and rock bolt support design shown. The C-4 contractor installed large numbers of steel ribs on 2-ft centers, for which he asked payment. The extra ribs vastly complicated the use of rock bolts, shotcrete and miscellaneous steel, and made necessary an unanticipated switch to a reinforced cast-in-place concrete liner. Many of the claims were filed for litigation, but all were settled prior to hearing.
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WASHINGTON METRO SECTION F-1b GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Northwest quadrant, Washington, D.C. PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority DESIGNER: Corddry Carpenter Dietz & Zack CONTRACTOR: Dravo Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: March 15, 1974 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: August 13, 1975 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation including support items TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $ 7,504,600 BID TOTAL: $ 9,943,150 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 400,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $10,778,300 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 5,305 lin ft Total length = 5,305 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 20.7 ft diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 336.5 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 53 lin ft minimum = 33 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +10 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: fine to medium sand Quality: granular uncemented dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: silty clay Quality: cohesive medium stiff 3rd Unit Identification/Type: plastic clay Quality: cohesive hard SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 14 Total length = 865 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Falling head tests in observation wells LAB TESTS: - Consolidation tests - U.U. triaxial tests - Unconfined compression tests - Atterburg limits tests - Natural moisture tests - Sieve analysis tests - Corrosion testing of water (includes pH, resistivity, CL, SO4, CO3) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Shields (Milwaukee Boiler and Elgood Mayo) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Ribs and lagging PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 15 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 50 lin ft Average = 15 lin ft
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --runing --squeezing Groundwater inflow --large quantity Soft ground methods --material hardness (very hard cretaceous soils slowed progress) --moderate to minor surface subsidence SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
North tunnel claim (squeezing and running ground) South tunnel claim (hard ground in invert) TOTAL = $1,740,275 = $2,222,523 = $3,962,798
REMARKS In addition to the mined running tunnels described above, the total contract included several shafts, a cut-andcover passenger station, some cut-and-cover running tunnel, extensive underpinning, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $26,610,528; the low bid was $28,566,317 and the actual final cost was $34,938,261. The owner paid no money on the south tunnel claim because the courts decided against the contractor. The north tunnel claim was primarily an offshoot of extensive settlement damage to streets, utilities and buildings, and the contractor recovered 23 percent of the amount asked. In addition, $4,429,000 was paid by the owner's wrap-up insurance for repair work.
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WASHINGTON METRO SECTION G-2 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Northeast quadrant of Washington, D.C. PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority DESIGNER: Corddry, Carpenter, Dietz & Zack CONTRACTOR: Healy-Ball-Greenfield (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: October 5, 1975 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 15, 1978 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of earth tunnel and lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $31,831,000 BID TOTAL: $18,226,940 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 4,718,311 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $23,031,455 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 13,700 lin ft Total length = 13,700 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin single-track tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 20 ft 11 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 344 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 96 lin ft minimum = 27 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +45 lin ft minimum = +15 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: fine to medium sand, some silt Quality: granular uncemented dense to very dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: plastic clay Quality: cohesive hard 3rd Unit Identification/Type: silty fine-to-medium sand lenses Quality: granular cemented SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 31 Total length = 2,784 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 32 Falling head tests in cased boreholes and observation wells LAB TESTS: 32 Unconfined compression tests 12 Triaxial compression tests 1 Direct shear test - Water content tests - Atterberg limits tests - Grain size analysis - Consolidation tests - Corrosion potential of soil and water (pH, resistivity, concentrations of SO4, Cl, CO3) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Shields (1 Memco, 1 Zokor) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Ribs and lagging
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PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 15 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 100 lin ft (fastest shield) Average = 18 lin ft (both shields) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Soft ground methods --face instability --water inflow (large quantity) --flowing ground --obstructions (hard cemented sand lenses) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Face instability/water/flowing ground Obstructions TOTAL = $22,188,566 = $ 940,848 = $23,129,414
REMARKS In addition to the mined running tunnels described above, the total contract included a cut-and-cover passenger station, 3 shafts, and other miscellaneous features. The total contract was estimated at $49,587,227; the low bid was $42,266,620 and the actual final cost was $48,555,357. For the tunnels, the obstructions claim was not seriously challenged by the owner, and extras were paid as sandstone lenses were encountered. The larger claim was challenged and litigation begun, but settlement was achieved before a final decision was handed down. The figure settled on was $3,777,463, and it was part of a three-contract closeout settlement in which this contractor recovered $7,000,000 from claims totaling $50,000,000.
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BONNEVILLE SECOND POWERHOUSE RAILROAD TUNNEL GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Portland, Oregon PURPOSE: Transportation, railroad relocation OWNER: Burlington Northern Railroad DESIGNER: Portland District, Corps of Engineers CONTRACTOR: Granite Construction Company CONSTRUCTION START: June 1, 1976 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 20, 1977 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation, plus units of support materials TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $5,834,261 (see notation under Remarks, below) BID TOTAL: $7,246,650 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $8,526,324 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Mixed face = 1,338 lin ft Total length - 1,338 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S) : Horseshoe with straight sides SIZE(S): 35.9 ft high by 24.3 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 810.5 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 190 lin ft minimum = 28 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +22 lin ft minimum = 12 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: slide debris--silty sand with gravel and large blocks of sandstone, siltstone and basalt Quality: granular uncemented loose to dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 57 Total length = 10,005 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 1 Pump test LAB TESTS: - Unconfined compression tests - Permeability (laboratory) tests - Dry density tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Pilot tunnel in crown for entire 1,338-ft length (served as drain during construction) SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey for depths to rock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Heading and bench, drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel sets, rock bolts, and shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 21 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Top heading--average = 14.8 lin ft Bench--average = 21.4 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --squeezing (minor) --running (minor) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance
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SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included 2 portal excavations and retaining structures at the portals. The total contract was estimated at $8,636,558; the low bid was $10,410,610 and the actual final cost was $12,172,226. It should be noted that the engineer's estimate did not include profit. Extra costs in the final amounts were related primarily to furnishing additional support for various portions of the tunnel. In spite of adverse tunneling conditions through a large landslide deposit, the project was completed with few problems, a circumstance apparently attributable to (a) a thorough site investigation, including a full-length pilot tunnel, and (b) favorable drought conditions at the time of work, which minimized groundwater problems.
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ALPINE AQUEDUCT, SECTION 1 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: North central Utah PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: W.J. Lewis Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: September 11, 1978 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: November 30, 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $1,052,040 BID TOTAL: $1,343,865 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 82 lin ft Rock = 1,743 lin ft Total length = 1,825 LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe (modified) SIZE(S): 10 ft 4 in. to 10 ft 10 in. high by 10 ft 4 in. to 10 ft 10 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 79.5 to 90.5 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 350 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +14 lin ft minimum = 48 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: silty sand and gravel (talus) Quality: granular uncemented loose to dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: limestone Quality: unweathhered thin bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 7 Total length = 756 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water observation wells LAB TESTS: None indicated in data received EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: 21 resistivity lines GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--hand mining Rock--drill-and-blast (full face) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--steel ribs and liner plate Rock--steel ribs, rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 14 to 18 in. thick Rock--unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 14 to 18 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Rock--maximum = 50 lin ft Entire tunnel--average = 34 lin ft
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any significance SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included about 3,660 ft of water pipeline, 2 portal structures, and several access roads. The total contract was estimated at $3,099,995 and the low bid was $2,861,157. Final contract costs were not available for this study, but there were no significant construction problems and no claims.
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BACON TUNNEL NO. 2, SPEC. NO. DC-7206 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: South of Coulee City, Washington PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Guy F. Atkinson Company CONSTRUCTION START: October 19, 1976 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: March 23, 1978 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd for excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $27,587,200 BID TOTAL: $21,769,460 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $24,274,603 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 9,950 lin ft Total length = 9,950 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe (modified circular) SIZE(S): 30.5 ft high by 30.5 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 926 sq ft (average) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 238 lin ft minimum = 116 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +144 lin ft minimum = 16 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: basalt (highly vesicular in places) Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate to wide spacing no shear zones no faulting 2nd Unit Identifiation/Type: sandstone and claystone (weak and soil-like in places) Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to wide spacaing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 9 Total length = 1,702 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 32 Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: 20 Unconfined compression on rock 20 Specific gravity 14 Porosity - Expansion tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None, but Bacon No. 1 about 400 ft away on parallel alignment SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (top heading) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs with rock bolts and some shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Top heading--maximum = 73 lin ft average = 49.2 lin ft
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Support failure (wallplate ledge slid into tunnel, failing 118-ft section of ribsupported tunnel) Soil-like zones within hard rock (required additional supports) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included a 1,030 ft long siphon and modifications to an existing canal. The total contract was estimated at $38,046,980; the low bid was $32,401,243 and the actual final cost was $37,369,776. Most of the tunnel-related cost overruns were for additional support items. This tunnel was parallel to and about 400 ft away from Tunnel No. 1 and conditions were well known and well documented.
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BOUSTEAD TUNNEL, SPEC. DC-6277 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Leadville, Colorado PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Smith-Quad (JV), subcontractor to DBA (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: October 2, 1967 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 15, 1969 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $6,487,101 BID TOTAL: $8,737,165 CHANGES AWARDED: $5,053,909 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 28,511 lin ft Total length = 28,511 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S) : Horseshoe SIZE(S) : 12 ft 1 in. high by 12 ft 1 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 115 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 2,050 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +70 lin ft (approximately) minimum = 8 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granite and granite gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate to close spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: phyllite and biotite schist Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate to close spacing shear zones faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: granodiorite and diorite Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 4 Total length = 262 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey for depth to rock and to help locate faults GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (full face) PRIMARY SUPPORT: None, generally; some steel sets and/or rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 5-1/2 in. thick (minimum) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = not available Average = 20.9 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --squeezing (in shear zone caused support collapse) Groundwater inflow --large quantity and high pressure SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Groundwater inflow (large quantity) and squeezing TOTAL $12,204,985 $12,204,985
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included construction of the Chapman and South Fork tunnels (studied as separate projects), 2 siphons, several stream diversions, road improvements, tunnel access roads, and other appurtenant structures. The total contract was estimated at $14,328,074; the low bid was $17,556,167 and the final total cost was $25,288,523. The tunnel was constructed above El. 10,000, which severely affected both exploration and construction work. It is believed to be one of the first U.S. tunnels to encounter a significant groundwater dam, caused by a 150-ft thick (about) impervious fault gouge. Most of the overrun in total contract costs is believed to be for additional steel supports. The tunnel subcontractor had just completed the adjacent Homestake tunnel, which went smoothly; he may have assumed Boustead would be similar. However, Homestake was oriented north-south, while Boustead was east-west, across the strike of regional faulting.
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BUCKSKIN MOUNTAINS TUNNEL, SPEC. NO. DC-7096 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Parker, Arizona PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: J.F. Shea Company, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: April 1976 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: May 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation with separate unit prices for furnishing and installing liner segments TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $49,627,190 BID TOTAL: $47,268,690 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 5,441,077 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $53,710,134 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 35,915 lin ft Total length = 35,915 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 23 ft 5 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S) : 430.7 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 750 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +18 lin ft minimum = below invert GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: andesite (vesicular in places) flows and intrusive dikes (columnar jointing in places) Quality: weathered massive jointing, moderate spacing no shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: poorly to well cemented agglomerate and tuff (inflow deposits interbedded with andesite flows) Quality: unweathered thick bedded no jointing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 29 Total length = 6,087 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: - Unconfined compression - Specific gravity - Porosity - Percent water absorption - Triaxial shear - Petrographic analysis - Modulus of elasticity - Poisson's ratio EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Gravity survey to locate intrusive bodies GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 233-172) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Precast concrete segments PERMANENT SUPPORT: Precast concrete segments ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Entire tunnel--maximum = 150 lin ft minimum = 51 lin ft 1,300 ft long blocky rock/overbreak (claim) area--average = 7.4 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky (large blocks with no standup time) --running (raveling caused chimney near fault) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --mucking (large blocks of face fallout blocked conveyor) --soft bottom --face fallout SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Blocky rock, face fallout, soft bottom Running (raveling at faults) TOTAL = $6,919,401 = $ 848,853 = $7,767,802
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included a 17 mile access road, a 4,200 ft open channel aqueduct, two portal excavations, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $53,804,499; the low bid was $58,256,638 and the final cost was $65,613,963. The final cost amount ignores a pending dispute over interest on the claim settlement. The major claim resulted from a failure to recognize open, smooth joints in crudely columnar jointed andesite which resulted in immediate fallout of large joint blocks onto the TBM in one 1,300 ft reach. This condition caused about 8 months of greatly reduced progress and necessitated modification of the TBM and the precast concrete segments.
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BURNT MOUNTAIN AND AGUA FRIA TUNNELS GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Phoenix, Arizona PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Shank-Artukovich (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: February 10, 1978 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: December 15, 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation and unit price for materials used. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $11,874,350 BID TOTAL: $10,230,835 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $11,027,608 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 2,730 lin ft (Burnt Mt.) 3,686 ft (Agua Fria) Total length = 6,416 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe (modified circular) SIZE(S): 22 ft 10 in. to 23 ft 4 in. (both height and width) EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 430 to 468 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 570 lin ft minimum = 100 1in ft Crown to water table--dry GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: interlayered andesite, basalt, volcanic breccia, and tuff (Burnt Mt.) Quality: weathered, in a few places thin to thick bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing no shear zones no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: slakey, poorly cemented sandstone and conglomerate (east end of Agua Fria) Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, wide spacing no shear zones faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: precambrian granite (west end of Agua Fria) Quality: weathered massive jointing, moderate to close spacing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 19 Total length = 6,252 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: 30 Unconfined compression tests - Modulus of elasticity - Porosity - Sonic pulse veolocity EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None, but horizontal borings made SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None
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GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and blast (top heading and bench) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Ribs (W6 by 20) at maximum 6 ft centers PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 10 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Agua Fria tunnel--maximum = 72 lin ft minimum = 50 lin ft Burnt Mt. tunnel--average = 35 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS This project consists of 2 tunnels (about 30 miles apart) with identical design but in different geologic terrains. In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included a rockfill embankment, the portal excavations, miscellaneous surface work, and some electrical and mechanical work. The total contract was estimated at $14,913,160; the low bid was $14,469,295 and the actual final cost was $15,350,368. The contract was considered an ideal job by the contractor. Long horizontal borings were used to explore the Burnt Mt. tunnel alignment.
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CARTER AND MORMON TUNNELS, SPEC NO. DC7224 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: 30 miles east of Basalt, Colorado PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: EBY and Company (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: November 15, 1976 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: May 5, 1978 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $6,307,065 BID TOTAL: $4,201,536 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $4,452,206 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 2,832 lin ft (Carter) 7,374 ft (Mormon) Total length = 10,206 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 9 ft 10 in. high by 9 ft 10 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 89 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 1,470 lin ft minimum = 10 lin ft Crown to water table--insufficient data GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granite and biotite gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 7 Total length = 379 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 1 Water pressure test with packers LAB TESTS: 5 Unconfined compression tests 5 Specific gravity tests - Petrographic analysis EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Sesimic refraction, for depth to rock near portals GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (full face) PRIMARY SUPPORT: None, generally; (in selected areas, rock bolts and shotcrete and/or steel ribs) PERMANENT SUPPORT: None, generally (cast-in-place concrete at portals and where ribs used) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Carter--maximum = 47 lin ft minimum = 21 lin ft Mormon--average = 35 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (a few rock falls)
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SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS This project included 2 separate tunnel segments separated by a creek valley crossing. In addition to the 2 mined tunnels described, the total contract also included 6 diversion structures, 3 conduits, access road construction, and an operations building. The total contract was estimated at $10,427,239; the low bid was $8,491,918 and the actual final cost was $9,550,381. The overrun in total cost was not related to the tunnels.
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CUNNINGHAM TUNNEL, SPEC NO. DC-7024 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: 30 miles east of Basalt, Colorado PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Harrison-Western Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: June 26, 1974 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 16, 1976 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $7,127,145 BID TOTAL: $5,771,360 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $5,468,959 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock--15,082 lin ft Total length = 15,082 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe (modified circular) SIZE(S): 10 ft 5 in. high by 10 ft 5 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 89.5 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 1,960 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--not available GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granite porphyry Quality: unweathered massive jointing, wide spacing shear zones no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: biotite gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 3 Total length = 1,040 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: 28 Unconfined compression - Porosity 28 Specific gravity - Modulus of elasticity - Poisson's ratio - Percent water absorption - Petrographic analysis of rock samples EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction for depth to rock near portal GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (full face) PRIMARY SUPPORT: None (80%); steel sets, rock bolts and/or shotcrete (20%) PERMANENT SUPPORT: None (76%); shotcrete (24%)
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ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Average = 31.6 lin ft (3 shifts) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --spalling (3 minor roof fallouts due to stress relief) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included an embankment and culvert for a creek crossing, two portal excavations, and a 1/2-mile access road. The total contract was bid at $8,015,894; the low bid was $6,823,062 and the actual final cost was $6,859,357. The project was good hard-rock tunneling with minimal water problems.
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DOLORES TUNNEL, SPEC. NO. 4D-C7498 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Cortez, Colorado PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Ohbayashi-Gumi, Ltd. CONSTRUCTION START: July 1982 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: March 16, 1983 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of completed tunnel TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $10,137,100 BID TOTAL: $ 5,229,172 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not complete (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 6,526 lin ft Total length = 6,526 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 11 ft 9 in. to 12 ft 7 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 127 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 210 lin ft minimum = 20 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +33 lin ft minimum = +8 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: variably cemented, quartzose sandstone with interbeds of shale, conglomerate, impure coal and bentonite (Dakota formation) Quality: weathered thick bedded jointing, wide spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: silty sandstone with interbeds of siltstone and slakey carbonaceous shale (Morrison formation) Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, close to wide spacing shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 12 Total length = 1,484 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 12 Water observation wells 6 Gas samples LAB TESTS: 28 Unconfined compressions tests 15 Triaxial shear tests 10 Free swell (shale) tests 2 Organic content (carbonaceous shale) tests 12 Wetting tests - Specific gravity tests - Petrographic analysis of core samples EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Resistivity profile along alignment GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: 60% Roadheader (Mitsui-Miike) with 40% drill-and-blast in harder rock PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel sets with crown lagging, rock bolts and shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 16 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 70 lin ft Average = 35 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --squeezing (some in sheared shale) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --roof slabbing (some overbreak in shale) Miscellaneous --air slaking of shale SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included a 2,100 ft-long canal section, construction of 4,500 lin ft of access road, a gate chamber, a stilling basin, a gate shaft, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $17,437,975 and the low bid was $11,686,890. The mined tunnel is currently excavated and lined, but consolidation grouting remains to be done. Various other contract items not directly related to the tunnel also remain to be completed. So far, there are no major geology related claims and few problems have been experienced, probably due to lack of significant groundwater inflow.
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HADES AND RHODES TUNNELS, SPEC. NO. DC-7421 1.GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Duchesne, Utah PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Harrison-Western Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: September 1980 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: November 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of finished tunnel with separate unit prices for pressure grouting TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $32,951,695 BID TOTAL: $27,908,413 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 1,380,086 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $27,551,074 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 22,149 lin ft (Hades) 4,110 lin ft (Rhodes) Total length = 26,259 lin ft LAYOUT: Two single tubes (separated by a valley) SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 10 ft 8 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 89.4 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 2,200 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +200 lin ft minimum = 40 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: solutioned, crystalline limestone interbedded with hard sandstone and limey shale Quality: unweathered thin bedded to massive jointing, moderate to wide spacing no shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: weak calcareous shale with interbedded siltstone and sandstone Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing no shear zones faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: swelling black shale Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, close spacing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 10 Total length = 2,116 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Falling head tests with packers - Water observation wells LAB TESTS: 36 Unconfined compression tests 36 Porosity tests 36 Specific gravity tests 33 Elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio tests
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2 Expansion and uplift tests (shale) 36 Water absorption tests 36 Ultrasonic velocity tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Surface resistivity GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 1011-98) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs, rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 16 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Average = 86 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby --flowing (mud flows from solution channels) --running (one 50-ft reach in sandstone) --squeezing Groundwater inflow --large quantity (6,000 to 8,000 gpm total) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Groundwater inflow (large quantity) TOTAL CLAIMS PAID = $1,380,086 = $1,380,086
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract also included a stream diversion, portal excavations, intake structures, access roads and other surface work. The total contract was estimated at $35,494,430; the low bid was $34,681,703. Final contract cost, estimated at 99% completion stage, is $34,611,894. Five areas of mud-filled solution cavities were encountered which yielded large flows of groundwater for extended periods. A change was negotiated which awarded the above claim amount to the contractor while deleting all pressure grouting. This agreemenet actually resulted in a net decrease in tunnel cost. It is also noted that the contractor's bid appeard to be front loaded, as many of the unit prices for surface work were 2 to 10 times the engineer's estimate.
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HUNTER TUNNEL, COMPLETION (SPEC. NO. DC-7134) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Aspen, Colorado PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Perini Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: January 9, 1976 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: May 23, 1977 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd for excavation plus separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $10,554,115 BID TOTAL: $10,016,330 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 1,190,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $12,506,370 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 16,074 lin ft Total length = 16,074 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 10 ft 2 in. wide by 10 ft 5 in. high EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 94.8 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 650 lin ft minimum = 20 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = unknown minimum = +7 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granite gneiss Quality: unweathered massive to weakly foliated jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 6 Total length = 422 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 8 Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: - Moh's hardness Other tests performed but information not available EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None, except data avilable from adjacent Hunter I SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and blast (full face) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs, rock bolts, shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete (none in some areas) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Average = 38 lin ft (estimated for entire tunnel) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (one cave-in and several rock falls also necessitated additional steel support) Groundwater inflow ---large quantity
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Blocky, slabby--extra support TOTAL = $3,332,005 = $3,332,005
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included rehabilitation of 4.5 miles of existing tunnel, two access shafts, three diversion dams, and other surface work. The total contract was estimated at $13,636,856; the low bid was $14,791,162 and total final contract cost was $19,701,492. Much of the cost overrun was due to additional steel support.
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NAVAJO ROUTE 44 ROAD CROSSING GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Farmington, New Mexico PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Vinnell Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: 1972 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: 1972 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $570,675 BID TOTAL: $696,114 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $670,187 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 500 lin ft Total length = 500 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 21 ft 6 in. high by 21 ft 6 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 363 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 87 lin ft minimum = 3 lin ft Crown to water table--water table below invert GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: Interbedded, weakly cemented sandstone, shale and siltstone Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing (no information) no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 3 Total length = 211 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Not known PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs and shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Not known PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any consequence SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included a substantial length of concrete lined canal, several siphons, and other surface work. The total contract was estimated at $16,059,003; the low bid was $14,753,240 and the final contract cost was $15,563,261. The tunnel was a relatively minor part of the total project and apparently went smoothly, although few records are available to document this assertion.
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NAVAJO TUNNEL NO. 5 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Farmington, New Mexico PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Gates & Fox Company, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: April 15, 1976 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: August 31, 1976 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $4,385,315 BID TOTAL: $3,843,880 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $3,697,380 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 7,437 lin ft Total length = 7,437 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 13 ft diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 132.7 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 160 lin ft minimum = 57 lin ft Crown to water table--water table below tunnel invert GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: flat bedded, poorly cemented sandstone Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, wide spacing no shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: flat bedded, weakly cemented clayey siltstone Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, wide spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 9 Total length = 577 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Gamma-ray logs in 5 boreholes GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM, soft rock type (Scott wheel excavator) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Celtite resin rock bolts with few steel ribs and some shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 8 in. thick (minimum) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 167 lin ft (in two shifts) Average = 84.5 lin ft (in two shifts) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (shale roof fallout) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --hard, abrasive (gravel broke cutter teeth) --roof slabbing
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SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included about 13 miles of canal, several pumping stations, two portal excavations, and various other surface work. The total contract was estimated at $11,550,995; the low bid was $11,982,253 and the actual final cost was $12,362,173. Shales were potentially swelling types, but dry heading prevented such problems.
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PACHECO TUNNEL, REACH 2 (SPEC. NO. DC-7355) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Gilroy, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Guy F. Atkinson Company CONSTRUCTION START: April 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: May 28, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $44,506,110 BID TOTAL: $49,753,520 CHANGES AWARDED: Not settled (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Mixed face and rock = 27,585 lin ft Total length = 27,585 lin ft (undifferentiated) LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 12 ft 8 in. wide by 12 ft 8 in. high EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 126 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 1,300 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +830 lin ft minimum = +30 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: melange of metagraywacke, metashale and phyllonite Quality: weathered twin bedded jointing, close spacing shear zones (highly sheared) faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 22 Total length = 8,687 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 35 Water pressure tests with packers 1 Falling head test 3 Bailing tests 2 Pumping tests LAB TESTS: 16 Unconfined compression 16 Specific gravity 16 Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio 16 Percent absorption 16 Porosity - Petrographic examination of rock cores EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None, but Pacheco Reach 1 adjacent to project SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: 28 electrical resistivity lines GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs, spiling with precast concrete subinvert PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Average = 53 lin ft (for entire tunnel)
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (excessive overbreak and several cave-ins) --running (one occasion) --squeezing, swelling Hazardous environmental factors --gas SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Gas (reclassification by California OSHA) Swelling ground TOTAL = $1,329,955 = $1,445,061 = $2,775,016
REMARKS This contract included only the underground portion of the work; all other work including protals was included in other contracts. Therefore, costs presented herein represent total contract costs. The claim involving gas resulted from reclassifiation of the tunnel from potentially gassy to gassy by California OSHA, and the merits of the claim were not disputed by the owner. The merits of the swelling ground claim were initially disputed, because the owner believed squeezing was occurring, not swelling, and the contractor had been forewarned of squeezing ground conditions. The claims were not fully resolved at the time of this study.
90
SANTA CLARA TUNNEL, SPEC NO. 2D-C7462 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Southeast of San Jose, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Shank-Artukovich (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: January 1, 1982 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: Not available CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu m for excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $9,153,590 BID TOTAL: $7,658,897 CHANGES AWARDED: Not available (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 5,066 lin ft Total length = 5,066 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 13 ft 4 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 139.6 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 490 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +410 lin ft minimum = 50 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: interbedded shales, siltstones, and sandstones Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, close spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 11 Total length = 2,796 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Packer water pressure tests LAB TESTS: 12 Unconfined compression tests 3 Direct shear tests 10 Porosity tests 13 Specific gravity tests 10 Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio tests 12 Wetting tests for slaking characteristics - Uplift expansion tests - Petrographic examination of rock cores 14 Ultrasonic velocity tests - Soluble sulfate content determination tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Exploratory trenches near portals SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey near portals for rock depths Gamma-gamma, natural gamma, and neutron logs in 3 boreholes Acoustic log in 1 borehole GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Caldwell) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs with spiling PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick (minimum) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Not available
91
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby --squeezing --running Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC. ) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Running ground = $ Not available
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included 2 portal excavations, a box culvert, and access road construction. The total contract was estimated at $11,187,894 and the low bid was $9,233,432. Final costs were not available because claims are still under negotiation. The section of tunnel where a claim resulted consisted of sheared rock where water caused running, squeezing, and caving.
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SOUTH FORK AND CHAPMAN TUNNELS, SPEC. DC-6277 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Leadville, Colorado PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: DBA joint venture (Winston Bros., Foley Bros., et al.) CONSTRUCTION START: September 15, 1965 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 2, 1967 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation plus separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $5,730,954 BID TOTAL: $5,982,255 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 16,250 lin ft (South Fork) 14,600 lin ft (Chapman) Total length = 30,850 lin ft LAYOUT: Two single tubes (separated by a valley) SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): South Fork--9 ft 3 in. high by 9 ft 3 in. wide Chapman--8 ft 2 in. high by 8 ft 2 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): South Fork--67.9 sq ft Chapman--52.8 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 2,150 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +105 lin ft minimum = +40 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granite and granite gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate to close spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: phyllite and biotite schist Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate to close spacing shear zones faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: granodiorite and diorite Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 6 Total length = 337 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 2 Falling head permeability tests - Water pressure tests with packers in 1 borehole LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction for depth to rock and to help locate faults GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (full face) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs, rock bolts (unsupported in some areas) PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Chapman tunnel--maximum = 52 lin ft average = 26.9 lin ft South Fork tunnel--average = 23.2 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --squeezing (fault gouge) --blocky, slabby (9 to 17% overbreak) --spalling (rock bursts) Groundwater inflow --large quantity SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Squeezing, blocky, spalling, large quantity groundwater inflow TOTAL = $3,248,711 = $3,248,711
REMARKS In addition to the 2 mined tunnels described above, the total contract also included construction of the Boustead tunnel (studied as a separate project), 2 siphons, several stream diversions, road improvements, tunnel access roads, and other appurtenant structures. The total contract was estimated at $14,328,074; the low bid was $17,556,167 and the final total cost was $25,288,523. Much of the cost overrun was for additional steel supports. The above listed claim was dropped as part of a negotiated settlement of $5,053,909 for the Boustead (Divide) tunnel.
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STILLWATER TUNNEL, INITIAL CONTRACT (SPEC. NO. DC-7246) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Duchesne, Utah PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Harrison-Western/Cowper (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: May 23, 1977 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: May 1979 (terminated by government) CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation plus separate units for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $30,663,890* BID TOTAL: $26,418,540* *Based on complete 42,398 lin ft of planned tunnel CHANGES AWARDED: Not available (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 487 lin ft Rock = 13,332 lin ft Total length (completed) = 13,819 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Soft ground--horseshoe (modified circular) Rock--horseshoe (drill-and-blast) circular (TBM) SIZE(S): Soft ground--10 ft 8 in. high by 10 ft 8 in. wide Rock--10 ft 4 in. high by 10 ft 4 in. wide (drill-and-blast) 9 ft 7 in. diameter (TBM) EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Soft ground--93.6 sq ft Rock--93.6 sq ft (drill-and-blast) 72.0 sq ft (TBM) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 2,700 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +1,000 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: boulders and cobbles with silty sand (frozen talus) Quality: granular cemented (ice) loose to dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: slakey, swelling argillite Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: slakey and swelling shale (red pine) Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 18 (borings concentrated near portals; about 32,000 ft of alignment unexplored) Total length = 4,098 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Falling head permeability tests in talus only
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LAB TESTS: 10 Unconfined compression tests on shale 6 Triaxial shear tests 8 Direct shear tests 15 Specific gravity tests - Scratch hardness tests 6 Tensile strength tests - Wetting and free swell tests - Petrographic analyses EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--machine excavation and hand mining (487 ft) Rock--drill-and-blast (6,104 ft)--1 Robbins 92-192 TBM (7,228 ft) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--steel ribs and steel liner plate Rock--steel ribs (drill-and-blast) precast concrete segments, 5 in. thick (TBM) PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--unreinforced cast-in-place concrete Rock--unreinforced cast-in-place concrete (drill-and-blast) precast concrete segments (TBM) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Soft ground--average = 9.6 lin ft Rock--average = 27.4 lin ft (drill-and-blast) maximum = 115 lin ft (TBM) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (excessive overbreak) --squeezing (near fault zone caused repeated TBM binding) groundwater inflow --operating nuisance SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Squeezing and TBM pressure binding = $ not available
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included 2 portal excavations, a portal structure, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract, which included 42,398 ft planned tunnel length, was estimated at $31,006,566, and the low bid was $27,825,678. The project was designed with several options, including all drill-and-blast with conventional cast-in-place concrete lining, TBM mined with precast concrete segments, and various combinations of the 2 methods. Most bidders, including the low bidder, chose an option which included about 6,100 ft of drill-and-blast, with the remainder to be mined with a TBM using precast liner segments. On approaching an unrecognized major fault, the TBM was stopped at least 14 times by heavy squeezing ground. The project was terminated for the convenience of the government after less than one third of the project was completed, to allow time for additional exploration and reevaluation of the tunnel design and construction methods. The completion contract is described separately. Final contract costs were not available at the time of this study, but termination expenses included purchase of the stalled TBM and all lining and support materials and equipment stored at the site.
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STILLWATER TUNNEL, COMPLETION CONTRACT GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Duchesne, Utah PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Traylor Bros., Inc./Fruin-Colnon (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: October 6, 1982 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 14, 1983 CONTRACT FORMAT: Fixed price incentive, firm target contract TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: See Remarks, below CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: See Remarks, below (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 28,579 lin ft Total length = 28,579 LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 10 ft 0 in. to 10 ft 6 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 79 sq ft to 87 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 2,700 lin ft minimum = 1,000 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +1,000 lin ft minimum = unknown GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: slakey and swelling shale (red pine) Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 12 Total length = 1,319 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: 11 Unconfined compression tests 6 Triaxial compression tests 7 Direct shear tests 16 Point load (strength index, Is) tests 6 Tensile strength tests 15 Specific gravity tests 6 Uplift (expansion) tests - Free swell tests 4 Pulse velocity tests 18 Modulus of elasticity determinations 4 Poisson's ratio determinations - Petrographic analyses EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Initial contractor excavated an additional 151-ft long, 13-ft diameter reach of tunnel for mapping, instrumentation, and horizontal borings. SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBMs (Robbins 93-203 and a modified 92-192) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Mostly steel ribs (some friction rock stabilizers with roof pans) PERMANENT SUPPORT: Mostly precast concrete segments, 13-1/2 in. thick; some unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 15 in. thick
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ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: TBM 93-203--maximum = 227 lin ft minimum = 135 lin ft (excluding a 9-week shutdown) TBM 92-192 (modified)--maximum = 103 lin ft minimum = 30 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --squeezing and raveling SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None (specifically prohibited by the terms of this special contract) REMARKS This contract is a follow-on to the Stillwater Initial Contract (described separately) which was terminated when the TBM became stuck in faulted, squeezing ground after only 13,819 ft of the planned 42,398-ft tunnel had been excavated. In addition to the mined tunnel described, the Still-water Completion Contract included instrumentation, remining of the initial tunnel invert near the inlet portal, and maintenance and cleanup work in previously mined portions. Stillwater Completion was a negotiated contract, with the successful offeror inheriting the original contractor's stockpiled materials and the TBM, which had to be modified. The prices negotiated between the owner and new contractor were as follows:
(a) Contractor's Target Cost (b) Target Profit (c) Target Price (d) Price Ceiling 100% 13.1 % of (a) sum of (a) + (b) 118.7% of (c) MINED TUNNEL $26,393,634 $ 3,457,491 $29,851,125 $35,433,285 TOTAL CONTRACT $30,540,800 $ 4,000,800 $34,541,600 $41,000,900
The tunnel holed through on September 14, 1983, and as of December 15, 1983, $26,391,016 of the total contract had been billed. It will be another year before all of the actual final costs are known. The Completion Contract appears to have gone smoothly, thanks in large part to a knowledge of the Initial Contract construction experiences and the additional geotechnical information developed after that failed venture.
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SUGAR PINE DAM DIVERSION TUNNEL, SPEC. NO. DC-7360 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Forest Hill, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation DESIGNER: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation CONTRACTOR: Auburn Constructors (G. H. Ball and G. F. Atkinson, JV) CONSTRUCTION START: March 12, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 10, 1982 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu m for excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $1,314,760 BID TOTAL: $2,438,760 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $2,150,767 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 1,000 lin ft Total length = 1,000 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 12 ft 9 in. to 13 ft 5 in. wide by 12 ft 9 in. to 13 ft 5 in. high EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 118 sq ft (typical) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 197 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +110 lin ft minimum = +10 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: amphibolite intruded by diorite dikes Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 4 lin ft Total length = 429 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests with packers - Falling head permeability tests LAB TESTS: None indicated EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey for depth to rock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill and blast (full face) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs and/or rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 to 15 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Average = 1.31 lin ft (2 shifts) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any significance
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included a rockfill dam and appurtenant structures, surface roadway work including a bridge, and the tunnel portal structures. The total contract was estimated at $14,999,710 and the low bid was $19,104,480. The final contract cost was not available.
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ANGELES TUNNEL GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Los Angeles County, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: California Department of Water Resources DESIGNER: California Department of Water Resources CONTRACTOR: Shea, Kaiser, Lockheed and Healy, (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: February 15, 1967 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: November 15, 1968 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $77,089,850 BID TOTAL: $75,363,320 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $81,981,783 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 37,775 lin ft Total length = 37,775 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular (modified at springline) SIZE(S): 37 ft 6 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 1,105 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 1,050 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +500 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: Interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 11 Total length = 3,615 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 4 Analysis of gas samples for methane LAB TESTS: 36 Unconfined compression tests on rock - Moh's hardness tests - Modulus of elasticity tests - Tensile strength tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: A 750-ft long test adit SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey in one area E-logs of 5 boreholes GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (top heading) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs above springline, gunite in invert PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 15 in. thick; steel liner near portals ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Total of five headings--maximum = 176 lin ft Per heading in entire tunnel--average = 27.5 lin ft in sandstone--average = 28.5 lin ft in siltstone--average = 24.5 lin ft in fault gouge--average = 17.0 lin ft
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (overbreak near fault zones and 1 cave-in) --squeezing (minor in fault gouge and some invert heave) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Hazardous environmental factors --gas SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS Unstable ground
--blocky, slabby (cave-in) Groundwater inflow (after heavy rain) TOTAL = $317,022 = $275,966 = $592,988
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included a deep surge chamber, a cast-in-place concrete pipe section, 3 access adits, road work, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $97,624,370; the low bid was $95,039,650 and the final contract cost was $105,565,117. Cost overruns were due primarily to additional support steel required and extension of steel liner at portals due to poorer quality rock than anticipated.
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CARLEY V. PORTER TUNNEL GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Kern and Los Angeles Counties, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: California Department of Water Resources DESIGNER: California Department of Water Resources CONTRACTOR: Dravo Coproration, G.F. Atkinson Company, and S.J. Groves (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: April 11, 1966 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 23, 1969 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $41,341,900 BID TOTAL: $32,848,600 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 2,500,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $46,717,856 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 25,075 lin ft Total length = 25,075 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 24 ft 4 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 465 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 1,800 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +1,520 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: altered granite (severely crushed) Quality: weathered massive jointing, close spacing shear zones (severely sheared) faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: poorly indurated siltstone and claystone Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 20 Total length = 7,930 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Rock core only LAB TESTS: - Unconfined compression tests on rock - Natural density tests - Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio - Slaking tests - Swelling potential tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: A 600-ft test adit and a 3,688-ft pilot tunnel SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey E-logs of 4 borings GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Shields (2 Memco) with drill-and-blast as needed PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel liner plate with steel sets and gunite as needed PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 10 in. thick
103
ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 39 lin ft (one heading) Average = 19.5 lin ft (both headings) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (major collapse took 5 months to remine) --running --squeezing Groundwater inflow --large quantity Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --pressure binding (squeezing ground caused stuck shield, resulting in its structural collapse) Soft ground methods --steering (failed to maintain specified alignment) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Pressure binding (shield collapse) Running and squeezing Steering, alignment problems (owner) TOTAL = $3,039,868 = $4,830,233 = $ (300,000) = $7,570,101 (net)
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included one portal excavation, construction of access roadways, and some pipeline work. The total contract was estimated at $42,321,830; the low bid was $33,788,800 and the actual cost was $48,316,215. Most of the cost overrun was additional steel support due to a change from steel ribs to heavy continuous liner plate. This project had very difficult ground conditions not well suited to current tunneling technology. As-built geologic mapping of the tunnel indicated faults at an average spacing of 11 ft along the entire tunnel length.
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CASTAIC DAM DIVERSION TUNNEL GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Los Angeles, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: California Department of Water Resources DESIGNER: California Department of Water Resources CONTRACTOR: Peter Kiewit Sons Company CONSTRUCTION START: July 7, 1966 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 6, 1967 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support items TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $5,877,405 BID TOTAL: $5,778,350 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 432,079 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $9,246,555 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 3,600 lin ft Total length = 3,600 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular (modified) SIZE(S): 23 ft 9-1/2 in. diameter for 1,650 lin ft 33 ft 0 in. diameter for 1,950 lin ft EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 535 sq ft (for 1,650-ft length) 877 sq ft (for 1,950-ft length) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 250 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +200 lin ft minimum = +40 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: sandstone Quality: unweathered thick bedded (massive) jointing, moderate spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: slakey, compaction shale with thin interbeds of sandstone Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 14 Total length = 2,665 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 4 Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: Not available EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: One 243-ft long test adit, 7 ft wide by 8-1/2 ft high (nearby for dam abutment) SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey for depth to rock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Top heading and bench (top heading by drill-and-blast; bench by ripping) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs with liner plate lagging PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 21 to 28 in. thick
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ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Top heading--maximum = 28 lin ft average = 16 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (caused 1 cave-in, excessive overbreak) --squeezing SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS Unstable ground
--blocky, slabby (remining of cave-in) TOTAL = $749,377 = $749,377
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included an inlet portal structure, a concrete lined channel, and a stilling basin. The total contract was estimated at $9,151,949; the low bid was $8,580,940 and actual final cost was $12,896,281. Most of the cost overrun was for additional steel support. The cause of the cavein was never determined, but may have been related to open joints in an anticline causing rapid roof fallout.
106
SAN BERNARDINO TUNNEL GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near San Bernardino, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: California Department of Water Resources DESIGNER: California Departmenet of Water Resources CONTRACTOR: J.F. Shea Company, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: January 5, 1968 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 16, 1970 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $11,208,580 BID TOTAL: $12,873,655 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $15,362,703 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 20,122 lin ft Total length = 20,122 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 16 ft 6 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 211 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 2,200 lin ft minimum = 100 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +2,200 lin ft minimum = unknown GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granodiorite and granite gneiss Quality: weathered foliated jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: marble Quality: unweathered foliated (in places) jointing, moderate spacing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 15 Total length = 5,640 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Joint continuity tests between boreholes LAB TESTS: 33 Unconfined compression tests on rock - Direct shear tests 44 Specific gravity tests on soil - Sieve analyses - Atterberg limits tests - Moisture content tests - Modulus of elasticity tests - Poisson's ratio tests 14 Tensile strength tests on rock 44 Water absorption tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey E-logs in 2 holes GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
107
CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (full face) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs with spiling and invert struts in places PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 7 in. thick (minimum) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Average = 22.6 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (up to 200% overbreak) Groundwater inflow --large quantity SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included 600 lin ft of open approach channel, an intake tower, a surge chamber, access road construction, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $18,783,744; the low bid was $21,205,956 and the actual final contract cost was $24,902,072. Cost overruns were due primarily to extra steel support required.
108
TEHACHAPI TUNNELS 1, 2, and 3 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Lebec (Kern County), California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: California Department of Water Resources DESIGNER: California Department of Water Resources CONTRACTOR: Granite-Gates & Fox-Gordon H. Ball (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: February 16, 1967 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: December 19, 1968 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of tunnel excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $21,974,700 BID TOTAL: $21,853,950 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 885,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $22,580,534 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 16,452 lin ft Total length = 16,452 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tubes SHAPE(S): Horseshoe (modified circular) SIZE(S): 30 ft 8 in. high by 30 ft 8 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 665 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 660 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +600 lin ft minimum = unknown GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: schist Quality: weathered foliated jointing, close spacing shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: diorite gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, close to moderate spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 17 Total length = 4,717 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 19 Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: Unknown EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: A 350-ft long adit at Tunnel No. 3 portal SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast (full face, top heading, and heading-and-bench) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs with timber lagging, rock bolts and shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Tunnel No. 1--average = 26.6 lin ft Tunnel No. 2--average = 25.6 lin ft Tunnel No. 3--average = 12.9 lin ft
109
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running (Tunnel No. 3) --squeezing (clay gouge in fault zones in Tunnel No. 3) --blocky, slabby (cave-in in Tunnel No. 1) Groundwater inflow --large quantity (Tunnel No. 3) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS Unstable ground
--running and squeezing (Tunnel No. 3) TOTAL = $2,364,040 = $2,364,040
REMARKS This project consisted of 3 separate tunnels connected by valley crossings. In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included several siphon structures, embankment fills, roadway construction, and the portal excavations. The total contract was estimated at $30,820,789; the low bid was $29,394,648 and the final contract cost was $30,433,674. The major claim resulted from a bad ground condition in the vicinity of a fault zone. The fault zone was anticipated, but apparently the severity of the ground conditions was not.
110
NORTH FORK LAKE OUTLET WORKS GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: On the San Gabriel River, 3-1/2 miles west of Georgetown, Texas PURPOSE: Water conveyance, outlet works for dam OWNER: Fort Worth District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers DESIGNER: Freese, Nichols and Endress CONTRACTOR: H.B. Zachery Company CONSTRUCTION START: March 13, 1974 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: February 14, 1975 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $ 700,905 BID TOTAL: $1,066,958 CHANGES AWARDED: Not available (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 1,199 lin ft Total length = 1,199 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 14 ft 0 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 154 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 155 lin ft minimum = 60 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +58 lin ft minimum = +6 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: flat lying cretaceous limestone with shale interbeds (moderately hard to hard) Quality: unweathered jointing, wide spacing no shear zones faulting, minor SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 6 Total length = 463 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: 12 Unconfined compression tests on rock core - Natural dry density tests - Moisture content of rock cores EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: E-logs in 4 borings GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: None except near portals where ribs and rock bolts were used PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 18 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: No information PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any significance
111
No information = $ Unknown
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract also included a control room, a stilling basin, an intake structure, and approach walls. The total contract price was estimated at $2,202,240; the low bid was $2,876,951 and the actual final cost was $2,981,301. There was no interview conducted for this tunnel project, but no significant problems were indicated in a final foundation report.
112
PARK RIVER AUXILIARY TUNNEL GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Hartford, Connecticut PURPOSE: Water conveyance (flood control) OWNER: New England Division, Corps of Engineers DESIGNER: Corps of Engineers CONTRACTOR: Roger J. Au & Son, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: February 1, 1978 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: July 2, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of completed tunnel including lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $22,350,605 BID TOTAL: $17,022,400 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 530,196 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $17,248,597 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 9,040 lin ft Total length = 9,040 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 24 ft 3 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 462 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 188 lin ft minimum = 76 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +166 lin ft minimum = +131 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: interbedded shale, siltsone, and sandstone Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, moderate to close faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: diabase and aphanite dikes Quality: unweathered massive jointing, close no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 32 Total length = 5,038 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 32 Borehole photography - Water pressure tests with packers - Pumping tests LAB TESTS: 39 Unconfined compression tests on rock 48 Rock density tests - Sonic pulse velocity tests - Direct shear tests on rock joints - Slaking tests - Swelling tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey (entire route) GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 240) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Precast concrete segments PERMANENT SUPPORT: Precast concrete segments
113
ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 90 lin ft Average = 29 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --squeezing (fault gouge) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --pressure binding (minor) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Pressure binding (fault zone) TOTAL = $530,196 = $530,196
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included intake and outlet structures, utility relocations, instrumentation, exploration during construction, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $24,759,815; the low bid was $23,248,185 and the actual final cost was $24,457,493. The two faults were identified by pre-bid investigations, but squeezing and pressure binding were more severe in one zone than was anticipated.
114
SKIATOOK LAKE OUTLET WORKS GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Hominy Creek, Oklahoma PURPOSE: Water conveyance, outlet works for dam OWNER: Tulsa District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers DESIGNER: Tulsa District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CONTRACTOR: Granite Construction Company CONSTRUCTION START: No information CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: No information CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd of tunnel excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $2,633,779 BID TOTAL: $4,771,710 CHANGES AWARDED: No information (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: No information (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 1,004 lin ft Total length = 1,004 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe (with invert pipe channel) SIZE(S): 18 ft 6 in. to 19 ft 4 in. high by 13 ft 10 in. to 14 ft 10 in. wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 207.5 sq ft (average B-line) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 208 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +44 lin ft minimum = 6 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: moderately hard shale and hard limestone with coal seams Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, moderate spacing no shear zones faulting, minor SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 9 Total length = 1,133 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: None indicated EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts in crown, shotcrete from crown to springline, ribs at ends of tunnel PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 to 16 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: No information PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: No information
115
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS No information REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included an outlet works, dam spillway and embankment, an intake structure, transition monolith, stilling basin, and 2 portals. The total contract price was estimated at $21,985,610 and the low bid was $22,632,101. Neither actual final costs, claim information, nor construction history were obtained for this project. No interviews were conducted and information contained herein was derived mainly from pre-bid contract documents and available geotechnical data.
116
NEWHALL AND BALBOA INLET TUNNELS, CONTRACT NO. 730 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Los Angeles County, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California DESIGNER: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California CONTRACTOR: L.E. Dixon Company, Arundel Corporation, MacDonald & Kruse, Peter Kiewit Sons (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: 1967 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: No information CONTRACT FORMAT: Separate unit prices for excavation and support; excavation priced per cu yd TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $29,383,690 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 192,500 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $25,920,370 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 23,230 lin ft Total length = 23,230 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tubes SHAPE(S): Newhall--circular Balboa--horseshoe SIZE(S): No information EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): No information DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 630 lin ft minimum = 20 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +239 lin ft minimum = 16 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: poorly cemented sandstone and conglomerate (Saugus formation) Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, wide spacing no shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: well cemented sandstone and conglomerate with thin interbeds of siltstone and mudstone (Pico formation) Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, moderate to wide spacing no shear zones faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: soft to moderately hard mudstone, siltstone, and silty sandstone (Towsley formation) Quality: unweathered thin to thick bedded jointing (no information) no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 34 Total length = 5,577 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 3 Pump tests in 3 different test wells LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Two 7-ft by 9-ft shafts, 150 ft deep with 4-ft by 6-ft, 150-ft-long bottom drifts Three plate load tests conducted in drifts
117
SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: E-logs in 3 test wells GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: No information PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel supports, timber, gunite, and liner plates PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete with steel cylinder inner liner in low overburden area ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: No information PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Hazardous environmental factors --gas SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
No information $ Unknown
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included 2 shafts, 2 portals, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract price as estimated was unavailable for this study. The total contract price as bid was $30,773,630 and as completed was $30,306,109. No interviews were conducted for this project; the data were obtained strictly from the prebid documents, the geotechnical reports, and the final payment voucher. There were some claims on the project which were settled for a compromise amount of $192,500, but the nature of the claims is not known.
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SAN FERNANDO TUNNEL GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Los Angeles, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California DESIGNER: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California CONTRACTOR: Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company CONSTRUCTION START: 1969 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: November 1975 CONTRACT FORMAT: Separate unit prices per lin ft for tunnel excavation and for support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $17,611,674 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 9,215,796 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $25,446,494 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 26,732 Total length = 26,732 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 22 ft 0 in. excavated diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 380 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 600 lin ft minimum = 35 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +103 lin ft minimum = 30 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: recent alluvial sands and clays with occasional boulders Quality: granular cemented in places very dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: interbedded sandstone and shales, poorly cemented Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, wide spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 33 Total length = 4,453 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Pump tests performed in 4 test wells LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Three 140-ft-deep vertical shafts from 54 in. in diameter to 9 ft 4 in. by 6 ft 10 in. One shaft had a 29-ft-long horizontal adit at bottom SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: 2-1/2 miles of seismic refraction survey E-logs in 8 borings GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Digger shield (Robbins); soft ground excavation methods used throughout the soft ground and soft rock tunnel PRIMARY SUPPORT: Precast concrete segments PERMANENT SUPPORT: Mostly unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 1 ft 6 in. to 1 ft 10 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 277 lin ft
119
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (only minor problem) Groundwater inflow --large quantity (expected) Hazardous environmental factors --gas (explosion killed 17 men and caused a 2-year delay) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Gas, (explosion and delay) = $ Unknown
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included a gate shaft and structure, portal excavations, transition tunnel sections, and minor surface work. The total contract price as estimated was approximately $25,000,000 and as bid was $19,346,800. The total as completed contract price was $27,251,799. A major gas explosion occurred in this tunnel after about 77 percent completion which killed 17 of the heading crew; only one survived. The explosion delayed the project for 27 months and resulted in litigation, which found the contractor negligent in his safety procedures. The potential for gassy conditions was well-documented by the site investigation reports.
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TONNER TUNNELS NO. 1 and NO. 2 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Brea, California PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California DESIGNER: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California CONTRACTOR: J.F. Shea Company, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: No information CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: No information CONTRACT FORMAT: Lump sum per each tunnel TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $10,149,365 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 495,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $10,895,955 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 22,950 lin ft Total length = 22,950 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 10 ft 3 in. (A-line diameter) EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Unknown DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 590 lin ft minimum = 5 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +263 lin ft minimum = 67 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: moderately hard to hard sandstone with softer siltstone and shale Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, wide spacing (except near faults) no shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: siltstone and shale with bentonite beds and concretions Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, wide spacing (except near faults) no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 17 Total length = 4,790 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Exploratory trench excavated near south portal to explore for recent faulting SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: No information PRIMARY SUPPORT: No information PERMANENT SUPPORT: Prestressed concrete pipe (6-1/2 in. thick), backfilled with concrete ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: No information PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Hazardous environmental factors --gas (expected)
121
No information $ Unknown
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, the total contract included 3 portal excavations and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract price as estimated was not avilable for this study. The total contract price as bid was $15,034,331 and as completed was $15,798,392. No interviews were conducted for this project; the data presented were derived strictly from the prebid documents, the geotechnical reports, and the final payment voucher. There were major claims on the project, but the nature of the problems that caused the claims is not known.
122
BI-COUNTY WATER TUNNEL, EAST MAIN GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Montgomery and Prince Georges counties, Maryland PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission DESIGNER: A.A. Mathews Division, CRS Group Engineers CONTRACTOR: Armco, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: July 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 4, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation and final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $21,446,500 BID TOTAL: $20,291,500 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $20,291,500 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 18,050 lin ft Total length = 18,050 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 12 ft 6 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 122.7 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 120 lin ft minimum = 10 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +110 lin ft minimum = +10 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: Quartz-mica schist-to-gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, generally moderate to wide spacing shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 16 Total length = 2,535 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests LAB TESTS: 7 Total drillability hardness tests (includes unconfined compression, rebound and abrasion hardness) - Rock density tests - Corrosion potential of groundwater (includes pH, specific conductance, concentrations of SO4 and Cl.) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey for top of rock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Jarva Mark 12), with drill-and-blast for tail and starter tunnels PRIMARY SUPPORT: Generally none (only local rock bolts and partial ribs) PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Drill-and-blast--average = 10.13 lin ft (for 385 ft) TBM--maximum = 145 lin ft (for 17,665 ft) average = 50 lin ft (for 17,665 ft) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any consequence
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTION AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included six shafts, miscellaneous surface work, and installation of 60-in.-diameter and 90-in.-diameter water mains in open trenches. The total contract was estimated at $24,299,400; the low bid was $22,241,300 and the actual final cost was $22,334,341.
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BI-COUNTY WATER TUNNEL, WEST MAIN GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Montgomery County, Maryland PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission DESIGNER: A.A. Mathews Division, CRS Group Engineers CONTRACTOR: Clevecon, Inc. (open shop subsidiary of S&M) CONSTRUCTION START: June 8, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 10, 1980 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation and per lin ft of final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $20,886,650 BID TOTAL: $14,321,800 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $14,294,246 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 15,079 lin ft Total length = 15,079 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 12 ft 6 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 122.7 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 250 lin ft minimum = 80 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +240 lin ft minimum = +50 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: quartz-mica schist-to-gneiss Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, generally moderate to wide spacing shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 15 Total length = 3,069 BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests LAB TESTS: 7 Total drillability hardness tests (includes unconfined compression, rebound, abrasion hardness) - Rock density tests - Corrosion potential of groundwater (includes pH, specific conductance, concentrations of SO4 and Cl) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey for top of rock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Jarva Mark 12) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Generally none (only local rock bolts and steel straps) PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 15 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 147 lin ft Average = 78 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any consequence
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included 4 shafts, miscellaneous surface work, and 4,000 ft of water main installed in open trenches. The total contract was estimated at $24,504,972; the low bid was $21,223,040 and the actual final cost was $21,378,761.
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NORTH SHORE OUTFALLS CONSOLIDATION PROJECT, CONTRACT N-1 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: San Francisco (Ft. Mason area), California PURPOSE: Wastewater conveyance OWNER: San Francisco Clean Water Program, City and County of San Francisco DESIGNER: Department of Public Works, City and County of San Francisco CONTRACTOR: Ohbayashi-OAC (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: September 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Separate unit prices per lin ft of tunnel excavation and for support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $8,172,180 BID TOTAL: $7,320,740 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $7,255,410 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft Ground = 700 lin ft Mixed face = 300 lin ft Rock = 3,352 lin ft Total length = 4,352 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 12 ft 0 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 113.1 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 113 lin ft minimum = 15 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +100 lin ft minimum = +40 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: uniform fine sand (dune sand) Quality: granular uncemented very dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: sandy clay (residual) Quality: cohesive stiff to hard Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: shale melange with interbedded graywacke, siltstone, and shale Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, close spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 16 Total length = 1,490 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Torvane shear tests - Penetrometer tests - Standard penetration tests LAB TESTS: 2 Direct shear tests on soil 58 Unconfined compression tests on rock 3 Permeability tests on soil - Natural moisture content tests - Dry density tests - Atterberg limits tests - Consolidation tests - Sieve analyses
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EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--shield with road header (700 ft) Mixed face--shield with road header (300 ft) Rock--road header (3,352 ft); blasting in 10% of length PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--ribs with wood lagging Mixed face--ribs with wood lagging Rock--ribs with wood lagging PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 10 in. thick Mixed face--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 10 in. thick Rock--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 10 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Shale melange (without graywacke or sandstone)--maximum = 60 lin ft Entire project--average = 30 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running ground (in dune sand) --blocky rock (large overbreak where blasting was used) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Soft ground methods --face instability with running ground SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included an open-cut section, a concrete connection structure, a portal adit, and various utility and surface restoration work. The total contract was estimated at $11,473,396 and the low bid was $9,909,298. The actual total contract final cost was not provided, but it was more than bid due to the addition of about 200 lin ft of tunnel to the contract. Although the ground conditions are described primarily as rock, soft rock methods were used for excavation.
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NORTH SHORES OUTFALLS CONSOLIDATION PROJECT, CONTRACT N-2 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: San Francisco (Fisherman's Wharf area), California PURPOSE: Wasterwater conveyance OWNER: San Francisco Clean Water Program, City and County of San Francisco DESIGNER: Department of Public Works, City and County of San Francisco CONTRACTOR: Ohbayashi-OAC (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: October 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: February 26, 1982 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft including excavation support and final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $14,558,215 BID TOTAL: $ 9,167,110 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 22,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $ 9,008,000 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 3,069 lin ft Total length = 3,069 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 12 ft 1 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 114.8 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 38 lin ft minimum = 30 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +35 lin ft minimum = +15 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: bay mud (silts and clays) Quality: cohesive very soft 2nd Unit Identification/Type: uniform fine sand (dune sand) Quality: granular uncemented medium dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 37 Total length = 2,069 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 17 Penetrometer tests 3 Rising head pump tests - Standard penetration tests - Vane shear tests - Dames & Moore modified standard penetration tests LAB TESTS: 48 Direct shear tests 10 Triaxial tests 6 Lab shear tests (Vane) 3 Unconfined rock compression tests 2 Permeability tests - Sieve analyses - Atterberg limits tests - Moisture content tests 5 Chemical analyses for heavy metals and oil/grease EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES : None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Earth pressure balance shield PRIMARY SUPPORT: Liner plate PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 100 lin ft Average = 30 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Soft ground methods --minor surface subsidence --obstructions (timber piles) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Obstructions (timber piles) TOTAL = $50,000 = $50,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included a portal structure, a connection structure, and various surface utility and pavement work. The total contract was estimated at $18,162,994 and the low bid was $12,738,590. The actual total contract final cost was not available due to litigation unrelated to the construction of the tunnel. This project is believed to be the first use of an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield in the United States, which resulted in considerable cost savings to the owner over conventional tunneling methods.
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HAMPTON AVENUE SEWER, CONTRACT 939-3 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: North central Milwaukee County, Wisconsin PURPOSE: Sewage conveyance OWNER: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District DESIGNER: J.C. Zimmerman Engineering Corporation (for CH2M Hill, Inc.) CONTRACTOR: Walsh Construction Company (of Illinois) CONSTRUCTION START: June 27, 1980 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 10, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of unclassified tunnel excavation and initial support with separate unit prices for linings TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: Not available BID TOTAL: Not available CHANGES AWARDED: $164,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Not available (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 4,680 lin ft Mixed face = 1,550 lin ft Rock = 300 lin ft Total length = 6,530 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Soft ground--circular Mixed face and rock--horseshoe SIZE(S): Soft ground--8 ft 10 in. (excavated diameter) Mixed face and rock--unknown EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Soft ground--62.5 sq ft Mixed face and rock--69.0 sq ft (assumed) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 50 lin ft minimum = 33 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +33 lin ft minimum = +15 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: silty clay till with interbedded water bearing sand and silt layers, and random cobbles and boulders Quality: cohesive very stiff to hard Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: vuggy limestone Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, moderate spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 20 Total length = 1,050 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests 4 Piezometer tests LAB TESTS: 14 Point load tensile strenth tests on rock - Dry density tests - Atterberg limits tests - Sieve analyses - Natural moisture content tests on all soil samples 5 Unconfined compression tests on soil EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--TBM (Lovat) Mixed face--drill-and-blast and hand mining under horseshoe-shaped shield Rock--drill-and-blast under horseshoe-shaped shield PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--steel sets and wood lagging Mixed face--steel sets and wood lagging Rock--steel sets and wood lagging PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground, mixed face, and rock--unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick (for 3,730 lin ft) and precast concrete pipe grouted in place (for 2,800 lin ft) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 100 lin ft (in soft ground with TBM) Average = 26 lin ft (based on working days, 2 headings at times) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running (3 locations in soil) --swelling or squeezing (caused support deflection) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Hazardous environmental factors --noxious fluid (gasoline) Soft ground methods --surface subsidence (major at 2 locations, and related to running ground) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Surface subsidence/running ground Noxious fluid (gasoline) TOTAL = $ Not known = $ 143,000 = $ Not known
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included 5 manholes, connections to existing sewers, restoration and relocation of existing utilities, and other related work. The total contract was estimated at $7,415,500; the low bid was $6,721,767 and the total completed contract cost was $6,987,169. The surface subsidence claim was stated to be related to fill around an existing sewer pipe, which allegedly ran and caused surface subsidence. It was not possible to break out the mined tunnel costs from the total project costs because no bid tabulations were made available.
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NORTHEAST SIDE RELIEF SEWER, EAST BRANCH (CONTRACT 287) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Milwaukee County, Wisconsin PURPOSE: Sewage conveyance OWNER: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District DESIGNER: CH2M Hill, Jenny Engineering, Delon Hampton CONTRACTOR: Kenny Construction Company CONSTRUCTION START: September 1, 1981 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 15, 1982 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of soft ground, mixed face, or rock tunnel excavation with separate unit price per lin ft for all necessary support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $13,168,000 BID TOTAL: $ 9,320,405 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 395,025 (credit to owner) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $ 8,354,976 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 8,808 lin ft Mixed face = 1,346 lin ft Rock = 595 lin ft Total length = 10,749 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe, modified Circular SIZE(S): Horseshoe--9 ft 2 in. high by 9 ft 2 in. wide Circular--9 ft 2 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Hoseshoe--74 sq ft (assumed) Circular--66.5 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 77 lin ft minimum = 25 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +25 lin ft minimum = +5 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: silty clay (glacial till) with sand and gravel layers Quality: cohesive very stiff to hard 2nd Unit Identification/Type: sand and silt (glacial till) with boulders and cobbles Quality: granular uncemented dense to very dense Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: dolomitic limestone with porous and shaley layers (solutioned in places) Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 26 Total length = 1,425 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests 11 Menard pressuremeter tests LAB TESTS: 1 Unconfined compression test 1 Undrained triaxial test 1 Undrained consolidation test - Specific gravity tests - Natural moisture content tests
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45 Grain size distribution tests 23 Atterberg limits tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--TBM (Lovat) Mixed face--hand mined with some drill-and-blast Rock--hand mined with drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--ribs and wood lagging Mixed face--ribs and wood lagging Rock--ribs and wood lagging PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 14 in. thick (minimum) Mixed face--reinforced cast-in-place concrete Rock--reinforced cast-in-place concrete ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 165 lin ft (soft ground) Average = 40 lin ft for entire project (one 10-hr. shift/day, sometimes 2 headings at once) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running (in water bearing sands in till) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Hazardous environmental factors --noxious fluid (gasoline from leaky tanks) Soft ground methods --surface subsidence (major in a few places) --obstructions (anticipated boulders) Compressed air --planned, but not used SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Deletion of compressed air (owner credit) = $ Not known
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included 100 lin ft of 72-in. jacked pipe, 647 lin ft of open-cut pipe installation, a 346-lin-ft river crossing, 15 shafts, and 19 manholes. The total contract was estimated at $18,346,000; the low bid was $13,887,805 and the final total contract price was $12,913,984. The cost reductions generally resulted from better than anticipated tunneling conditions and credits to the owner from contractorinitiated design changes, including deletion of compressed air and lighter initial tunnel support. The project was completed about 8 months ahead of schedule.
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NORTHEAST SIDE RELIEF SEWER, EAST BRANCH (CONTRACT 288) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Northeast Milwaukee County, Wisconsin PURPOSE: Sewage conveyance OWNER: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District DESIGNER: CH2M Hill, Jenny Engineering, Delon Hampton CONTRACTOR: Michels Pipe Line Construction, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: January 13, 1982 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 14, 1983 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation including initial support with separate unit price per lin ft for final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $14,092,600 BID TOTAL: $11,973,382 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 150,000 est. (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $11,852,977 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground Mixed face Rock Total length = 12,921 lin ft (breakdown not available, but mostly soft ground) LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 8 ft 9-1/2 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 60.8 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 83 lin ft minimum = 30 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +14 lin ft minimum = 16 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: sand and silt (glacial till) with cobbles and boulders Quality: granular uncemented dense to very dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: silt and clay (glacial till) with sand and gravel lenses Quality: cohesive very stiff to hard Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: vuggy dolomitic limestone with clay seams Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 28 Total length = 2,055 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests - Menard pressuremeter tests - Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: - Unconfined compressive strength on soil - Undrained triaxial shear tests on soil - Consolidation tests - Density tests - Natural moisture tests
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- Sieve analyses - Atterberg limits tests - Pocket penetrometer tests on clay soils EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--TBM (modified MEMCO) Mixed face--digger shield (Zukor) with drill-and-blast Rock--digger shield (Zukor) with drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--precast concrete segments or jacked pipe (2,000 ft) Mixed face--precast concrete segments Rock--precast concrete segments PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground--reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 6 in. thick minimum (except 1,100 ft precast concrete segments) Mixed face--unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 6 in. thick Rock--unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 6 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 91 lin ft (in one shift of three) Average = 35 lin ft (per day with some days more than 1 heading) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running (one 200 cu yd run) Soft ground methods --obstructions (boulders) --steering Rock in invert SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Rock in invert TOTAL = $250,000+ = $250,000+
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included 5 shafts, 12 manholes, a flow monitoring system, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $15,951,000; the low bid was $14,022,157 and the final total contract cost was $13,901,752. The final cost underrun, in spite of the claim, resulted from credits to the owner for allowing pipe jacking for 2,000 ft of alignment and an alignment change.
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NORTHEAST SIDE RELIEF SEWER, NORTH BRANCH (CONTRACT 289) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Northeast Milwaukee County, Wisconsin PURPOSE: Sewage conveyance OWNER: Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District DESIGNER: Howard, Needles, Tammen and Bergendorff CONTRACTOR: W.J. Lazynski, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: June 22, 1981 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 25, 1982 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation including initial support, with separate unit price for final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $11,076,582 BID TOTAL: $ 9,986,402 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $ 9,986,402 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 5,342 lin ft Mixed face = 1,018 lin ft Rock = 4,610 lin ft Total length = 10,970 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe (modified circular Circular SIZE(S): Horseshoe--unknown Circular--9 ft 5 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Horseshoe--72 sq ft (assumed) Circular--69.5 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 135 lin ft minimum = 27 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +60 lin ft minimum = +12 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: sand and silt (glacial till) with cobbles and boulders Quality: granular uncemented dense to very dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: silt and clayey silt (glacial till) with sand and gravel lenses Quality: cohesive very stiff to hard Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: vuggy dolomitic limestone with clay seams Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to close spacing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 27 Total length = 2,099 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests 3 Double packer water pressure tests 25 Piezometer tests - Menard pressuremeter tests LAB TESTS: 1 Triaxial compresseion test 3 Consolidation tests 4 Unconfined compression tests on soil - Density tests
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- Sieve analyses - Atterberg limits tests - Natural moisture content tests - Pocket penetrometer tests (all cohesive soils) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES : None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground--TBM (Decker) and 2 shields Mixed face--TBM or shield, plus drill-and-blast as needed Rock--drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Soft ground--steel ribs and wood lagging Mixed face--steel ribs and wood lagging Rock--rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Soft ground, mixed face, and rock--precast concrete pipe concreted in place ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Soft ground TBM--maximum = 64 lin ft (1 shift/day) Entire project--average = 32 lin ft (1 to 2 shifts/day) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Groundwater inflow --large quantity Soft ground methods --surface subsidence (major in one area) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included 15 manholes, diversion and flow monitoring systems, and relocation of some existing utilities. The total contract was estimated at $13,808,982; the low bid was $10,974,402 and the final contract cost was $10,996,179. A large quantity of groundwater inflow resulted from a buried stream deposit and stalled the soft ground TBM. The TBM was removed and work continued with a shield and hand mining. The surface subsidence was claimed to be due to water infiltration from boreholes drilled for instrumentation.
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RED HOOK INTERCEPTOR SEWER GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Brooklyn, New York PURPOSE: Sewage conveyance OWNER: Department of Environmental Protection, City of New York DESIGNER: Department of Environmental Protection, City of New York CONTRACTOR: Grow Tunneling, MacLean-Grove, Morrison-Knudsen, Peter Kiewit, & Catapano (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: April 1978 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: May 8, 1980 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of completed tunnel TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS (see notation under Remarks, below) ESTIMATED TOTAL: $50,242,060 BID TOTAL: $52,283,285 CHANGES AWARDED: 935,999 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $53,139,116 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 8,600 lin ft Total length = 8,600 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 10 ft 5 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 85 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 70 lin ft minimum = 12 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +10 lin ft minimum = +2 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: fine to medium sand with gravel (outwash sand) Quality: granular uncemented medium dense to dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: fill (predominantly clean sands) Quality: granular uncemented loose to dense 3rd Unit Identification/Type: bouldery sand and gravel (pockets of glacial till) Quality: granular uncemented dense to very dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 77 Total length = 3,447 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Excavator shield (Robbins 1095-160Z) with <18 psi compressed air
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PRIMARY SUPPORT: Heavy steel liner plate PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 70 lin ft Average = 25.4 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Harzardous environmental factors --noxious fluid (hazardous waste in soils and groundwater) --existing utilities --gas Soft ground methods --face instability (required full face breasting) --obstructions (boulders, piles, and timber cribs) --steering (many tight radius curves) Compressed air --blowouts SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Noxious fluids Obstructions--boulders Obstructions--timber cribs Obstructions--timber piles TOTAL = $ 477,000 = $ 640,000 = $ 297,000 = $ 89,000 = $1,503,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract also included 8 manhole structures, 9 regulator structures, 4 diversion and tide gate structures, about 2,500 lin ft of open-cut pipeline, and underpinning of 43 existing structures along the route. The total contract was estimated at $55,733,229 and the low bid was $61,862,009. Final total contract cost was not provided. All claims were resolved during construction as change orders, which undoubtedly kept these costs to a minimum. The tabulated tunnel construction costs actually include about $3.5 million for a shaft excavation, various manholes, miscellaneous concrete, backfill, and restoration that were not separable with documentation available.
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CROSS IRONDEQUOIT INTERCEPTOR, CONTRACT NO. II-C-1A GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Irondequoit, New York PURPOSE: Sewage conveyance OWNER: Rochester Pure Waters District, Monroe County, New York DESIGNER: Teetor-Dobbins CONTRACTOR: Greenfield, Ferrera, and Healy (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: No information CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: No information CONTRACT FORMAT: One unit price per lin ft for tunnel excavation and support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $28,760,000 CHANGES AWARDED: No information (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: No information (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 30,093 lin ft Total length = 30,093 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 18 ft 4 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 264 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 200 lin ft minimum = 35 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +160 lin ft minimum = +40 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: friable calcareous sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone sequence Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 38 Total length = 6,297 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests with packers LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Refraction seismic survey for top of bedrock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (no information on machine type) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 10 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: No information PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: No information
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SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS No information REMARKS In addition to the TBM mined rock tunnel described above, the total contract included a 600 lin ft section of 12 ft (I.D.) rock, mixed face, and soft ground tunnel, cut-and-cover construction, 6 shafts, drop connections, and other related work. The total contract price as estimated was $33,818,350 and as bid was $37,385,000. Damage to the concrete liner due to sulfate attack has delayed operation of the tunnel. A program of monitoring the condition of the liner and of reconstructed or repaired test sections was recommended in 1977. All information included for this tunnel was obtained from prebid documents; no interview was conducted with either the owner or contractor.
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GENESEE VALLEY INTERCEPTOR SOUTHWEST, CONTRACT C-36-715 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Rochester, New York PURPOSE: Sanitary sewer and storm water sewer OWNER: Rochester Pure Waters District, Monroe County, New York DESIGNER: Erdman Anthony Associates CONTRACTOR: Clevecon, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: No information CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: No Information CONTRACT FORMAT: One unit price per lin ft for tunnel excavation and support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $12,496,250 BID TOTAL: $10,081,200 CHANGES AWARDED: Unknown (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: Unknown (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 8,172 lin ft Total length = 8,172 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 18 ft 7 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 271 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 58 lin ft minimum = 21 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +25 lin ft minimum = +4 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: moderately hard to hard dolomite with occasional shale partings and mineralized solution cavities Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, wide spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 37 Total length = 2,113 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests with packers - In-situ stress tests by overcoring LAB TESTS: 30 Unconfined compression tests on rock core 30 Confined compression tests on rock core 2 Flexural strength tests on rock core - Rock hardness tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: NO GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Refraction seismic investigation for rock depth GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 181-122), with two 100-ft-long drill-and-blast starter tunnels PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs or rock bolts with wire mesh and steel strapping PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: No information PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (rock fallout in crown and along joints and seams believed to be due in part to high horizontal insitu stresses) --spalling
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SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS No information REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included 3 shafts, 7 drop connections, 1 side flow weir chamber, and 13,000 lin ft of 18- to 84-in. diameter gravity interceptor installed in open cut. The total contract price as estimated was $23,276,451 and as bid was $19,699,719. No final cost or claims information is reported because no interview was conducted with either owner or contractor.
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TUNNEL AND RESERVOIR PLAN, CONTRACT 72-049-2H GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Chicago and Wilmette, Illinois PURPOSE: Storm water detention and conveyance OWNER: Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago DESIGNER: Harza Engineering Company CONTRACTOR: Kenny, Paschen, S&M (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: January 10, 1977 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: August 3, 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation and final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $51,573,242 BID TOTAL: $34,590,480 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 1,359,315 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $36,030,373 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 51,740 lin ft Total length = 51,740 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 30 ft 0 in. diameter for 27,762 lin ft 22 ft 0 in. diameter for 23,862 lin ft EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 707 sq ft (27,762-ft length) 380 sq ft (23,862-ft length) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 220 lin ft minimum = 180 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +220 lin ft minimum = +180 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: dolomite, with chert and shale partings Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, close to wide spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 53 Total length = 10,844 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 56 Borehole pressure tests LAB TESTS: 110 Unconfined compression tests on rock 56 Tensile strength tests on rock 16 Abrasion tests on rock 122 Porosity determinations on rock 9 Permeability tests on rock 2 Dynamic modulus determination tests on rock 27 Static modulus determination tests on rock 20 Wetting and drying tests on rock 113 Moisture content and specific gravity tests on rock 10 Petrographic analyses 5 Chemical analyses on rock to determine reaction with sewage
(Note: Tests from 34 soil borings at drop shaft locations are not tabulated)
EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Surface seismic for top of rock, specific formations, aquifers Borehole seismic for modulus, porosity, and specific gravity GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
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CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBMs (Jarva; one 30-ft 1-in. diameter for 27,762 lin ft and one 22-ft 1-in. diameter for 23,862 lin ft) Drill-and-blast (116 lin ft) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Some unreinforced cast-in-place concrete (in scattered zones of bad ground) ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: 30-ft diameter tunnel--maximum = 167 lin ft average = 55 lin ft 22-ft diameter tunnel--maximum = 173 lin ft average = 68 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --squeezing (soft clay seams) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Squeezing ground (soft clay seams) TOTAL = $1,359,315 = $1,359,315
REMARKS In addition to the two lengths of mined tunnel described above, the total contract included two 32-ft diameter main shafts, 32 drop shafts with diameters ranging between 6 ft and 8 ft, and assorted shaft drifts. The total contract was estimated at $65,529,302; the low bid was $63,140,480 and the actual final cost as of September 1983 appears to be $63,077,429. However, this final figure includes an apparent $1,422,362 underrun which really is money the owner is presently holding back for uncompleted work and may change by the time of final contract signoff. The dispute is over additional concrete to compensate for overshooting the rock in some shaft adits.
146
TUNNEL AND RESERVOIR PLAN, CONTRACT 73-160-2H GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: 59th Street to Central Avenue, Chicago, Illinois PURPOSE: Storm water detention and conveyance OWNER: Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago DESIGNER: Harza Engineering Company CONTRACTOR: Morrison-Knudsen, Kenny, Paschen, S&M (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: July 2, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: July 19, 1980 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation and final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $60,715,000 BID TOTAL: $46,028,275 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $43,222,181 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 18,804 lin ft Total length = 18,804 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 35 ft 4 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 980 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 240 lin ft minimum = 220 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +220 lin ft minimum = +200 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: dolomite, with chert and shale partings Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, close to wide spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 15 Total length = 3,839 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 43 Borehole pressure tests LAB TESTS: 41 Unconfined compression tests on rock 9 Tensile strength tests on rock 6 Abrasion tests on rock 14 Static modulus determination tests on rock 1 Wetting and drying test on rock 18 Moisutre content and specific gravity tests on rock 2 Chemical analyses on rock to determine reaction with sewage
EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Surface seismic for top of rock, specific formations, and aquifers Borehole seismic for modulus, porosity, and specific gravity GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 353-197 for 17,744 lin ft) Drill-and-blast (for 1,060 lin ft) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts and friction rock stabilizers PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: TBM--maximum = 118 lin ft average = 61 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any consequence
147
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included gate equipment, a 27-ft diameter construction shaft, and 8 drop shafts with diameters ranging between 4 ft and 17 ft. The total contract was estimated at $81,000,000; the low bid was $86,493,975 and the actual final cost was $83,530,628. The underruns represent elimination of stubs for future tunnels and also contract unit cost items, mostly grout and rock bolts, not used because the ground was too competent to need them.
148
TUNNEL AND RESERVOIR PLAN, CONTRACT 73-162-2H (PART 3) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Chicago, Illinois PURPOSE: Storm water detention and conveyance OWNER: Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago DESIGNER: Harza Engineering Company CONTRACTOR: Morrison-Knudsen & Paschen (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: November 26, 1980 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: September 24, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation and final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $18,460,416 BID TOTAL: $ 9,322,400 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $7,384,942 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 7,464 lin ft Total length = 7,464 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 35 ft 4 in. diameter; 18 ft 0 in. diameter; 15 ft 0 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 980 sq ft; 255 sq ft; 177 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 300 lin ft minimum = 230 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +280 lin ft minimum = +210 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: dolomite, with chert and shale partings Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, close to wide spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 9 Total length = 2,189 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Borehole pressure tests LAB TESTS: 14 Unconfined compression tests on rock 10 Split cylinder tests on rock 14 Young's modulus determinations on rock 14 Poisson's ratio determinations onrock 2 Atterberg limit determinations on soil 15 Moisture content determinations on soil EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Surface seismic for top of rock, specific formations, and aquifers Borehole seismic for modulus, porosity, and specific gravity GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 353-191, 35 ft 4 in. diameter, for 17,750 lin ft) Drill-and-blast (for 4,714 lin ft)
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PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts and friction rock stabilizers PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: TBM--maximum = 104 lin ft average = 62 lin ft Drill-and-blast--average = 42 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any consequence SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the 3 lengths of mined tunnel described above, the total contract included 5 shafts, 2 underground chambers, and 5 intersections and crossovers with existing tunnels. The total contract was estimated at $32,480,416; low bid was $28,012,400 and the actual final cost was $25,834,931. The underruns represent contract unit cost items, mostly grout and rock bolts, not used because the ground was too competent to need them.
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TUNNEL AND RESERVOIR PLAN, CONTRACT 75-123-2H GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Ogden Avenue to Addison Street, Chicago, Illinois, PURPOSE: Storm water detention and conveyance OWNER: Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago DESIGNER: Harza Engineering Company CONTRACTOR: Ball, Healy, Horn (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: November 5, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: February 13, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of tunnel excavation and final lining TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $63,029,800 BID TOTAL: $51,324,410 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $51,324,410 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 22,607 lin ft Total length = 22,607 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 32 ft 4 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 821 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 220 lin ft minimum = 210 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +220 lin ft minimum = +210 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: dolomite, with chert and shale partings Quality: unweathered thick bedded jointing, close to wide spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 27 Total length = 5,789 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: 49 Borehole pressure tests LAB TESTS: 60 Unconfined compression tests on rock 24 Tensile strength tests on rock 11 Abrasion tests on rock 51 Porosity determination tests on rock 17 Static modulus determination tests on rock 4 Wetting and drying tests on rock 51 Moisture content and specific gravity tests on rock
EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Surface seismic for top of rock, specific formations, and aquifers Borehole seismic for modulus, porosity, and specific gravity GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 324) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts installed randomly PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 136 lin ft Average = 65 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance
151
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included a 25-ft diameter construction shaft and 18 drop shafts with diameters ranging between 4 ft and 13 ft. The total contract was estimated at $90,000,000; the low bid was $85,205,910 and the actual final cost was $85,151,605. The underrun represents a minor percentage of contract unit cost items not used.
152
SEABROOK STATION CIRCULATING WATER TUNNELS GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Seabrook, New Hampshire PURPOSE: Cooling water system for nuclear power plant OWNER: Public Service Company of New Hampshire DESIGNER: United Engineers CONTRACTOR: Morrison-Knudsen Company CONSTRUCTION START: April 12, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 6, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Cost plus with incentive fee for meeting target date (with owner supplying materials and much of the heavy equipment) TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $49,526,000 (contractor fee only) CHANGES AWARDED: In litigation (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: No information (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 33,656 lin ft Total length = 33,656 lin ft LAYOUT: Parallel tubes (90-ft centers) for 9,000 ft then bifurcating to 2,800 ft separation SHAPE(S): Circular (primarily) SIZE(S): 22 ft diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 380 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 250 lin ft minimum = 160 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +265 lin ft minimum = +155 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: metasedimentary impure quartzite Quality: unweathered massive, fairly jointing, moderate to wide spacing no shear zones faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: plutonic diorite intrusions Quality: unweathered massive (very) jointing, very wide spacing no shear zones faulting, minor 3rd Unit Identification/Type: diabase dikes Quality: weathered (minor hydrothermal alteration) blocky structure (joints parallel to contacts) jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones faulting 4th Unit Identification/Type: mixed diorite and metasedimentaries Quality: unweathered massive jointing, wide spacing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 58 Total length = 14,313 lin ft
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BOREHOLE TESTS: - Stress relief tests by overcoring - Water pressure tests with packers 1 Pumping test LAB TESTS: - Salinity determinations on water sampled in pumping test 8 Unconfined compression tests on rock core - University of Illinois hardness tests for TBM penetration rate estimates - Dry unit weight of rock cores EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction and reflection surveys GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBMs (Robbins 212-173 and -174) except for 900 lin ft of drill-and-blast development tunnel in each heading) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs and rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 18 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Intake tunnel (TBM)--maximum = 106 lin ft average = 36.7 lin ft Discharge tunnel (TBM)--average = 30.3 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Hazardous environmental factors --noxious fluid (highly saline water) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Highly saline water inflow = $ No information
REMARKS The bid total for the mined tunnels described above is given in 1977 dollars, contractor fee only, with materials and much of the heavy equipment supplied by the owner. Much of the cooling water tunnels were constructed beneath the Atlantic Ocean. In addition to the mined tunnels, the total contract included vertical intake and discharge structures and a number of shafts, some on land and some in the ocean. The engineer's estimate for the total contract is unknown because the owner has not released the information. The total contract low bid was $66,034,000 (given on the same basis as the tunnels). Actual final costs are not yet available because litigation over a changed condition claim is still in progress.
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EDWARD HYATT POWERHOUSE GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Oroville (Butte County), California PURPOSE: Power OWNER: California Department of Water Resources DESIGNER: California Department of Water Resources CONTRACTOR: McNamara-Fuller (JV) CONSTRUCTION START: March 20, 1964 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 24, 1966 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per cu yd for excavation with separate unit prices for support and lining components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $ 7,166,097 BID TOTAL: $ 5,990,163 CHANGES AWARDED: $16,300,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $23,289,140 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 550 lin ft Total length = 550 lin ft LAYOUT: Large chamber SHAPE(S): Straignt sides with arched roof SIZE(S): 139 ft high by 71 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 8,200 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 300 lin ft minimum = 300 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +188 lin ft minimum = +163 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: amphibolite Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 33 Total length = 5,360 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - In-situ stress by overcoring - Water pressure tests with packers - Diametrical jacking tests in adit - Flatjack tests in adits LAB TESTS: - Modulus of elasticity EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Two exploratory drifts and a number of cross drifts totaling about 780 lin ft SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction survey in general area to determine top of rock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts and shotcrete with wire mesh PERMANENT SUPPORT: None ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Average = 0.67 lin ft for 203 cu yd/day for entire chamber) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (resulting in excessive overbreak from blasting)
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SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS Unstable ground
--blocky, slabby TOTAL = $14,073,427 = $14,073,427
REMARKS In addition to the mined powerhouse chamber described above, the total contract included penstock tunnels, a diversion tunnel, a tailrace tunnel, an access tunnel, an intake structure, and various structural and mechanical work. The engineer's estimate for the entire contract was $20,592,461; the low bid was $18,366,780 and the final cost was $42,414,628. Although the accuracy or adequacy of the geologic site investigations was not questioned, the interpretation resulted in a design which was claimed to be impossible to construct. Nine years of litigation in court resulted in a $16,300,000 award to the contractor, which was essentially the amount claimed plus some interest.
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NORTHFIELD MOUNTAIN PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Northfield, Massachusetts PURPOSE: Electric power generation OWNER: Northeast Utilities DESIGNER: Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation CONTRACTOR: Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: May 24, 1968 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 1972 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit prices for excavation and various support items TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $23,500,000 BID TOTAL: $27,730,000 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 4,000,000 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $41,600,000 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 12,842 lin ft Total length = 12,842 lin ft LAYOUT: Large chamber and multiple tunnels SHAPE(S): Circular and horseshoe SIZE(S): Circular--15 to 34 ft diameter Horseshoe--17 ft 4 in. high by 16 ft 8 in. wide to 143 ft high by 70 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 177 to 8,815 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 628 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--too variable to summarize GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: intermixed granite gneiss and biotite schist, with quartzite and pegmatite layers Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones, minor faulting, minor SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 26 Total length = 5,445 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: 9 Unconfined compression tests on rock - Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic refraction for top of rock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts, shotcrete, and occasional steel ribs PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete and steel liners in some water passages ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 48 lin ft Average = 29 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --spalling, rock bursts
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Rock bursts from high in-situ stress TOTAL = $6,660,000 = $6,660,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels and chamber described above, the total contract included a vent shaft, a pressure shaft, 4 surge shafts, a tailrace canal, a reservoir, and other miscellaneous items. The costs reported are supposed to be for mining only, but they may not have been adjusted to exclude all non-mining costs, such as shafts that were sunk or raised. (This point could not be clarified by a follow-up interview with the owner due to lack of time remaining for study completion.) Cost overruns were due to rock bursts and excessive overbreak stemming from high in-situ stresses heretofore unexpected in this area. Had they been expected, prebid testing might have defined the problem in advance to result in better construction planning.
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KERCKHOFF NO. 2 POWER TUNNEL GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Fresno, California PURPOSE: Power (pumped storage) OWNER: Pacific Gas and Electric Company DESIGNER: Pacific Gas and Electric Company CONTRACTOR: Auburn Constructors (Ball & Atkinson, JV) CONSTRUCTION START: June 17, 1981 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: December 1, 1982 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft of completed tunnel TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: No information CHANGES AWARDED: No information (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: No information (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 22,049 lin ft Total length = 22,049 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 24 ft diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 452 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 1,250 lin ft minimum = 200 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +470 lin ft minimum = +140 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granodiorite Quality: unweathered massive jointing, wide spacing shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 9 Total length = 3,099 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Water pressure tests with packers - Hydrofracturing stress tests LAB TESTS: 32 Unconfined compression tests - Moh's hardness tests - Natural density tests - Pulse veolocity tests - Modulus of elasticity tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None, but existing parallel tunnel (Kerckhoff #1) inspected SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Surface seismic refraction for depth to rock GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM (Robbins 243 for 21,615 lin ft) Drill-and-blast (for 434 lin ft) PRIMARY SUPPORT: None PERMANENT SUPPORT: None ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: TBM--maximum = 124 lin ft average = 65 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Groundwater inflow --large quantity (at times) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --hard, abrasive rock
159
SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC. ) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
No description available = $ Unknown
REMARKS In addition to the mined power tunnel described above, the total contract included the powerhouse chamber, penstock, access adits, surge chamber, intake structure, and various site, electrical, and mechanical work. The low bid for the total contract was approximately $65,000,000; no information was available on the engineer's estimate or actual final costs or on any costs or estimates associated with the mined power tunnel. A subsurface-related changed condition claim was filed for the power tunnel, but nothing is known about disputes in the rest of the contract.
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LOON LAKE HYDROPOWER PROJECT (INVITATION 2247) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: E1 Dorado County, California PURPOSE: Power OWNER: Sacramento Municipal Utility District DESIGNER: Bechtel Corporation CONTRACTOR: Walsh Construction Company CONSTRUCTION START: November 1966 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 1, 1969 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft or per cu yd for excavation with separate unit prices for support components TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $9,323,260 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $8,561,067 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 23,017 lin ft Total length = 23,017 lin ft LAYOUT: Large chamber with penstock, access tunnel, and tailrace SHAPE(S): Penstock (transition and horizontal)--circular and horseshoe Access shaft--modified horseshoe Machine hall--arched roof chamber Tailrace tunnel--modified horseshoe SIZE(S): Penstock--13 to 14 ft diameter Access shaft--17 ft high by 17 ft wide Machine hall--110 ft high by 75 ft wide Tailrace tunnel--18 ft high by 18 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Penstock--133 to 175 sq ft Access shaft--258 sq ft Machine hall--8,146 sq ft Tailrace tunnel--289 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 1,400 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +1,000 lin ft minimum = no data GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granite, diorite, and granodiorite Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: basalt dikes Quality: weathered massive jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 20 Total length = 2,529 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - NX core - Groundwater flows observed LAB TESTS: 27 Unconfined compression tests 31 Specific gravity tests - Elastic modulus tests - Poisson's ratio tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: 9-ft-diameter shaft at penstock with 8 ft by 8 ft exploratory adit into machine hall
161
SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: None, or rock bolts PERMANENT SUPPORT: Machine hall and tailrace--none Penstock--concrete and steel ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Access shaft--average = 4.7 lin ft (est.) Machine hall--average = 0.4 lin ft (or 121 cu yd/day, est.) Tailrace tunnel--average = 55.7 lin ft (est.) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky (in a few areas) Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Alignment problems (in inclined access shaft) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS This contract included all necessary excavation and initial support for the Loon Lake machine hall, tailrace tunnel, access shaft, and penstock. The vertical penstock shaft is described as a separate project for this study. The total contract also included a power line, 4 miles of access road, and various portal excavations. The total contract was bid at $10,372,410 and the actual final cost was $11,210,027. No engineer's estimate is available. The overrun on the total contract was from extra work not associated with underground construction. The underrun on underground construction was from various support and contingency items not used.
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MONTREAL METRO LINE NO. 5, CONTRACT NO. 210 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Montreal, Quebec, Canada PURPOSE: Running tunnel for subway system OWNER: Montreal Urban Corporation, Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation DESIGNER: Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation CONTRACTOR: Walsh and Brais, Inc. CONSTRUCTION START: November 9, 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: March 3, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: One unit price for each section of tunnel which includes excavation, primary and secondary support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: Not available BID TOTAL: $10,958,581 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 6,754 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $10,505,865 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 7,094 lin ft Total length = 7,094 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Horseshoe SIZE(S): 23.6 ft to 24.3 ft high by 26.6 ft wide EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): Varies from 455.6 to 468.5 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 75 lin ft minimum = 15 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +60 lin ft minimum = +15 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: horizontally bedded limestone with thin beds of shale Quality: weathered thin bedded jointing, moderate to wide spacing no shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 53 Total length = 3,568 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: - Groundwater tested for sulfate - Groundwater tested for pH EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts, with shotcrete and ribs in limited areas PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete, 13.7 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 70 lin ft (two headings) Average = 17 lin ft (total length total working days) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (excessive overbreak) --blocky, slabby (fault zones required extra primary support) Mechanical problems, rock and TBMs --face fallout/roof slabbing (2 cave-ins, fault zones required extra primary support)
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Roof slabbing (use of ribs instead of rock bolts) TOTAL = $6,754 = $6,754
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, this contract also included 3 stations and 4 ventilation shafts. There was no formal engineer's estimate prepared. The total contract price as bid was $16,920,643.60 and as completed was $17,885,643.60. (Note that all costs are in 1979-81 Canadian dollars.) Overbreak was rather large on this project, due partly to the flat lying and thinly bedded rock and to the length of rounds used by the contractor when blasting. The owner felt that methods to contol overbreak would result in much slower progress. Overbreak averaged 1 ft in the tunnel walls and up to about 5 ft in the haunches. The estimated excavation volume including overbreak was 160,000 cu yd.
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SPADINA SUBWAY, CONTRACT NO. A6-1 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Toronto, Ontario, Canada PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subway system OWNER: Toronto Transit Commission DESIGNER: Toronto Transit Commission and Hatch & Associates CONTRACTOR: Robert McAlpine Ltd. CONSTRUCTION START: September 4, 1974 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: December 22, 1975 CONTRACT FORMAT: Separate unit prices for support and per lin ft of tunnel excavation TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $4,796,730 BID TOTAL: $4,091,164 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $4,274,408 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 3,879 lin ft Total length = 3,879 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin parallel tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 17 ft 8 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 245 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 50 lin ft minimum = 25 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +13 lin ft minimum = + 3 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: Quality: cohesive hard 2nd Unit Identification/Type: clay till Quality: cohesive hard 3rd Unit Identification/Type: sand till Quality: granular uncemented very dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 26 Total length = 2,489 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests 13 Water observation wells 3 Bi-level water observation wells LAB TESTS: 68 Unconfined compression tests 69 Natural density tests 66 Atterberg limits tests 158 Gradation tests 627 Moisture content tests interglacial varved clay EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Inspection shaft, 36 to 48 in. diameter SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Shields (2 McAlpine) with 4 to 14 psi compressed air (for 200 to 300 ft) PRIMARY SUPPORT: Cast iron and precast concrete segments PERMANENT SUPPORT: Mixture of cast iron and precast concrete panels
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ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 12 lin ft Average = 12 lin ft (overall, per shield) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running ground Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance Soft ground methods --groundwater inflow (operating nuisance) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, this contract also included 172 lin ft of cutand-cover box construction and 1 mined cross passage. The engineer's estimate for the total contract was $6,500,000; the low bid was $5,569,194 and the actual final cost was $7,194,000. (Note that all costs are in Canadian dollars.) Progress was limited to 12 ft/day by union policies, which apparently restricted the contractor in scheduling work and in production capabilities.
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YONGE SUBWAY, NORTH EXTENSION (CONTRACT NO. Y-6) GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Toronto, Ontario, Canada PURPOSE: Running tunnels for subways OWNER: Toronto Transit Commission DESIGNER: Hatch & Associates CONTRACTOR: S. McNally and Sons, Ltd. CONSTRUCTION START: May 7, 1970 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: March 26, 1973 CONTRACT FORMAT: Separate unit prices for support and per lin ft of excavation TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: Not available BID TOTAL: $6,191,412 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 85,391 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $6,287,543 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 10,566 lin ft Total length = 10,566 lin ft LAYOUT: Twin parallel tubes SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 17 ft 6 in. diameter for 10,252 lin ft 21 ft 0 in. diameter for 314 lin ft EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 240 sq ft (10,252 ft length) 346 sq ft (314 ft length) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 71 lin ft minimum = 29 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +35 lin ft minimum = 34 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: interglacial sandy silt Quality: granular uncemented very dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: silt till Quality: granular uncemented very dense 3rd Unit Identification/Type: interglacial sand Quality: granular uncemented very dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 32 Total length = 2,540 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Standard penetration tests - Sniffer (gas monitoring) tests in some borings LAB TESTS: - Natural density tests - Atterberg limits tests - Gradation tests - Hydrometer tests - Moisture content tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes
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air
CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Shields (2) with 60% in compressed air (10 psi average, 20 psi maximum) and 40% in free
PRIMARY SUPPORT: None in main tunnels; timber in access tunnel PERMANENT SUPPORT: Mixture of cast iron and precast concrete liner panels ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 12 lin ft Average = 12 lin ft (per shield, per day, not including access shaft) PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running sand Groundwater inflow --large quantity Hazardous environmental factors --noxious fluid (gasoline from abandoned service station) Soft ground methods --water inflow (large quantity) --face instability (increased compressed air usage) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Face instability (compressed air usage) TOTAL = $423,224 = $423,224
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, this contract also included two 24-ft diameter access shafts and support and restoration of existing facilities. The total contract price as estimated was not available for this study. The total contract price as bid was $6,983,028 and as completed was $7,104,824. (Note that all costs are in 1970-73 Canadian dollars.) Groundwater control and running sand were the only real geological problems on the project. Progress was limited to 12 ft/day by union policies, which apparently restricted the contractor in scheduling work and in production capabilities.
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EASTERLY FILTRATION PLANT INTAKE TUNNEL, CONTRACT W-13-73 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Lake Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada PURPOSE: Water conveyance OWNER: Department of Works, Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto DESIGNER: Albery, Pullerits, Dickson and Associates CONTRACTOR: Schwenger Construction, Ltd. CONSTRUCTION START: Early 1974 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: June 26, 1979 CONTRACT FORMAT: Lump sum with unit prices for changes in the work TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $3,837,200 BID TOTAL: $3,605,115 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $3,605,115 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Rock = 10,536 lin ft Total length = 10,536 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 13 ft diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 132.7 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 230 lin ft minimum = 60 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +125 lin ft minimum = +125 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: horizontally bedded, calcite cemented fissle shale with interbedded limestone Quality: unweathered thin bedded jointing, close to moderate spacing no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 13 Total length = 1,763 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Packer tests - Gas tests (in borehole above water level) LAB TESTS: - None for rock samples - Groundwater tested for gas - Air drawn from boreholes tested in lab for gas EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: TBM, and at least 800 ft drill-and-blast PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts, wire mesh, and shotcrete PERMANENT SUPPORT: Cast-in-place concrete (with wire mesh in arch), 9 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Unknown PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (overbreak at quarter arch points) --spalling
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Blocky, slabby, spalling (high in-situ stresses) TOTAL = $500,000 = $500,000
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnels described above, this project also included a pumphouse, 22-ft and 14-ft diameter shafts, and other site work. The total contract price was estimated at $6,213,020; the low bid was $6,144,172 and the actual final cost was $5,839,649. (Note that all costs are in 1974-79 Canadian dollars.) Schwenger Construction Ltd. went bankrupt during construction and was replaced by another contractor, who completed the work under the performance bond.
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YORK-DURHAM SEWAGE SYSTEM, CONTRACT NO. 85 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Toronto, Canada PURPOSE: Sewage conveyance OWNER: Ontario Ministry of the Environment DESIGNER: M.M. Dillon Ltd. CONTRACTOR: S. McNally & Sons Ltd. CONSTRUCTION START: July 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: July 1980 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin m of tunnel including temporary and final support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: Not available BID TOTAL: $3,888,213 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 5,595 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $3,734,696 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 8,703 lin ft Total length = 8,703 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 96 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 50.3 sq ft DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 85 lin ft minimum = 20 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +50 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: clayey silt (till) Quality: cohesive hard 2nd Unit Identification/Type: interglacial sand Quality: granular uncemented very dense 3rd Unit Identification/Type: interglacial silt Quality: granular uncemented very dense SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 20 Total length = 1,897 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Vane shear tests - Standard penetration tests LAB TESTS: 8 Undrained triaxial compression tests 91 Grain size distribution curves - Natural moisture content tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground TBM (Lovat) with one 200-ft length requiring 6 psi compressed air PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs and timber lagging PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 140 lin ft Average = 68 lin ft
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running (silt) Groundwater inflow --high pressure Soft ground methods --obstructions (boulders) --steering SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Obstructions (boulders in invert) TOTAL = $5,595 = $5,595
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included about 300 ft of open-cut excavation, a flume chamber, 3 vent shafts, and miscellaneous surface work. The total contract was estimated at $4,300,000; the low bid was $4,266,379 and the actual final cost was $4,153,076. (Note that all costs are in 1979-80 Canadian dollars.) The underrun was due to not using all contingency items included in the bid schedule.
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YORK-DURHAM SEWAGE SYSTEM, CONTRACT NO. 86 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Toronto, Ontario, Canada PURPOSE: Sewage conveyance OWNER: Ontario Ministry of the Environment DESIGNER: M.M. Dillon Ltd. CONTRACTOR: S. McNally & Sons Ltd. CONSTRUCTION START: November 1979 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin m of tunnel including temporary and final support TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: Not available BID TOTAL: $4,145,400 CHANGES AWARDED: $ 9,228 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $4,000,958 (includes all claims and modifications) TUNNEL DATA TYPE(S) AND LENGTH(S): Soft ground = 10,170 lin ft Total length = 10,170 lin ft LAYOUT: Single tube SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 96 in. diameter for 10,072 lin ft 154 in. diameter for 98 lin ft EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 50.3 sq ft (10,072 ft length) 133 sq ft (98 ft length) DEPTHS: Crown to surface--maximum = 65 lin ft minimum = 40 lin ft Crown to water table--maximum = +35 lin ft minimum = 0 lin ft GEOLOGY: Soil--1st Unit Identification/Type: interglacial sand and silt Quality: granular uncemented very dense 2nd Unit Identification/Type: interglacial silty sand and gravel Quality: granular uncemented very dense 3rd Unit Identification/Type: clayey silt till Quality: cohesive hard SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 21 Total length = 1,600 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Vane shear tests - Standard penetration tests LAB TESTS: 3 Undrained triaxial compression tests 89 Grain size distribution tests - Natural moisture content tests - Natural density tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: No SURFACE MAPPING: No GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Soft ground TBM (Lovat) in 96-in. diameter tunnel; hand mining in 154-in. diameter section PRIMARY SUPPORT: Steel ribs and wood lagging PERMANENT SUPPORT: Unreinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick
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ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: TBM--average = 82 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running ground Groundwater inflow --operating nuisance to large quantity Soft ground methods --minor surface subsidence --obstructions (boulders) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS
Obstructions (boulders in invert) TOTAL = $9,228 = $9,228
REMARKS In addition to the mined tunnel described above, the total contract included 359 ft of open-cut excavation and 5 manholes. The total contract was estimated at $5,400,000; the low bid was $4,630,700 and the final contract cost was $4,480,729. (Note that all costs are in 1979-80 Canadian dollars.) The underrun was due to not using various contingency bid items.
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LOON LAKE PENSTOCK SHAFT GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: El Dorado County, California PURPOSE: Power OWNER: Sacramento Municipal Utility District DESIGNER: Bechtel Corporation CONTRACTOR: Pilot shaft--Gates & Fox, Inc. Enlargement--Walsh Construction Company Lining--Dravo Corporation CONSTRUCTION START: August 1965 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: October 1968 CONTRACT FORMAT: Unit price per lin ft for initial excavation and enlargement with separate unit prices for support and lining components SHAFT CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: Not available BID TOTAL: $1,934,714 CHANGES AWARDED : $ 86,127 (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $1,958,348 (includes all claims and modifications) SHAFT DATA TYPE(S) AND DEPTH(S): Rock = 1,225 lin ft Total depth = 1,225 lin ft LAYOUT: Single vertical shaft SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 9 ft 4 in. to 14 ft diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 68 to 154 sq ft DEPTHS: Bottom to surface--maximum = 1,225 lin ft Bottom to water table--maximum = +1,200 lin ft (approximately) GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: granodiorite Quality: unweathered foliated, faintly jointing, moderate to wide spacing shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 2 Total length = 1,320 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: None EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Shaft was initiated as a 9-ft-diameter exploratory shaft SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes (but not prior to construction) CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Drill-and-blast for pilot shaft, then enlargement by slashing PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts and wire mesh PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 to 24 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Not available PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --blocky, slabby (in a few places) Groundwater inflow --large quantity --high pressure
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Groundwater inflow (extra work for grouting) TOTAL = $86,127 = $86,127
REMARKS The Loon Lake Penstock shaft is part of a large hydropower project and was constructed as a part of three separate contracts. The shaft was initially driven as a 9-ft-diameter exploratory shaft, using drill-and-blast methods, as a part of the exploration program for the total project. The exploratory shaft was later slashed to its final size by another contractor and then lined by a third contractor. The remainder of the overall project is described in a separate abstract of the Loon Lake Hydropower Project.
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EXPLORATORY SHAFT, WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Near Carlsbad, New Mexico PURPOSE: Nuclear waste storage OWNER: U.S. Department of Energy DESIGNER: Bechtel National, Inc. CONTRACTOR: Challenger Drilling (subcontractor) CONSTRUCTION START: July 4, 1981 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: December 20, 1981 CONTRACT FORMAT: Cost-plus SHAFT CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: $6,977,207 BID TOTAL: $7,419,705 CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $7,248,317 (includes all claims and modifications) SHAFT DATA TYPE(S) AND DEPTH(S): Rock = 2,272 lin ft Total depth = 2,272 lin ft LAYOUT: Single vertical shaft SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 11 ft 10 in. diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 110 sq ft DEPTHS: Bottom to surface--maximum = 2,272 lin ft Bottom to water table--not applicable GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: siltstone interbedded with sandstone and mudstone (Dewey Lake formation) Quality: unweathered thin to thick bedded jointing, wide spacing shear zones, minor no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: anhydrite interbedded with dolomite and mudstone (Rustler formation) Quality: unweathered massive jointing, moderate to close spacing (healed) no shear zones no faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: halite and polyhalite with interbeds of anhydrite (Salado formation) Quality: unweathered massive jointing, none no shear zones no faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 2 Total length = 3,767 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: - Permeability tests (type not known) LAB TESTS: - Unconfined compression tests - Triaxial shear tests - Tensile strength tests - Percent porosity tests - Permeability (laboratory) - Specific gravity tests - Secant modulus of elasticity tests
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- Resistivity tests - Thermal conductivity tests - Creep tests (salt) EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: None SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: Seismic reflection (shallow and deep) Resistivity Magnetic survey Gravity survey GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: Yes CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Down-hole drilling PRIMARY SUPPORT: None (brine filled during drilling) PERMANENT SUPPORT: Steel liner for top 850 ft only ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Sandstone and siltstone--maximum = 25 lin ft Salt--maximum = 65 lin ft Entire shaft--average = 18.5 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: None of any significance SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS In addition to the drilled shaft described above, the total contract also included a 6-ft-diameter ventilation shaft, surface development work, and geophysical logging of both shafts. Fenix & Scisson performed this contract on a costplus basis as an extension of an existing contract with the Department of Energy. (The firm had already been involved in the exploration work at the site and was quite familiar with the geology.) Fenix & Scisson served in the role of general contractor and subcontracted most of the work. They estimated the total contract at $10,207,109. The sum of the subcontracts (generally obtained by competitive bid, plus overhead and markup) was $10,361,071 and the final contract cost was $10,113,904. Due to the purpose of this project, the site and surrounding region were extensively investigated for nearly 10 years, using both traditional drilling methods and nearly every applicable geophysical method. Although only 2 borings are indicated on the abstract as applicable to this shaft, a total of 84 boreholes were available within 5 miles of the site. The number of borings on the actual site was deliberately kept to a minimum to avoid damaging the integrity of the potential repository. The exploratory shaft was constructed as planned, with no significant surprises.
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BRUNSWICK SHAFT NO. 3 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION: Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada PURPOSE: Metal mine shaft OWNER: Brunswick Mining & Smelting Corporation Ltd DESIGNER: V.B. Cook Company Ltd. CONTRACTOR: J.S. Redpath Ltd. CONSTRUCTION START: June 25, 1974 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION: January 1978 CONTRACT FORMAT: Target cost plus fixed fee with bonus/penalty incentive SHAFT CONSTRUCTION COSTS ESTIMATED TOTAL: No information BID TOTAL: $8,647,285 (see notation under Remarks, below) CHANGES AWARDED: None (unforeseen subsurface conditions only) AS COMPLETED TOTAL: $9,112,357 (includes all claims and modifications) SHAFT DATA TYPE(S) AND DEPTH(S): Rock = 3,700 lin ft Total depth = 3,700 lin ft LAYOUT: Single vertical shaft SHAPE(S): Circular SIZE(S): 28 ft diameter EXCAVATED FACE AREA(S): 616 sq ft DEPTHS: Bottom to surface--maximum = 3,700 lin ft Bottom to water table--maximum = +3,680 lin ft GEOLOGY: Rock--1st Unit Identification/Type: quartz eye schist Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, wide spacing no shear zones no faulting 2nd Unit Identification/Type: crystal tuff Quality: unweathered massive jointing, wide spacaing no shear zones no faulting 3rd Unit Identification/Type: graphite schist Quality: unweathered foliated jointing, close spacing shear zones faulting SITE EXPLORATION BORINGS: Total number = 12 (drilled horizontally or inclined from mine workings) Total length = 15,127 lin ft BOREHOLE TESTS: None LAB TESTS: - Unconfined compression tests EXPLORATORY SHAFTS/PILOT TUNNELS: Adjacent underground mine workings available for observation (no cost to shaft contract); no other site exploration information made available to bidders SURFACE MAPPING: Yes GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES: None GEOTECHNICAL REPORT: No CONSTRUCTION METHOD(S) USED: Raise bore and slash PRIMARY SUPPORT: Rock bolts and wire mesh mostly, with immediate cast-in-place concrete in graphite schist
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PERMANENT SUPPORT: Reinforced cast-in-place concrete, 12 in. thick ADVANCE RATE PER DAY: Maximum = 15 lin ft Average overall = 5.7 lin ft Average in graphite schist = 3.5 lin ft PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED: Unstable ground --running (in graphite schist) SUBSURFACE-RELATED EXTRA PAYMENTS REQUESTED FOR CHANGES (MODS, CLAIMS, ETC.) DESCRIPTIONS AND AMOUNTS None REMARKS The builder of this project was expected to work out most of the design/construction details, and financial arrangements were negotiated from a winning proposal rather than a low bid. In addition to the raise bored and slashed shaft decribed above, the total contract included a separate 7-ft-diameter 3,300-ft-deep borehole shaft, 6 mine developemnt laterals, and a 13-ft-high by 18-ft-wide ramp excavated from the 2,880-ft level to the 4,300-ft level. The total contract cost plus fee was negotiated at $18,038,062, but finally came in at $20,753,546 (Canadian dollars). All costs are affected by the fact that the owner provided the head frame, shaft steel, pipe, rock bolts, wire mesh, water rings, compressed air, water, power, sewerage, surface preparation, and concrete. Due to deteriorating metal markets, the shaft was stopped at the 3,700-ft level rather than the 4,525-ft design depth. This 825-ft curtailment resulted in a savings of perhaps $400,000 in the cost of the shaft itself. The increase in overall actual costs over the original target is attributable to escalation and some post-bid increases in scope of work. Almost 99 percent of the shaft excavation went smoothly in sound rock, with severe construction problems arising (as expected) only in the 43-ft exposure of very soft graphite schist between the 3,510-ft and 3,553-ft depths.
COMPUTER-BASED DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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Computer-Based Data Management System
It was apparent at the outset of the effort to collect tunnel case history data that the amount of information likely to be compiled would reach substantial proportions. This posed several problems: How could one sort through the masses of data to distinguish relationships between the key variables? How could the data be stored in an efficient format so that future records could be added easily? What system could be used so that key items from the case histories would be transportable? To respond to these issues it was decided to develop a computer file version of the data and to link this with a program which could be used to sort the information based on a set of key words. This report describes how these problems were solved and provides illustrations of the use of the final computer-based data management system for the tunnel case history data. There were three elements to the task at hand. First, a format had to be developed for the case history data which was suitable for the computer. Second, each case history had to be condensed into the computer style format and entered into the computer data file. Finally, a system had to be located which could easily manipulate the data file using a maximum number of possible key words.
COMPUTER FORMAT FOR CASE HISTORY DATA

The format for the case history data was worked out between personnel at Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and key members of the team working at the subcommittee level for the U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology. The objectives of the format are in some ways contradictory. On the one hand it is desirable to have as much information as possible stored on each case history. On the other hand, too large a data base defeats the purpose of the computer file because it becomes unwieldy. Thus, it was necessary to compromise and include, in as succinct a fashion as possible, the information believed to characterize most completely the key
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parameters for each case history. Further, the format had to be designed to be compatible with the data management program described later herein. Table 1 lists all of the elements of the computer case history format (termed a file definition). A complete listing comprises 67 elements, although only rarely would all of them be used for any one case history. However, it is important to note that multiple sets of elements can be used for certain key items, such as the descriptions for geology. Thus, if the tunnel encountered five rock types, then data for all five conditions are entered. Similarly for tunneling conditions and execution parameters, multiple listings may be used because in any given tunnel it is possible that a variety of conditions are encountered and methods of execution vary accordingly. The descriptors for the format are generally very brief. Where appropriate, a single number is used; for example, tunnel length or advance rates are parameters handled nicely by a single number. Other cases are characterized by a single word, often in the form of a yes or no answer. Where more than two alternatives exist for text descriptions, there is typically a prescribed set of words from which one must be chosen. For example, if a tunnel is in sand, the sand is alternatively described as one of the following: very loose, loose, medium, dense, very dense. As will be seen subsequently, when entering data into the system, the control program provides interactive instructions to the user which specifically define the alternatives one can apply for the descriptors. An example of a computer data file is given in Table 2, with the data representing the Laurens Street tunnels of the Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System (BRRTS). This is an instructive case because several types of ground were encountered and tunneling conditions varied from soft ground to mixed face to hard rock. After the basic physical characteristics of the tunnel are defined, the specifics concerning the work in each type of tunnel environment are documented. In this instance, the descriptors for tunnel environment are filled out for three different conditions, providing a reasonably complete (albeit condensed) picture of the tunneling project. In a similar manner, the geologic conditions often require multiple listings. Three units are described for the Laurens Street tunnels, but there is no limit on the number one can use. Separate sets of descriptors are also employed for the execution category, providing further definition of the work in the three tunnel environments. This allows an accounting of alternative forms of tunneling methods and support schemes. Following the entries for the execution category, a series of categories of problems are considered. These include possible problems with the nature of the soil or rock, water, hazardous elements, and tunneling methods. Finally, the cost data for the project is summarized by a series of numerical entries including estimated, bid, and total cost; percent of overrun; cost of exploration; and claims data. It should be noted that the final form of the case history format was arrived at only after a series of iterations. Many individuals contributed to this effort. Initially, the format was formulated based on guidelines developed as an outgrowth of efforts of the
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TABLE 1 Elements Composing the File Definition ELEMENT NAME STRUCTURE Project number Project name Physical-Characteristics: Number-of-Tubes Tunnel-Length Max-Overburden Min-Overburden Max-Groundwater-Level Min-Groundwater-Level Tunnel-Condition: Type-of-Ground Length Tunnel-Shape Tunnel-Height Tunnel-Width Face-Area Exploration: Number-of-Boreholes Borehole-Length Geology: Unit-Number Identification Weathered Massive-Thickbedded Foliated-Thinbedded Jointedness Shear-Zones Faulting Max-Strength Min-Strength Relative-Density Consistency Execution: Excavation Construction-Method Max-Advance-Rate Av-Advance-Rate Primary-Supports Soil/Rock Problems: Blocky-Slabby Running Flowing Squeezing Swelling Spalling Hazard-Environmental Problems: Noxious-Fluid Existing-Utilities High-Temperature Gas Excavation-Problems: Hard-Abrasive Mucking-Problems TBM-Problems Soft-Bottom Face-Fall-Out Gripper-Instability Roof-Instability Press-Binding Shield-Problems Boulders Compressed-Air-Problems: Blow-Outs Surface-Settlements Fire Costs: Estimated-Cost Bid-Cost Total-Cost Percent-overrun Exploration-Cost Claim Unit-Quantities: Claim-Settled Tunnel-Price Exploration Unit-Borehole Unit-Claims Unit-Settled-Claims
ELEMENT TYPE Integer Text Integer Decimal Decimal Decimal Decimal Decimal Word selection Decimal Word selection Decimal Decimal Decimal Integer Decimal Integer Text Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Word selection Yes/No Yes/No Decimal Decimal Word selection Word selection Word selection Text Decimal Decimal Text Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Text Decimal Decimal Decimal Decimal Text Decimal Decimal Decimal Decimal Decimal Decimal
COMPUTER-BASED DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 184
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USNC/TT's Subcommittee on Research. Members of the case history project team then modified this base to be more consistent with the type of data being obtained in this study. This version was computerized and used for a number of the first data sets that were available. After a review of results by the project team, further improvements were suggested and implemented. Following several additional rounds of this process, the final format was derived as is described herein.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CASE HISTORY FORMATS

The first step in the implementation process involved condensing each case history file down to the computer format. This effort was facilitated by adopting the abstract form of the case history documentation. The abstract form was patterned to approximately match the computer file. Once the case histories were reduced to abstract form, it was a relatively easy matter to extract the needed data for the computer format. To enter the data into the computer, it was necessary to develop a file definition and a format program. These programs are designed to be an integral part of the larger data management program described later herein. The file definition program is interactive and is designed for a user to sit at a terminal to enter the case history data. The program, presented in Section 1, basically consists of a set of instructions for the user, explicitly stating how the case history data are to be entered. For example, the first statement asks the user to enter the number to be assigned to the project as well as a text description of the project name or identification. Referring to the Laurens Street sample project in Table 2, examples of entries of this type are seen. Subsequent to the project identification, the program sequentially leads the user through the data entries for the entire format. At each stage a specific entry is requested by means of a direct statement. Any special characteristics required for the entry are described in the data request to the user. Thus, the user is told if the entry should be numerical, yes/no, a choice from a specific set of descriptors, or an open text description. In the case of numbers, the user is told which types of units are appropriate. Following the entire process of data entry results in a completed case history. Note that the program is unfailingly polite. After each request it will wait as long as the user desires for a response; also, it consistently says please before each request. The second program written specifically for implementation of the tunnel case history data file is listed in Section 2. This is the format program, and it is used to display the case history information back to the user after it has all been entered. The format program also serves as the listing tool following searches using the data management program. An example of the output of the format program is provided in Table 2 for the Laurens Street tunnels.
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CASE HISTORY DATA FILE

Using the file definition program, 87 case histories have been entered into the computer file. The data are complete insofar as the information available would allow. In some instances, specific items were not obtained during the course of the data collection process. Should an item not be available, a listing of the data file will simply not show anything for that particular line. The original data file is being kept at Virginia Tech on several duplicate computer tapes. It is readily transportable in tape form or as a paper listing. Should future case history data be provided, it can easily be added as needed. Also, the data file can be manipulated so as to adjust project numbers in an alternative fashion if desired. At present, the project numbers in the computer file are consistent with the order in which the abstracts are presented in this volume.
DATA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

One of the principal tasks of this research effort was to develop a data management tool to allow the user to select only a certain subset of the case histories which are pertinent to a specific task. Further, it was considered desirable to have this operation capable of ranking the subset according to some key parameter. Thus, one might choose to seek out the case histories involving mixed-face tunnel conditions and rank them in the listing according to percent of cost overrun. To review the options to accomplish this goal, a study was made of how similar problems are handled in the area of information science. It rapidly became obvious that the tunnel data subset presented a unique situation. First, each tunnel case history is characterized by a large quantity of information whereas in library science, where computer searches are common, a book is characterized by a title, author, publisher, and date. However, each tunnel case history has 67 elements, and some of these are listed in multiple fashion. Second, as to key words, it is possible that any one of the 67 elements stored for the case history could conceivably be useful as a search parameter. Thus, potentially a very large number of key words would be required. The unique aspects of the tunnel case history situation posed a need for a particularly powerful data management system. Discussions with experts in the field led to consideration of a copyrighted program known as SPIRES (Stanford Public Information Retrieval System). Developed at Stanford University in the 1970s, SPIRES is used extensively (nationally and internationally) for a multitude of purposes. It has been purchased by most major universities and is made available to the university community at large. SPIRES was brought to Virginia Tech in 1981, and regular courses are held to acquaint users with the operation procedures.
187
DESCRIPTION OF SPIRES
SPIRES is a large program, requiring approximately 2 megabytes of computer memory. It is designed to handle all types of data efficiently, from numerical values found in administrative and scientific data to lengthy, textual values such as bibliographic data. SPIRES is available in three different modes: the online mode, which is optimized for searching and data updating; the batch mode, which is used normally during non-prime shifts for large searches and reports; the host language interface mode, through which batch programs in PL/I, COBOL, or other languages may directly access to SPIRES files. In SPIRES each collection of data, called a data base, is described by a file definition program. With the file definition program in hand, SPIRES can be used to: select case histories specified by the users as meeting certain criteria, e.g., having mixed-face conditions, longer than x feet, greater than y percent cost overrun; list all, or part, of a data subset; rank a data subset according to any identified parameter. Printing information from SPIRES is done via the format program described previously.
USE OF SPIRES IN THE PROJECT

The primary value of SPIRES was achieved during the course of the project. In a number of cases the subcommittee requested listings of the projects according to certain formats. With the system in hand and running on the computer, these requests could be accommodated quickly. Listings were provided ranked by project number, percent cost overrun, and projects with water problems.
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF SPIRES

To illustrate the use of the data management system, the following descriptions are provided for two different cases. The data file for the examples consists of the 87 case histories for the project (84 tunnels and 3 shafts). In the first example, it is assumed that the user desires to isolate the case histories in which problems with squeezing ground were indicated. The actual set of instructions and computer responses that the user sees on the terminal as the searching session is carried out are shown in Table 3. From these transactions it can be seen that working with the SPIRES system requires very little to activate and complete the desired process. The following is an explanation for each step shown in Table 3. Entering SPIRES from the ready mode of CMS is done by typing the command SPIRES.
188
In SPIRES, the command select tunnel4 gives access to the subfile that contains the data file on 87 projects. The command show subfile size displays the total number of records (tunnel or shaft projects) stored in the computer (87). The command cms 3270 eliminates the assignation of the character (@), which is the delete character under CMS. (This character will be used in the searching process.) The command for subfile where (rock-p@squeez=yes) or (soil-p@squeez=yes) selects all the projects that had a problem of squeezing rock or squeezing soil. The command sho keys all displays the project numbers of the 16 cases selected. The command sequence project-number (a) ranks the 16 cases selected according to the project number in ascending order.
(Note: any numerical parameter in the data file can be used for this ranking.)
The last commands allow to display and print the active file which contains the results of the searching session. A printout of the results of the SPIRES session is given in Section 3. As required, all of the projects selected had either soil or rock squeezing problems. The second example is designed to select the tunnel projects that have a length of excavation in mixed-face conditions of more than 200 ft. The session goes through the steps shown in Table 4 and can be described as follows: Enter SPIRES from CMS as in the first example. Select the subfile tunnel4 as in the first example. Search for the tunnel projects which have a mixed-face excavation for a length greater than 200 ft by typing the command for subfile where type-ground=mixed-face and @length>200. The command sho keys all allows the project numbers selected to be displayed on the screen. The last part of this session is similar to the last part of the first session. The results are displayed and then printed, again arbitrarily using project numbers as a ranking parameter. A printout of the results of this SPIRES session is given in Section 4.
GENERAL USE OF SPIRES

A self-help guide is given in Section 5 to guide a user through the basic procedure of initiating use of the SPIRES system with the tunnel case history information. After SPIRES is called into the computer memory, the two satellite programs for file definition and formatting must be compiled within SPIRES. If the user has been working frequently with SPIRES, the satellite programs already would have been stored within SPIRES and simply activated through the commands shown in Section 5. Instructions are also given in Section 5 as to how to add the complete case history data file, or add to the data file.
189
TABLE 3 SPIRES Session No. 1 R; spires -WELCOME TO SPIRES-3 . . . IF IN TROUBLE, TRY HELP' > select tunnel4 > show subfile size -The subfile has 87 Records > cms 3270 > for subfile where (rock-p@squeez=yes) or (soil-p@squeez=yes) +> sho keys all 10 27 29 32 37 42 43 44 45 46 48 50 52 54 71 +> stack all -STACK : 16 RECORDS +> sequence project-number (a) -STACK: 16 RECORDS +> set format display +> in active clear type +> cms browse active file +> print active file Notes: Lines starting by , >, and +> are generated by the computer. A printout of this session is given in Section 3.
190
TABLE 4 SPIRES Session No. 2 R; spires -WELCOME TO SPIRES-3 . . . IF IN TROUBLE, TRY HELP' > select tunnel4 > cms 3270 > for subfile where type-ground=mixed face and @length 200 +> sho keys all 2 4 9 10 12 26 29 61 64 +> stack all -STACK: 9 RECORDS +> set format display +> sequence project-number (a) -STACK: 9 RECORDS +> in active clear type +> cms browse active file +> print active file Notes: Lines starting by , >, and +> are generated by the computer. A printout of this session is given in Section 4.
191
Any computer center which leases SPIRES also has a number of detailed user's manuals on file. These manuals should be consulted before using the system. The SPIRES system is leased from Stanford University currently (1984) for $5,000 per year for academic institutions and $50,000 per year for others. As noted earlier, SPIRES is already available at many universities, and usually personnel have been trained in its use.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The objectives of this subtask of the case history study were to develop a computerized version of the case history and to provide a means of searching the data on as general a basis as possible. The work in volved several phases. First, a succinct format had to be created which could completely describe the case histories. The format had to characterize key variables in terms of single numbers or short, concise text. After a series of iterations with other members of the research team, a final format was selected which uses 67 items to define each case history. Some of the 67 items allow for multiple entries to account for multiple ground conditions and tunneling procedures. Next, the basic interview results for each case history had to be taken and condensed to fit the computer case history format. This was facilitated when the abstract versions of the case histories were prepared, because the abstract itself used a form similar to that of the computer format. With the data in hand, the computer system had to be formulated to systematize the massive amount of information at hand and manipulate it as needed for the project. The requirements of the project presented a challenge because each case history was characterized by such a large number of parameters (67), and it was desirable to be able to search the file using any one as a key word. The widely used data management program SPIRES was selected based on the recommendations of authorities in the information science area. In addition to its ideal characteristics to perform the required work, SPIRES was available to the researchers through the Virginia Tech Computing Center at no cost to the project. To implement SPIRES for the project, two satellite programs had to be written. The first is designed to define the files or provide an interactive means to input the data for the case histories. The second program serves to provide an output format for the data. The SPIRES and satellite programs functioned well. Using them, a computerized data file following the desired format was created for all 87 case histories collected for the project. Also, manipulative searches of the data file were performed using a variety of key words, and the data was ranked according to a range of parameters. The system proved to be readily usable and holds considerable potential for further study of the data. Moreover, case history data can easily be added as it becomes available.
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SECTION 1 FILE DEFINITION PROGRAM

SUBFILE TUNNEL4 REQUIRED KEY PROJECT-NUMBER,PRO-NUM/INTEGER/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE AS + AN INTEGER NUMBER'/INDEX ELEMENT PROJECT-NAME,PRO-NAME/TEXT/OCCURRENCE=1 OPTIONAL ELEMENT PHYSICAL-CHARACT,PH-CH/STRUCTURE/OCCURRENCE=1 ELEMENT NUMBER-OF-TUBES,NUM-TUBES/INTEGER/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONLY ONE + INTEGER'/ SINGLE ELEMENT TUNNEL-LENGTH,TUN-LGTH/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONLY + ONE DECIMAL NUMBER IN FOOT'/SINGLE ELEMENT OVERBURD-MAX,O-MAX/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE MAXIMUM + OVERBURDEN IN FOOT'/SINGLE ELEMENT OVERBURD-MIN,O-MIN/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE MINIMUM + OVERBURDEN IN FOOT'/SINGLE ELEMENT GROUNDW-MAX,G-MA/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE MAXIMUM + GROUNDWATER LEVEL IN FOOT .USING SIGN PLUS FOR ABOVE THE + CROWN AND SIGN MINUS FOR BELOW'/SINGLE ELEMENT GROUNDW-MIN,G-MI/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE MINIMUM + GROUNDWATER LEVEL IN FOOT .USING SIGN PLUS FOR ABOVE THE + CROWN AND SIGN MINUS FOR BELOW'/SINGLE END ELEMENT TUNNEL-CONDITION,T-COND/STRUCTURE/OCCURRENCE=3 ELEMENT TYPE-GROUND,T-GD/CAPITALIZE/INCLUDE ROCK,SOFT-GROUND, MIXED+ FACE/MSG PLEASE,ENTER EITHER ROCK,SOFT-GROUND OR MIXED+ FACE'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT LENGTH,LGTH/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONLY ONE DECIMAL + NUMBER IN FOOT'/SINGLE ELEMENT TUNNEL-SHAPE,TUN-SHAPE/CAPITALIZE/INCLUDE CIRCULAR,HORSESHOE, + RECTANGULAR,SQUARE,OTHER/MSG PLEASE,ENTER EITHER CIRCULAR,OR + HORSESHOE,OR RECTANGULAR,OR SQUARE,OR OTHER'/SINGLE ELEMENT TUNNEL-HEIGHT,TUN-HEIGHT/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONLY + ONE DECIMAL NUMBER IN FOOT'/SINGLE ELEMENT TUNNEL-WIDTH,TUN-WIDTH/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONLY + ONE DECIMAL NUMBER IN FOOT'/SINGLE ELEMENT FACE-AREA,F-A/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONLY ONE DECIMAL + NUMBER IN SQ. FOOT'/SINGLE END ELEMENT EXPLORATION,EXPLO/STRUCTURE/OCCURRENCE=1 ELEMENT BOREHOLE-NUMBER,BORE-NUM/INTEGER/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONE + INTEGER ONLY'/ SINGLE ELEMENT BOREHOLE-LENGTH,BORE-LGTH/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONE + DECIMAL VALUE IN FOOT'/SINGLE END
193
ELEMENT GEOLOGY,GEO/STRUCTURE/OCCURRENCE=4 ELEMENT UNIT-NUMBER,UT-NUM/INTEGER/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONE INTEGER ONLY + '/SINGLE ELEMENT IDENTIFICATION,ID/TEXT/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT WEATHERED,WTD/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/SINGLE ELEMENT MASSIVE-THICKBED, M-THICK-BEDDED/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES + OR NO'/SINGLE ELEMENT FOLIATED-THINBED,F-THIN-BEDDED/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR + NO'/SINGLE ELEMENT JOINTEDNESS,JOINT/CAPITALIZE/INCLUDE CLOSE,MODERATE,WIDE/MSG + PLEASE,ENTER EITHER CLOSE,MODERATE,OR WIDE'/OCCURRENCE=2 ELEMENT SHEAR-ZONES,S-Z/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/SINGLE ELEMENT FAULTING,FAU/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/SINGLE ELEMENT MAX-STRENGTH,MA-SGTH/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE + MAXIMUM VALUE OF THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTH MEASURED + ON THE INTACT ROCK AND EXPRESSED IN PSI'/OCCURRENCE =1 ELEMENT MIN-STRENGTH,MI-SGTH/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE + MINIMUM VALUE OF THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTH MEASURED + ON THE INTACT ROCK AND EXPRESSED IN PSI'/OCCURRENCE=1 ELEMENT RELATIVE DENSITY,REL-DENS/CAPITALIZE/INCLUDE VERY-LOOSE, + LOOSE,MEDIUM,DENSE,VERY-DENSE/MSG PLEASE,ENTER EITHER VERY+ LOOSE,LOOSE,MEDIUM,DENSE,VERY-DENSE'/OCCURRENCE=2 ELEMENT CONSISTENCY,CONS/CAPITALIZE/INCLUDE VERY-SOFT,SOFT,FIRM,STIFF + VERYSTIFF,HARD/MSG PLEASE,ENTER EITHER VERY-SOFT,SOFT,FIRM + STIFF,VERY-STIFF OR HARD'/ OCCURRENCE=2 END ELEMENT EXECUTION,EXEC/STRUCTURE/OCCURRENCE=4 ELEMENT EXCAVATION,EX/CAPITALIZE/INCLUDE ROCK,SOFT-GROUND,MIXED-FACE/ + MSG PLEASE,ENTER EITHER ROCK,SOFT-GROUND, OR MIXED-FACE'/ + SINGLE ELEMENT CONSTRUC-METH,CONS-METH/TEXT/INDEX/OCCURRENCE=2 ELEMENT MAX-ADV-RATE,MA-A-R/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE + MAXIMUM ADVANCE RATE IN FOOT PER DAY'/SINGLE ELEMENT AVE-ADV-RATE,AV-A-R-/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE + AVERAGE ADVANCE RATE IN FOOT PER DAY'/SINGLE ELEMENT PRIMARY-SUPPORTS,P-S/TEXT/OCCURRENCE=4 END ELEMENT SOIL-PROBLEMS,SOIL-P/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT BLOCKY-SLABBY,BLOC-SLAB/YESNO/MSG/ PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT RUNNING,RUN/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT FLOWING,FLOW/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT SQUEEZING,SQUEEZ/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/ + SINGLE ELEMENT SWELLING,SWELL/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT SPALLING,SPALL/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE END
194
ELEMENT ROCK-PROBLEMS,ROCK-P/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT BLOCKY-SLABBY,BLOC-SLAB/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT RUNNING,RUN/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT FLOWING,FLOW/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT SQUEEZING,SQUEEZ/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/ + SINGLE ELEMENT SWELLING,SWELL/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT SPALLING,SPALL/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE END ELEMENT WATER-PROBLEMS,W-P/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT WATER-INFLOW,W-INFL/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT OPERAT-NUISANCE,OP-NUIS/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE END ELEMENT HAZ-ENVI-PROBLEM,H-E-P/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT NOXIOUS-FLUID,NOX-F/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT EXISTING-UTILITY,EX-UT/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT HIGH-TEMPERATURE,HIGH-TEMP/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO + '/INDEX/ SINGLE ELEMENT GAS,G/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE END ELEMENT CLEAN-PROBLEMS,C-PROB/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT HARD-ABRASIVE,H-AB/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/ + SINGLE ELEMENT MUCKING,MUCK/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE END ELEMENT TBM-PROBLEMS,T-P/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT SOFT-BOTTOM,S-BOT/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/ + SINGLE ELEMENT FACE-FALL-OUT,F-F-OUT/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT GRIPPER-INSTAB,GRIP-INS/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT ROOF-INSTAB,R-INS/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/ + SINGLE ELEMENT PRESS-BINDING,P-BIND/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/+ INDEX/SINGLE END ELEMENT SHIELD-PROBLEMS,S-P/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT BOULDER,BOU/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE END
195
ELEMENT COMP-AIR-PROBLEM,C-A-P/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT BLOW-OUTS,B-O/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT SURFACE-SETTLEM, S-SET/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/ + INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT FIRE,F/YESNO/MSG PLEASE,ENTER YES OR NO'/INDEX/SINGLE END ELEMENT COSTS,CO/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT ESTIMATED-COST,EST-COST/TEXT/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE IN + DECIMAL FORM OR NA IF NOT AVAILABLE'/SINGLE ELEMENT BID-COST,B-COST/DECIMAL 12.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE IN + DECIMAL FORM'/ INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT TOTAL-COST,T-COST/DECIMAL 12.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE IN + DECIMAL FORM'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT PERCENT-OVERRUN,P-OVERRUN/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE + VALUE IN DECIMAL FORM'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT EXPLORATION-COST,EXPLO-COST/DECIMAL 12.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER + THE VALUE IN DECIMAL FORM'/INDEX/SINGLE END ELEMENT UNIT-QUANTITIES,U-Q/STRUCTURE/SINGLE ELEMENT CLAIM,CL/TEXT/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE IN DECIMAL FORM OR + NA IF NOT AVAILABLE'/SINGLE ELEMENT CLAIM-SETTLED,CL-SET/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE + IN DECIMAL FORM'/SINGLE ELEMENT TUNNEL,TUN/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE IN + DECIMAL FORM'/INDEX/ SINGLE ELEMENT EXPLORATION,EXPLO/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE IN + DECIMAL FORM'/SINGLE ELEMENT UNIT-BOREHOLE,U-BORE/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER ONE + DECIMAL VALUE IN FOOT PER FOOT'/SINGLE ELEMENT UNIT-CLAIMS,U-CL/DECIMAL/10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE VALUE IN + DECIMAL FORM'/ INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT UNIT-SETT-CLAIMS,U-SET-CL/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER THE + VALUE IN DECIMAL FORM'/INDEX/SINGLE ELEMENT UNIT-SETT-CLAIM2,U-SET-C2/DECIMAL 10.2/MSG PLEASE,ENTER + PERCENTAGE AS THE RATIO OF SETTLED CLAIMS PER TUNNEL BID'/ + INDEX/SINGLE END END
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SECTION 2 FORMAT PROGRAM

ID=TUNEL:FORMAT FILE=TUNEL:TUNNEL4 RECORD-NAME=RECO1 FRAME-ID=GOAL;
DIRECTION=OUTPUT FRAME-DIM=200,100; USAGE=DISPLAY;
LABEL=PROJECT-NUMBER:
GETELEM; TITLE=PROJECT NUMBER:'; TSTART =X+1,1; START =*,31; PUTDATA:
LABEL=PROJECT-NAME;
GETELEM: TITLE=PROJECT NAME'; TSTART=X+1,1; MARGINS=31,70; MAXROWS=3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=PHYSICAL-CHARACT;
IND-STRUCTURE=PHYSICAL-CHARACT; IND-FRAME=PHYSICAL-CHARACT; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=PHYSICAL CHARACT:'; TSTART=10,1;
LABEL=TUNNEL-CONDITION;
IND-STRUCTURE=TUNNEL-CONDITION; IND-FRAME=TUNNEL-CONDITION; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=TUNNEL CONDITION:'; TSTART=X=1,1; LOOP=2;
LABEL=EXPLORATION;
IND-STRUCTURE=EXPLORATION; IND-FRAME=EXPLORATION; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=GROUND EXPLORATION:'; TSTART=X+1,1;
LABEL=GEOLOGY;
IND-STRUCTURE=GEOLOGY; IND-FRAME=GEOLOGY; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=GEOLOGY:'; TSTART=X+1,1; LOOP=3;
197
LABEL=EXECUTION;
IND-STRUCTURE=EXECUTION; IND-FRAME=EXECUTION; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=EXECUTION:'; TSTART=X=1,1; LOOP=3;
LABEL=SOIL-PROBLEMS;
IND-STRUCTURE=SOIL-PROBLEMS; IND-FRAME=SOIL-PROBLEMS; DEFAULT- '; TITLE=UNSTAB. SOIL PROB.:'; TSTART=X+1,1;
LABEL=ROCK PROBLEMS;
IND-STRUCTURE=ROCK-PROBLEMS; IND-FRAME=ROCK-PROBLEMS; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=UNSTAB. ROCK PROB.:'; TSTART=X=1,1;
LABEL=WATER-PRBLEMS;
IND-STRUCTURE=WATER-PRBLEMS; IND-FRAME=WATER-PRBLEMS'; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=WATER PROBLEMS:'; TSTART=X=1,1;
LABEL=HAZ-ENVI-PROBLEM;
IND-STRUCTURE=HAZ-ENVI-PROBLEM; IND-FRAME=HAZ-ENVI-PROBLEM; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=HAZARD. ENVIR. PROBLEMS:'; TSTART=X+1,1;
LABEL=CLEAN-PROBLEMS;
IND-STRUCTURE=CLEAN-PROBLEMS; IND-FRAME=CLEAN-PROBLEMS; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=COMMON PROBLEMS:'; TSTART=X+1,1;
LABEL=TBM-PROBLEMS;
IND-STRUCTURE=TBM-PROBLEMS; IND-FRAME=TBM-PROBLEMS; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=TBM-PROBLEMS:'; TSTART=X+1,1;
LABEL=SHIELD-PROBLEMS;
IND-STRUCTURE=SHIELD-PROBLEMS; IND-FRAME=SHIELD-PROBLEMS; DEFAULT= ';
198
TITLE=SHIELD-PROBLEMS:'; TSTART=X+1,1; LABEL=COMP-AIR-PROBLEM; IND-STRUCTURE=COMP-AIR-PROBLEM; IND-FRAME=COMP-AIR-PROBLEM; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=COMP AIR PROBLEMS:'; TSTART=X+1,1; LABEL=COSTS; IND-STRUCTURE=COSTS; IND-FRAME=COSTS; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=COSTS:'; TSTART=X+1,1; LABEL=UNIT-QUANTITIES; IND-STRUCTURE=UNIT-QUANTITIES; IND-FRAME=UNIT-QUANTITIES; DEFAULT= '; TITLE=UNIT QUANTITIES:'; TSTART=X+1,1; FRAME-ID=PHYSICAL-CHARACT; DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=PHYSICAL-CHARACT; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=NUMBER-OF-TUBES; GETELEM; TITLE=NUMBER OF TUBES:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=TUNNEL LENGTH; GETELEM; TITLE=TUNNEL LENGTH:'; FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=OVERBURD-MAX: GETELEM; TITLE=MINIMUM OVERBURDEN: FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=OVERBURD-MIN; GETELEM; TITLE=MINIMUM OVERBURDEN: FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31,; PUTDATA; LABEL=GROUNDW-MAX; GETELEM; TITLE=MAX. GROUNDWATER POS.:FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
199
LABEL=GROUNDW-MIN;
GETELEM; TITLE=MIN. GROUNDWATER POS.:FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
FRAME-ID=TUNNEL-CONDITION;
DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=TUNNEL-CONDITION; USAGE=DISPLAY;
LABEL=TYPE-GROUND;
GETELEM; TITLE=TYPE OF GROUND:'; TSTART=X=1,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=LENGTH;
GETELEM; TITLE=LENGTH, FT:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=TUNNEL-SHAPE;
GETELEM; TITLE=TUNNEL SHAPE:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=TUNNEL-HEIGHT;
GETELEM; TITLE=TUNNEL HEIGHT: FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=TUNNEL-WIDTH;
GETELEM; TITLE=TUNNEL WIDTH: FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=FACE-AREA;
GETELEM; TITLE=FACE AREA: SQUARE FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA:
LABEL=FRAME-ID=EXPLORATION;
DIRECTION=OUTPUT;
200
SUBTREE=EXPLORATION; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=BOREHOLE-NUMBER; GETELEM; TITLE=BOREHOLE NUMBER:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=BOREHOLE-LENGTH; GETELEM; TITLE=BOREHOLE LENGTH: FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; FRAME-ID=GEOLOGY; DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=GEOLOGY; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=UNIT-NUMBER; GETELEM; TITLE=UNIT NUMBER:'; TSTART=X+1,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=IDENTIFICATION: GETELEM; TITLE==IDENTIFICATION:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=WEATHERED; GETELEM; TITLE=WEATHERED ROCK:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA: LABEL=MASSIVE-THICKBED; GETELEM; TITLE=MASSIVE,THICK BED.:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=FOLIATED-THINBED; GETELEM; TITLE=FOLIATED,THIN BED.:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=JOINTEDNESS; GETELEM; TITLE=JOINTEDNESS:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31;
201
PUTDATA; LOOP=1;
LABEL=SHEAR-ZONES;
GETELEM; TITLE=SHEAR ZONES:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=FAULTING;
GETELEM; TITLE=FAULTING:'; TSTART-X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=MAX-STRENGTH;
GETELEM: TITLE=MAXIMUM STRENGTH: PSI'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=MIN-STRENGTH;
GETELEM; TITLE=MINIMUM STRENGTH: PSI'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=RELATIVE-DENSITY;
GETELEM; TITLE=RELATIVE DENSITY:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LOOP=1;
LABEL=CONSISTENCY;
GETELEM; TITLE=CONSISTENCY:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LOOP=1;
FRAME-ID=EXECUTION;
DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=EXECUTION; USAGE=DISPLAY;
LABEL=EXCAVATION;
GETELEM; TITLE=EXCAVATION COND.:';
202
TSTART=X+1,3 START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=CONSTRUC-METH.; GETELEM; TITLE=CONSTRUCTION METHOD:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LOOP=1; LABEL=MAX-ADV-RATE GETELEM; TITLE=MAX. ADV. RATE: FT/DAY'; TSTART=X,6; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=AVE-ADV-RATE; GETELEM; TITLE=AV. ADV. RATE: FT/DAY'; TSTART=X,6; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=PRIMARY-SUPPORTS; GETELEM; TITLE=PRIMARY SUPPORTS:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LOOP=3; FRAME-ID=SOIL-PROBLEMS; DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=SOIL-PROBLEMS; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=BLOCKY-SLABBY; GETELEM; TITLE=BLOCKY SLABBY:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=RUNNING; GETELEM; TITLE=RUNNING SOIL:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31;
PUTDATA; LABEL=FLOWING; GETELEM; TITLE=FLOWING SOIL:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=SQUEEZING; GETELEM; TITLE=SQUEEZING SOIL:';
203
TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=SWELLING;
GETELEM; TITLE=SWELLING SOIL:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=SPALLING;
GETELEM: TITLE=SPALLING SOIL:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA:
FRAME-ID=ROCK-PROBLEMS;
DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=ROCK-PROBLEMS; USAGE=DISPLAY;
LABEL=BLOCKY-SLABBY;
GETELEM; TITLE=BLOCKY SLABBY:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=RUNNING;
GETELEM; TITLE=RUNNING ROCK:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=FLOWING;
GETELEM; TITLE=FLOWING ROCK:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=SQUEEZING;
GETELEM; TITLE=SQUEEZING ROCK:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=SWELLING;
GETELEM; TITLE=SWELLING ROCK:'; TSTART=X,3;
204
START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=SPALLING; GETELEM; TITLE=SPALLING ROCK:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; FRAME-ID=WATER-PRBLEMS; DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=WATER-PRBLEMS; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=WATER-INFLOW; GETELEM; TITLE=WATER INFLOW:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=OPERAT-NUISANCE; GETELEM; TITLE=NUISANCE:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; FRAME-ID=HAZ-ENVI-PROBLEM; DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=HAZ-ENVI-PROBLEM; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=NOXIOUS-FLUID; GETELEM; TITLE=NOXIOUS FLUID:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=EXISTING-UTILITY; GETELEM; TITLE=EXISTING UTILITY:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=HIGH-TEMPERATURE; GETELEM; TITLE=HIGH TEMPERATURE:';
TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=GAS; GETELEM; TITLE=GAS:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; FRAME-ID=CLEAN-PROBLEMS; DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=CLEAN-PROBLEMS; USAGE=DISPLAY;
205
LABEL=HARD-ABRASIVE;
GETELEM; TITLE=HARD ABRASIVE:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=MUCKING;
GETELEM; TITLE=MUCKING:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA:
FRAME-ID=TBM-PROBLEMS;
DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=TBM-PROBLEMS; USAGE=DISPLAY;
LABEL=SOFT-BOTTOM;
GETELEM: TITLE=SOFT BOTTOM:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=FACE-FALL-OUT;
GETELEM; TITLE=FACE FALL OUT:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=GRIPPER-INSTAB;
GETELEM; TITLE=GRIPPER:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=ROOF-INSTAB;
GETELEM: TITLE=ROOF INSTABILITY:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=PRESS-BINDING;
GETELEM; TITLE=PRESS BINDING:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
FRAME-ID=SHIELD-PROBLEMS;
DIRECTION=OUTPUT;
206
SUBTREE=SHIELD-PROBLEMS; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=BOULDER; GETELEM; TITLE=OBSTRUCTIONS:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; FRAME-ID=COMP-AIR-PROBLEM; DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=COMP-AIR-PROBLEM; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=BLOW-OUTS; GETELEM; TITLE=BLOW-OUT:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=SURFACE-SETTLEM; GETELEM; TITLE=SURFACE SETTLEMENT:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=FIRE; GETELEM; TITLE=FIRE:'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; FRAME-ID=COSTS; DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=COSTS; USAGE=DISPLAY; LABEL=ESTIMATED-COST; GETELEM; TITLE=ESTIMATED COST: $'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=BID-COST; GETELEM; TITLE=BID COST: $'; TSTART=X,3;
START=*,31; PUTDATA; LABEL=TOTAL-COST; GETELEM; TITLE=TOTAL COST: $'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
207
LABEL=PERCENT-OVERRUN;
GETELEM; TITLE=PERCENT OVERRUN: %'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=EXPLORATION-COST;
GETELEM; TITLE=EXPLORATION COST: $'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
FRAME-ID=UNIT-QUANTITIES;
DIRECTION=OUTPUT; SUBTREE=UNIT-QUANTITIES; USAGE=DISPLAY;
LABEL=CLAIM;
GETELEM; TITLE=TOTAL CLAIMS: $'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=CLAIM-SETTLED;
GETELEM; TITLE=CLAIM SETTLEMENT: $'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=TUNNEL;
GETELEM; TITLE=TUNNEL PRICE: $/CU.YD'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=EXPLORATION;
GETELEM; TITLE=EXPLOR. PRICE: $/CU.YD'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=UNIT-BOREHOLE;
GETELEM; TITLE=UNIT BOREHOLE: FT/FT'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=UNIT-CLAIMS;
GETELEM; TITLE=CLAIM: $/CU.YD';
208
TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=UNIT-SETT-CLAIMS;
GETELEM; TITLE=UNIT SET. CLAIMS:$/CU.YD'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
LABEL=UNIT-SETT-CLAIM2;
GETELEM; TITLE=UNIT SET. CLAIMS: %'; TSTART=X,3; START=*,31; PUTDATA;
FORMAT-ID=DISPLAY;
FRAME=UNIT-QUANTITIES; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=COSTS; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=COMP-AIR-PROBLEM; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=SHIELD-PROBLEMS; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=TBM-PROBLEMS; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=CLEAN-PROBLEMS; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=HAZ-ENVI-PROBLEM; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=WATER-PRBLEMS; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=ROCK-PROBLEMS; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=SOIL-PROBLEMS; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=EXECUTION; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=GEOLOGY; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=EXPLORATION; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT: FRAME=TUNNEL-CONDITIONS: FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT; FRAME=PHYSICAL-CHARACT; FRAME-TYPE=INDIRECT: FRAME=GOAL; FRAME-TYPE=DATA
SECTION 3 RESULTS OF SEARCHING SESSION FOR CASES WITH SQUEEZING GROUND
209
SECTION 4 RESULTS OF SEARCHING SESSION FOR CASES IN MIXED FACE
226
238
SECTION 5 SELF-HELP GUIDE

This section goes through some of the basic procedures of initiating use of the SPIRES system with the project case history information. The first session allows to enter in SPIRES while in CMS. The subsequent sessions, 2 through 7, are generated while in SPIRES. The lines starting with , >, +>, :>, *, and ? are generated by the computer. The remarks in parentheses and the notes accompanying each session are not generated during the computer sessions. They are comments added to explain or clarify the sessions. 1. To get into SPIRES from CMS R; spires -WELCOME TO SPIRES-3 . . . IF IN TROUBLE, TRY HELP' > 2. To compile or recompile the File Definition Program > copy tunnel4 file a input file a > enter file definer *ENTERING FILE DEFINER :> set active input file a :> input active quiet :> set active output file a :> generate -OK to CLEAR ? yes :> select filedef :> add (program added for the first time) or addupd (program has been added previously but has been subjected to changes and needs to be updated) :> spicomp -WELCOME TO SPICOMP ? compile tunel:tunnel4 (program compiled for the first time) or recompile tunel:tunnel4 (program already compiled but needs to be recompiled because it has been subjected to changes)
239
-File Definition Compiled spires (allows to go back to SPIRES) >

Note: tunnel4 file a is a CMS file which contains the File Definition Program, the listing for which is given in Section 1; tunel:tunnel4 is the user identification of the File Definition Program.
A SPIRES user wishing to compile the File Definition Program received on a tape would follow exactly the same procedure as given above. The user would first create a CMS file named tunnel4 file a in the session containing the File Definition Program and would follow step by step the session to have the File Definition Program compiled. Every time a change is made to the File Definition Program through that CMS file, the File Definition Program must be recompiled according to the preceding procedure. 3. To add the Format Program to the existing SPIRES formats > copy from file a input file a > set active input file a > select formats > add (program added for the first time) or addupd (program has been added previously but has been subjected to changes and needs to be updated) > call spicomp -WELCOME TO SPICOMP ? format tunel:format -Format compiled spires (allows to return to SPIRES) >
Note: form file a is a CMS file which contains the Format Program, the listing of which is given in Section 2; tunel;format is the user identification of the Format Program.
A SPIRES user wishing to compile the Format Program received on a tape would follow exactly the same procedure given above. The user would first create a CMS file named form file a in the session containing the Format Program and would follow step by step the session to have the Format Program compiled. Every time a change is made to the Format Program through that CMS file, the Format Program must be recompiled according to the preceding procedure.
240
4. To add or merge a record using the format $prompt > select tunnel4 > set format $prompt > add (if a record is to be added) or merge (if a record is to be merged)
Note: tunnel4 is the name of the subfile which contains the tunnel records. As mentioned previously, 87 records have been stored in the computer. These records have been added or merged according to the procedure given above. To get out of $prompt format during the process of adding or merging a record and to disregard at the same time the data entered for that particular record, type /x and hit return.
Any record which has been added or merged according to the procedure given above must be processed following the procedure under 5, below. 5. To process records entered with the $prompt format > spibild -WELCOME TO SPIBILD ? process tunnel4
Note: tunnel4 is the subfile name.
6. To process records which are in a CMS file > call spibild ? use tunnel4 alldata a ? batch tunnel4
Note: tunnel4 alldata a is the file name, file type, and file mode of the CMS file which contains the records to process. This procedure allows to process large series of records which have been generally merged in the CMs file tunnel4 alldata a.
A SPIRES user wishing to add a series of records received on a tape would follow the same procedure as given above. The user would first create a CMS file named tunnel4 alldata a in the session containing all the records to be added and would follow step by step the session to have the series of records added and processed at the same time.
7. To remove a record which has been processed > select tunnel4 > remove 36 >
Note: tunnel4 is the name of the subfile which contains the tunnel records. The preceding session will erase the projectnumber 36 with all the data it contains from the file where all the records have been stored.
241

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Geotechnical Site Investigations for Underground Projects

Abstracts of Case Histories and Computer-Based Data Management System

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1984

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

Abstracts of Case Histories

Tunnel Construction Costs

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

Subsurface-Related Extra Payments

U.S. PROJECTS Mass transit

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

Water Conveyance, Flood Control, Dam Diversion

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

Storm Water Detention

Nuclear Plant Cooling

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

CANADIAN PROJECTS Mass Transit

DEEP SHAFTS Hydropower

Radioactive Waste Storage

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

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ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

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ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

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ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

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ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

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ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES 39

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

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ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES 45

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES

ABSTRACTS OF CASE HISTORIES