7070A-UI-SM

Model 7070A-UI Software Manual
AC RATIO BRIDGE
Model 7070A-UI
Software Manual
© Copyright 2021 Measurements International Limited

All rights reserved
AC RATIO BRIDGE
MODEL 7070A-UI
SOFTWARE MANUAL
7070A-UI.SM Rev. 0 Approved by:

2021/05/03 QA:
S/N:
Form MI 65, Rev. 3, Dated 21-03-02 (QAP 19, App."M")

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This equipment may be sensitive to Electrostatic Sensitive Discharge (ESD).

Failure to observe standard anti-static practices may result in degradation of
performance or improper measurement results, even when an actual
functional failure does not occur.
Do not touch the terminals during measurement and avoid any electrostatic
discharge, namely when the measurement is running.
To ensure powerline pulse rejection compliance, this equipment must be
operated using the power cord supplied by the manufacturer (MIL).

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Contents
1 Notices, Safety Warnings & Cautions ................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Copyright Notice ........................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 Sales and Technical Support .................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Results ...................................................................................................... 1-1
1.4 Safety Information ..................................................................................... 1-1
1.4.1 Electrical Safety Symbols ............................................................... 1-2
1.4.2 Safety Considerations..................................................................... 1-3
2 7070A Software ................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1 Starting Program ....................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Running Program ...................................................................................... 2-1
2.3 Explanation of the Main Menu Features .................................................... 2-2
2.4 Entering Test Parameters ......................................................................... 2-4
2.5 Making Measurements .............................................................................. 2-6
3 Voltage Ratio Mode Automatic Test .................................................................. 3-1
3.1 Making a Measurement ............................................................................. 3-4
4 Voltage Ratio Mode Manual Test....................................................................... 4-1
5 Current Ratio Mode Automatic Test................................................................... 5-1
6 Current Ratio Mode Manual Test ....................................................................... 6-1
7 VT Testing Mode Automatic Test....................................................................... 7-1
7.1 STD Settings Menu ................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 UUT Settings Menu ................................................................................... 7-2
7.4 Calculations............................................................................................... 7-8
8 VT Testing Mode Manual Test ........................................................................... 8-1
9 CT Testing Mode Automatic Test ...................................................................... 9-1
9.4 Calculations............................................................................................... 9-8
10 CT Testing Mode Manual Test......................................................................... 10-1
10.1 STD Settings Menu ................................................................................. 10-1
10.2 UUT Settings Menu ................................................................................. 10-2
11 Testing the GPIB ............................................................................................. 11-1

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11.1 Changing the GPIB Address ................................................................... 11-2

12 Handling Hardware Errors ............................................................................... 12-1
13 Certificate of Conformance .............................................................................. 13-1
14 Warranty Statement ......................................................................................... 14-1
Table of Figures
Figure 2.1 Main Screen ......................................................................................... 2-1
Figure 2.2 Test Settings Menu (Fixed Readings) .................................................. 2-5
Figure 2.3 Test Settings Menu (Continuous Readings)......................................... 2-5
Figure 3.1 U Ratio Automatic Run Selection ......................................................... 3-1
Figure 3.2 Message to Set the 7070A to REMOTE .............................................. 3-2
Figure 3.3 Test Menu U Ratio Automatic .............................................................. 3-4
Figure 3.4 U Ratio Measurements ........................................................................ 3-5
Figure 4.1 U Ratio Manual Run Selection ............................................................. 4-1
Figure 4.2 Message to Set the 7070A to REMOTE .............................................. 4-2
Figure 4.3 Test Menu U Ratio Manual (at Start) ................................................... 4-3
Figure 4.4 Test Menu U Ratio Manual (with Ranges Changed) ............................ 4-3
Figure 4.5 Test Menu U Ratio Manual Changed to Automatic .............................. 4-4
Figure 4.6 Test Menu U Ratio - Holding Selected Ranges.................................... 4-5
Figure 5.1 I Ratio Automatic Run Selection .......................................................... 5-1
Figure 5.2 Message to Set 7070A to REMOTE .................................................... 5-2
Figure 5.3 Test Menu I Ratio Automatic ................................................................ 5-4
Figure 5.4 I Ratio Measurements .......................................................................... 5-5
Figure 6.1 I Ratio Manual Run Selection............................................................... 6-1
Figure 6.3 Test Menu I Ratio Manual (at Start) ..................................................... 6-3
Figure 6.4 Test Menu I Ratio Manual (with Ranges Changed) ............................. 6-3
Figure 6.5 Test Menu I Ratio Manual Changed to Automatic ................................ 6-4
Figure 6.6 Test Menu I Ratio - Holding Selected Ranges ..................................... 6-5
Figure 7.1 VT Automatic Run Selection ................................................................ 7-1
Figure 7.2 STD Settings Menu (Voltage) .............................................................. 7-2
Figure 7.3 UUT Settings Menu (Voltage) .............................................................. 7-3
Figure 7.5 Test Menu VT Automatic...................................................................... 7-7
Figure 7.6 VT Measurements ................................................................................ 7-8
Figure 8.1 VT Manual Run Selection .................................................................... 8-1

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Figure 8.2 STD Settings Menu (Voltage) .............................................................. 8-2

Figure 8.3 UUT Settings Menu (Voltage) .............................................................. 8-3
Figure 8.5 Test Menu VT Manual (at Start) ........................................................... 8-5
Figure 8.6 Test Menu VT Manual (with Ranges Changed) ................................... 8-6
Figure 8.7 Test Menu VT Manual Changed to Automatic ..................................... 8-7
Figure 8.8 Test Menu VT – Holding Selected Ranges .......................................... 8-7
Figure 9.1 CT Automatic Run Selection ................................................................ 9-1
Figure 9.2 STD Settings Menu (Current)............................................................... 9-2
Figure 9.3 UUT Settings Menu (Current) .............................................................. 9-3
Figure 9.5 Test Menu CT Automatic ..................................................................... 9-7
Figure 9.6 CT Measurements ............................................................................... 9-8
Figure 10.1 CT Manual Run Selection ................................................................ 10-1
Figure 10.2 STD Settings Menu (Current)........................................................... 10-2
Figure 10.3 UUT Settings Menu (Current) .......................................................... 10-3
Figure 10.4 Message to Set 7070A to REMOTE ................................................ 10-4
Figure 10.5 Test Menu CT Manual (at Start) ....................................................... 10-5
Figure 10.6 Test Menu CT Manual (with Ranges Changed) ............................... 10-6
Figure 10.7 Test Menu CT Manual Changed to Automatic ................................. 10-7
Figure 10.8 Test Menu CT – Holding Selected Ranges ...................................... 10-7
Figure 11.1 GPIB Test Menu .............................................................................. 11-1
Figure 12.1 Error Message for Some Problem at the Beginning ......................... 12-1
Figure 12.2 Error Message During a Test ........................................................... 12-2
Figure 12.3 Accessing Error Information ............................................................. 12-3
Appendix
A Sample ASCII Data File .................................................................................... A-A

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1 Notices, Safety Warnings & Cautions

1.1 Copyright Notice
Copyright © Measurements International Limited 2021.
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including
electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior
agreement and written consent from Measurements International Limited as governed
by Canadian and International copyright laws.
1.2 Sales and Technical Support
To contact Measurements International for sales enquiries or for technical support, refer
to the support links on the following Measurements International web pages:
• www.mintl.com
(Product-specific information and support, software, and documentation updates)
• sales@mintl.com
(Worldwide contact information for repair and service)
1.3 Results
Typical results and uncertainties will be shown but these can and will vary. Your results
will be different. However, the results that we show are achievable and, in some cases,
can easily be improved upon. We have attempted to include all reasonable
considerations for our uncertainty budgets, but your uncertainty budgets should be re-
assessed considering your environment, operating conditions, and metrological needs.
1.4 Safety Information
CAUTION
A CAUTION notice signifies an operating procedure or practice which denotes a
potential hazard and if not correctly performed, could result in damage to the product or
loss of important data. Ensure that the conditions are fully understood. If not, consult
with Measurements International prior to proceeding.
WARNING
A WARNING notice signifies an operating procedure or practice which denotes a
potential hazard and if not correctly performed, could result in personal injury or even
death. Ensure that the conditions are fully understood. If not, consult with Measurements
International prior to proceeding.
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SAFETY
A SAFETY notice signifies matters related to first aid or personal safety. Ensure that the
conditions are fully understood. If not, consult with Measurements International prior
to proceeding.
NOTE
A NOTE signifies matters that the user must pay particular attention to. Do not proceed
beyond a NOTE notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
1.4.1 Electrical Safety Symbols

The following symbols on the instrument and in the operating manuals
indicate precautions which must be taken to maintain safe operation of
the instrument.
Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current
(AC)
WARNING – Risk of WARNING or

Electric Shock CAUTION information
to avoid personal
injury or damage to
the product.
Protective Earth (PE) Frame (or chassis)
Ground. Indicates the ground terminal –
wiring terminal must typically connects to
be connected to ‘earth the equipment's
ground’ before metalwork frame.
operating the
equipment – for
protection against
electrical shock in
case of a fault.
Digital Signal Ground. Analogue Signal

The reference point Ground. The
from which a digital reference point from
logic signal which an analogue
is measured. signal is measured.
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1.4.2 Safety Considerations

Read the information below before using this instrument.
The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases
of operation, service, and repair of this instrument. Failure to comply with
these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates
safety standards for design, manufacture, and intended use of
the instrument.
Measurements International assumes no liability for the customer’s failure to
comply with these requirements.
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2 7070A Software
The 7070A software is written using National Instruments LabVIEW software. It uses a familiar
graphical interface to select the type of measurement to be performed and display the measured
values. It should be noted that the software itself does not control the voltage or current source
that supplies the transformer under test.
2.1 Starting Program
After the software has been successfully installed on a computer, it can be started
(SW7070.exe) from Start -> All Programs -> MIL 7070 Test Program -> SW7070. A
shortcut to “SW7070.exe” can be created on the computer desktop for an easy access.
The main screen should appear (Figure 2.1). From now on the software is ready
for operation.
2.2 Running Program
Before starting the program, make sure that the 7070A unit being controlled is powered
up. It has to be connected to the computer with the IEEE-488 GPIB cable. In the
Configuration Menu described in the “AC RATIO BRIDGE Model 7070A-UI Operator
Manual”, § 5.3.2, Figure 5.4, the GPIB selection should be ON and the RS-232 selection
should be OFF. In the GPIB Address Menu described in the same manual, the Present
Address (Figure 5.5) should agree with the address entered to the software (Figure 11.1
of this manual).
Figure 2.1 Main Screen
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Figure 2.1 displays the screen that appears once the 7070A software has been started.
This will be referred to as the main screen later in the manual. The type of measurement
to be performed on the transformer is selected from this screen. The type of tests and
other functions that are selected from this screen are described below.
2.3 Explanation of the Main Menu Features
SELECTING THE TYPE OF TEST
The two groups of check boxes (Figure 2.1) are used to select the different measurements
that can be performed with the software. After the program starts the default check boxes
are selected in each group, i.e.: “CT TESTING MODE” and “AUTOMATIC”. These
measurements are described in greater detail in later sections of the manual. The
selection is done by clicking the mouse on the appropriate check box. In each group, only
one check box can be selected (this will automatically set the other boxes off).
A brief description of groups and check boxes follows.
Group 1: Contains the following four check boxes.
CT TESTING MODE – In this kind of test, a standard (STD) is used, and its calibration
data are involved in calculating the error of the Nominal Ratio of
a UUT and its uncertainty. UUT and STD are both
current transformers.
VT TESTING MODE – In this kind of test, a standard (STD) is used and its calibration
data are involved in calculating the error of the Nominal Ratio of
a UUT and its uncertainty. UUT and STD are both
voltage transformers.
CURRENT RATIO MODE – In this kind of test, the values of two input currents are
measured as well as their ratio and the phase angle
between them and their harmonic distortions. No Unit
Under Test (UUT) or Standard (STD) are involved.
VOLTAGE RATIO MODE – In this kind of test, the values of two input voltages are
measured as well as their ratio and the phase angle
between them and their harmonic distortions. No Unit
Under Test (UUT) or Standard (STD) are involved.
Group 2: Contains two check boxes.
AUTOMATIC – selects the automatic test ranging.
MANUAL – selects the manual test ranging.
The selection gives the operator two options in running the test. When the AUTOMATIC
(default) is selected, the program itself chooses the operating ranges for both the signals
(Ix and Is or Ux and Us) automatically during a run, i.e.: it remotely sets each signal input
to the range depending on the measured RMS value that is transmitted remotely from
the unit.
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When the value of voltage or current applied to any input goes up, the measurement
range goes up accordingly. Similarly, when the signal goes down, the measurement
range goes down accordingly. At the beginning of a test, the unit is set to its lowest ranges
(6 V for both the voltages, 5 mA for both the currents), and is waiting for the signals to be
applied to it. When a signal applied exceeds the allowed peak for the actual range, the
range of that channel is switched to the next higher range and so on.
When the MANUAL test ranging is selected, the operator can decide about the operating
ranges (voltages or currents). At the beginning of a test, the 7070A is remotely set to its
highest ranges (300 V for both the voltages, 5 A for both the currents), however the
operator can choose any other ranges he/she wishes. The system will remain at those
ranges as long as the signals do not exceed the allowed value for a range. If this occurs,
the system will switch automatically to a higher range. But it will not range down if the
value decreases. However, during such a manual test a special button can be pressed to
enable the automatic mode. Using that button, it is possible to toggle between the manual
and automatic modes during a run.
The manual mode has all the features of the automatic mode plus additional functionality.
The manual mode is convenient to use at the beginning of a test to monitor the voltage
(or current) source coming up fast during a fast ramp-up. The automatic mode can be
switched on later, i.e.: after the required test values of voltages or currents have been
reached. In the manual mode the suspected ranges of voltages or currents can be set by
the operator before the power from a source is applied to the unit. This can save time,
because otherwise (with the fully automatic run) the system has to adjust itself and sets
its ranges step-by-step, starting from the lowest until it reaches the correct range. The
monitoring of the values is also clearer, because at the time of switching the unit from
range to range, the measured values can momentarily be in an unsettled condition.
However, this does not mean that the fully automatic run is to be avoided; in fact, if the
source is brought up slowly, the automatic mode is the best way to go.
Beside the two groups of check boxes, there are six buttons on the main screen that allow
the operator to perform tests or provide UUT and STD data to the software. The buttons
described below allow the operator to perform a check of the system.
TEST GPIB (F4):
Selecting this button allows the operator to test the 7070A if it is suspected that it is not
responding on the GPIB bus. This function will be described in more detail later in
the manual.
UUT SETTINGS (F1):
Selecting this option will prompt the user to input the data of the Unit Under Test (Voltage
Transformer or Current Transformer depending on the selection). After that, the data will
be used to calculate the results in the tests (CT Testing Mode and VT Testing Mode).
They will also be stored to an ASCII file with the test results.
STD SETTINGS (F3):
Selecting this option will prompt the user to input the data of the Standard Transformer
(Voltage Transformer or Current Transformer depending on the selection). After that, the
data will be used to calculate the results of the tests (CT Testing Mode and VT Testing
Mode). They will also be stored to an ASCII file with the test results.
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There are two remaining buttons on the main screen that have not been described. Their
function causes the software to divert from the main screen either to a measurement
screen or to close the program.
GO TO TEST (F6): This button is used to begin the test that has been selected by setting
the check boxes. The computer screen will then switch to the appropriate test menu.
EXIT (F5): This button will close the 7070A operating software and return you to the
Windows environment.
2.4 Entering Test Parameters
Before going to the test (pressing the key GO TO TEST [F6]), the test parameters should
be entered by pressing the key TEST SETTINGS [F2]. The TEST SETTINGS MENU will
appear (Figure 2.2).
In this menu, there is a choice between FIXED number of measurements (Fixed) and
CONTINUOUS measurements (Continuous). In the case of FIXED number of
measurements, the following parameters have to be entered:
Number of Runs: it is a complete measurement consisting of a specified number
of readings
Number of Readings: number of readings or samples in a run (measurement)
Number for Statistics: number of readings used in the statistical analysis
Delay Between Runs (sec): Defines the delay (in seconds) between the completion of
one run and the start of the next one when more than one run is selected
Max Readings in Table: Defines the size of the table to display in TEST MENU
mode screen.
AutoSave can be selected to automatically save the measured data of each run.
In the case of CONTINUOUS measurements, there are less data to be entered
(Figure 2.3).
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Figure 2.2 Test Settings Menu (Fixed Readings)
Figure 2.3 Test Settings Menu (Continuous Readings)
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2.5 Making Measurements

The program is now ready to begin making measurements.
Once back at the main screen, the operator must select the type of test to be performed
on the unit under test. This selection is made using the two groups of check boxes. The
GO TO TEST (F6) button is pressed after the operator has made the selection and the
test measurement screen will appear.
The individual tests are described in the following sections. Each section will describe the
test, the measurement results and the calculations used in obtaining the displayed values.
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3 Voltage Ratio Mode Automatic Test

When the selected check boxes on the main screen are VOLTAGE RATIO MODE and
AUTOMATIC (Figure 3.1) and the GO TO TEST (F6) switch has been pressed, the message
will appear (Figure 3.2) to set the AC Ratio Bridge 7070A to remote operation. The unit has
to be manually set to Voltage Ratio Mode and its “REMOTE” key has to be pressed. The key
should turn green and stay green after having been pressed. From now on all the touch
screen buttons of the unit are disabled; they can be enabled again later for the local operation
by switching off the “REMOTE” key.
Figure 3.1 U Ratio Automatic Run Selection
With the 7070A manually set to REMOTE and the OK button pressed (Figure 3.2) the test
menu will appear (Figure 3.3). The Bridge is initialized to begin the measurement. The
program sets it to the lowest voltage ranges (6 V) and will automatically range it up or down
depending on the levels of the measured voltages. The voltage should only be applied after
the START [F3] button has appeared.
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Figure 3.2 Message to Set the 7070A to REMOTE
There are several different parts of the test menu (Figure 3.3). Their function and/or meaning
are described below.
Measurement Values
The values of Ux, Us and Ratio shown in the green big boxes in the upper part of the test
menu (Figure 3.3) are measured by the 7070A and continuously transmitted to the software
over the GPIB at one-second intervals. The software values are identical with those indicated
by the Bridge but delayed by 1 second. The value of Phase Ux is obtained from the Bridge
in the form of tangent of the angle, and then recalculated and indicated by the software either
in radians or degrees or ppm’s depending on the selection in the combo box located to the
right of the Phase Ux indicator. The default selection is radians (Rad). The total harmonic
distortion of the input signals Ux THD and Us THD are transmitted from the Bridge as the
values in percent referenced to the fundamental harmonic. The combo box located to the left
of the Us THD indicator offers the possibility to indicate those values either as referenced to
the fundamental (THDf) or as referenced to the entire RMS value of the signal (THDr). The
default selection is THDf.
Information Boxes:
The following information boxes appear on the test screen. These appear automatically and
do not require any action on the part of the operator.
Title Box: This is the area on the test screen where the type of test that was chosen from the
main screen is identified. It is an untitled area on the test screen that appears on the left-hand
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side of the screen immediately above the table. The title box in Figure 3.3 indicates that
VOLTAGE RATIO MODE measurement has been selected.
Date & Time: The current date and time are displayed on test screen immediately above the
Title Box. These are based on the settings of the system clock in the controller.
“FREQUENCY”: The frequency of the test voltage (in Hz) is displayed on the test screen
below this label. It is measured by the 7070A and transmitted remotely to the software
every second.
“TEST TIME”: The elapsed time since the start of the test is displayed below this label.
“Ux Range”, “Us Range”: The actual voltage ranges of the 7070A are displayed in these
boxes. The software automatically selects the ranges of the Bridge based on the measured
RMS values. There are 6 voltage ranges: 6, 15, 30, 60, 150 and 300 V. A range is increased
if the RMS value of the voltage exceeds 110 % of the actual range value. A range is
decreased if the RMS value of the voltage drops below 90 % of the range value of a lower
range. For example, if the actual range is 6 V and the voltage exceeds 6.6 V the range will
be changed to 15 V. It will be switched back to 6 V if the voltage drops below 5.4 V
Action Boxes: The following areas on the test screen allow the operator to perform
some action.
“START [F3]”: This button will start logging the measured values shown in the green big
boxes that are updated every second, into the measurement table (row after row) and the
calculated averages and the uncertainties will be constantly updated in the two one-row tables
below (Average, Uncertainty). The number of runs, number of readings, number for statistics
and waiting time between runs will be performed according to the Test Settings (Figure 2.2).
If the Auto Save in the Test Settings is On, then after each run, the data will be saved into a
file automatically in the same way (as described below) for the manual saving performed by
pressing the Save button. However, if there is more than one run, pressing the Save button
saves the data from the last run only while the automatic saving ensures saving them after
each run.
“Save (F7)”: This button will only become enabled once some values are collected in the
table after a test has been finished or broken by the operator. Once pressed, the data shown
on the test screen are saved in ASCII format to a .mea file with a name containing the date
and time, for example MI7070A_Data_24 February 2021 - 11_00_38.mea in the
C:\MIL_SW\MIL 7070 Test directory.
“PrtScn (F1)”: The abbreviation for “Print Screen”. This button will only become visible once
some values are collected in the table after a test has been finished or broken by the operator.
Clicking on it activates the printer and causes it to print out the screen on 1 page.
“Hold Range”: The white square button will turn red after switching it on. The goal is to
prevent the system from auto-ranging, which can be useful during some tests. When switched
on, the actual values of voltage are first checked versus actual range values. If any of them
is higher than 80 % of the range value, a higher range will set; otherwise, there will be no
action. After that, the system will remain on those ranges until either “Hold Range” is released,
or any of the voltage value exceeds 110 % of the range value. As in the case of auto-ranging,
the RMS values are taken into account.
“EXIT [F5]”: This button closes the test screen and returns the software to the main menu. It
will also reset the system units to their highest ranges.
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Figure 3.3 Test Menu U Ratio Automatic
3.1 Making a Measurement

All of the areas have been described in the sections above. This section will describe
the steps used to perform a measurement and store the test data.
After pressing the START [F3] button the program will start filling in the measurement
table, and calculating the averages and the uncertainties that will be shown in the two
tables below the measurement table (Average, Uncertainty). The uncertainties are
calculated in ppm with the exception of the uncertainty of Phase Ux, which may be
either in ppm or in radians or in degrees, depending on the combo selection. When it
is in ppm, the number is black like the remaining uncertainty numbers; otherwise it is
blue. When a run is finished the tables will contain the measured / calculated data from
the latest run. They can be saved to a file by pressing the Save (F7) button, the test
screen can be printed in 1 page by pressing the PrtScn (F1) button or the test can be
repeated. Changing selection in any combo (“Rad” or “THDf”, Figure 3.4) will reload
the table values of Phase Ux or THD according to the new selection.
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Figure 3.4 U Ratio Measurements
Once the measurement is complete (Figure 3.4), turn off the source voltage. Press the
EXIT [F5] button to close the test screen and return to the main screen (Figure 3.1).
This also returns the 7070A to its highest voltage ranges (300 V). You are now ready
to begin a different measurement.
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4 Voltage Ratio Mode Manual Test

When the selected check boxes on the main screen are VOLTAGE RATIO MODE and
MANUAL (Figure 4.1) and the GO TO TEST (F6) switch has been pressed, the message will
appear (Figure 4.2) to set the AC Ratio Bridge 7070A to remote operation. The unit has to be
manually set to Voltage Ratio Mode and its “REMOTE” key has to be pressed. The key should
turn green and stay green after having been pressed. From now on all the touch screen
buttons of the unit are disabled; they can be enabled again later for the local operation by
switching off the “REMOTE” key.
Figure 4.1 U Ratio Manual Run Selection
screen will appear (Figure 4.3).
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Figure 4.2 Message to Set the 7070A to REMOTE
The range selector / indicator (Figure 4.3) appears after a while above the measurement
table, and so does the button Auto Ranging (F12). When they become visible, that means
that the 7070A has been initialized and set to its highest voltage ranges, i.e.: 300 V. Do not
apply voltage to the UUT before this happens.
Next, the operator can choose any desired ranges with the mouse by checking them in the
range selector / indicator. The program responds immediately by setting the range in the
7070A. However, if the voltage is already applied to the UUT and the range chosen is too low
for the actual value, the program will auto-range to the lowest acceptable higher range. If,
before applying the voltage to the UUT, the operator has, for example, chosen the ranges of
60 V for Ux and 30 V for Us, the screen will look like in Figure 4.4
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Figure 4.3 Test Menu U Ratio Manual (at Start)
Figure 4.4 Test Menu U Ratio Manual (with Ranges Changed)

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Now, the voltage can be applied to the UUT, and the increase in voltage can be observed on
the screen. As soon as the test values of voltage are reached, the button Auto Ranging (F12)
can be pressed and the program will start running in the automatic mode, exactly in the same
way as described in the former part of the manual (Section 3).
The range selector / indicator disappears and, instead of it, the buttons START [F3] and
EXIT [F5] appear. However, it is possible to go back to the manual mode by releasing the
Auto Ranging (F12) button.
If no voltage is applied to the UUT (Figure 4.3) or the voltage applied is much lower than the
actual range voltage (for example 300 V) and the Auto Ranging (F12) button has been
pressed, then the program will down-range for a time during which the message “RANGING”
will be displayed (Figure 4.5).
Figure 4.5 Test Menu U Ratio Manual Changed to Automatic
Do not start any measurements when the program is ranging.

To prevent the program from down-ranging after switching on Auto Ranging (F12) button
and to make it stay on the ranges selected before, press Hold Range button before pressing
Auto Ranging (F12) (Figure 4.6).
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Figure 4.6 Test Menu U Ratio - Holding Selected Ranges
With the Auto Ranging switched on, the description of the VOLTAGE RATIO MODE
AUTOMATIC TEST from the former paragraph (Section 3) fully applies to this kind of test.
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5 Current Ratio Mode Automatic Test

When the selected check boxes on the main screen are CURRENT RATIO MODE and
AUTOMATIC (Figure 5.1) and the GO TO TEST (F6) switch has been pressed, the message
will appear (Figure 5.2) to set the AC Ratio Bridge 7070A to remote operation. The unit has
to be manually set to Current Ratio Mode and its “REMOTE” key has to be pressed. The key
should turn green and stay green after having been pressed. From now on, all the touch
screen buttons of the unit are disabled; they can be enabled again later for the local operation
by switching off the “REMOTE” key.
Figure 5.1 I Ratio Automatic Run Selection
screen will appear (Figure 5.3). The Bridge is initialized to begin the measurement. The
program sets it to the lowest current ranges (5 mA) and will automatically range it up or down
depending on the levels of the measured currents. The current should only be applied after
the START [F3] button has appeared.
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Figure 5.2 Message to Set 7070A to REMOTE
There are several different parts of the test screen (Figure 5.3). Their function and/or meaning
are described below.
Measurement Values
The values of Ix, Is and Ratio shown in the green big boxes in the upper part of the test
screen (Figure 5.3) are measured by the 7070A and continuously transmitted to the software
over the GPIB at one-second intervals. The software values are identical with those indicated
by the Bridge but delayed by 1 second. The value of Phase Ix is obtained from the Bridge in
the form of tangent of the angle, and then recalculated and indicated by the software either
in radians or degrees or ppm’s depending on the selection in the combo box located to the
right of the Phase Ix indicator. The default selection is radians (Rad). The total harmonic
distortion of the input signals Ix THD and Is THD are transmitted from the Bridge as the values
in percent referenced to the fundamental harmonic. The combo box located to the left of the
Is THD indicator offers the possibility to indicate those values either as referenced to the
fundamental (THDf) or as referenced to the entire RMS value of the signal (THDr). The default
selection is THDf.
Information Boxes:
The following information boxes appear on the test screen. These appear automatically and
do not require any action on the part of the operator.
Title Box: This is the area on the test screen where the type of test that was chosen from the
main screen is identified. It is an untitled area on the test screen that appears on the left-hand
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side of the screen immediately above the table. The title box in Figure 5.3 indicates that
CURRENT RATIO MODE measurement has been selected.
Date & Time: The current date and time are displayed on test screen immediately above the
Title Box. These are based on the settings of the system clock in the controller.
“FREQUENCY”: The frequency (in Hz) of the test current is displayed on the test screen
below this label. It is measured by the 7070A and transmitted remotely to the software
every second.
“Ix Range”, “Is Range”: The actual current ranges of the 7070A are displayed in these boxes.
The software automatically selects the ranges of the Bridge based on the measured RMS
values. There are 10 current ranges: 5 mA, 10 mA, 20 mA, 50 mA, 100 mA, 200 mA, 500 mA,
1 A, 2 A and 5 A. A range is increased if the RMS value of the current exceeds 110 % of the
actual range value. A range is decreased if the RMS value of the current drops below 90 %
of the range value of a lower range. For example, if the actual range is 1 A and the current
exceeds 1.1 A the range will be changed to 2 A. It will be switched back to 1 A if the current
drops below 900 mA.
some action.
“START [F3]”: This button will start logging the measured values shown in the green big
boxes that are updated every second, into the measurement table (row after row) and the
calculated averages and uncertainties will be constantly updated in the two one-row tables
below (Average, Uncertainty). The number of runs, number of readings, number for statistics
and waiting time between runs will be performed according to the Test Settings (Figure 2.2).
If the Auto Save in the Test Settings is On, then after each run, the data will be saved into a
file automatically in the same way (as described below) for the manual saving performed by
pressing the Save button. However, if there are more than one run, pressing the Save button
saves the data from the last run only while the automatic saving ensures saving them after
each run.
“Save (F7)”: This button will only become enabled once some values are collected in the table
after a test has been finished or broken by the operator. Once pressed, the data shown on
the test screen are saved in ASCII format to a .mea file with a name containing the date and
time, for example MI7070A_Data_24 February 2021 - 11_00_38.mea in the C:\MIL_SW\MIL
7070 Test directory.
“PrtScn (F1)”: The abbreviation for “Print Screen”. This button will only become visible once
some values are collected in the table after a test has been finished or broken by the operator.
Clicking on it activates the printer and causes it to print out the screen on 1 page.
“Hold Range”: The white square button will turn red after switching it on. The goal is to prevent
the system from auto-ranging, which can be useful during some tests. When switched on, the
actual values of current are first checked versus actual range values. If any of them is higher
than 80 % of the range value, a higher range will set; otherwise, there will be no action. After
that, the system will remain on those ranges until either “Hold Range” is released or any of
the current value exceeds 110 % of the range value. As in the case of auto-ranging, the RMS
values are taken into account.
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“EXIT [F5]”: This button closes the test screen and returns the software to the main menu. It
will also reset the system units to their highest ranges.
Figure 5.3 Test Menu I Ratio Automatic

After pressing the START [F3] button, the program will start filling in the measurement
calculated in ppm with the exception of the uncertainty of Phase Ix, which may be either
in ppm or in radians or in degrees, depending on the combo selection. When it is in
ppm, the number is black like the remaining uncertainty numbers; otherwise, it is blue.
When a run is finished the tables will contain the measured / calculated data from the
latest run. They can be saved to a file by pressing the Save (F7) button, the test screen
can be printed in 1 page by pressing the PrtScn (F1) button or the test can be
repeated. Changing selection in any combo (“Rad” or “THDf”, Figure 5.4) will reload
the table values of Phase Ix or THD according to the new selection.
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Figure 5.4 I Ratio Measurements
Once the measurement is complete (Figure 5.4), turn off the source current. Press the
This also returns the 7070A to its highest current ranges (5 A). You are now ready to
begin a different measurement.
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6 Current Ratio Mode Manual Test

When the selected check boxes on the main screen are CURRENT RATIO MODE and
MANUAL (Figure 6.1) and the GO TO TEST (F6) switch has been pressed, the message will
appear (Figure 6.2) to set the AC Ratio Bridge 7070A to remote operation. The unit has to be
manually set to Current Ratio Mode and its “REMOTE” key has to be pressed. The key should
turn green and stay green after having been pressed. From now on, all the touch screen
buttons of the unit are disabled; they can be enabled again later for the local operation by
switching off the “REMOTE” key.
Figure 6.1 I Ratio Manual Run Selection
screen will appear (Figure 6.3).
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The range selector / indicator (Figure 6.3) appears after a while above the measurement
table, and so does the button Auto Ranging (F12). When they become visible, that means
that the 7070A has been initialized and set to its highest current ranges, i.e.: 5 A. Do not apply
current to the UUT before this happens.
Next, the operator can choose any desired ranges with the mouse by checking them in the
range selector / indicator. The program responds immediately by setting the range in the
7070A. However, if the current is already applied to the UUT and the range chosen is too low
for the actual value, the program will auto-range to the lowest acceptable higher range. If,
before applying the current to the UUT, the operator has, for example, chosen the ranges of
1 A for Ix and 500 mA for Is, the screen will look like in Figure 6.4
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Figure 6.3 Test Menu I Ratio Manual (at Start)
Figure 6.4 Test Menu I Ratio Manual (with Ranges Changed)
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Now, the current can be applied to the UUT, and the increase in current can be observed on
the screen. As soon as the test values of current are reached, the button Auto Ranging (F12)
can be pressed and the program will start running in the automatic mode, exactly in the same
way as described in the former part of the manual (Section 5).
The range selector / indicator disappears and, instead of it, the buttons START [F3] and
EXIT [F5] appear. However, it is possible to go back to the manual mode by releasing the
Auto Ranging (F12) button.
If no current is applied to the UUT (Figure 6.3) or the current applied is much lower than the
actual range current (for example 5 A) and the Auto Ranging (F12) button has been pressed,
then the program will down-range for a time during which the message “RANGING” will be
displayed (Figure 6.5).
Figure 6.5 Test Menu I Ratio Manual Changed to Automatic
Do not start any measurements when the program is ranging.

To prevent the program from down-ranging after switching on Auto Ranging (F12) button
and to make it stay on the ranges selected before, press Hold Range button before pressing
Auto Ranging (F12) (Figure 6.6).
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Figure 6.6 Test Menu I Ratio - Holding Selected Ranges
With the Auto Ranging switched on, the description of the CURRENT RATIO MODE
AUTOMATIC TEST from the former paragraph (Section 5) fully applies to this kind of test.
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7 VT Testing Mode Automatic Test

When the selected check boxes on the main screen are VT TESTING MODE and
AUTOMATIC (Figure 7.1) the measurements in this kind of test are performed with a standard
(STD) and a unit under test (UUT). The values of the standard that are used in the calculations
must be entered in the STD SETTINGS [F3] Menu and the values of the unit under test that
are used in the calculations must be entered in the UUT SETTINGS [F1] Menu after pressing
the corresponding keys (Figure 7.1).
Figure 7.1 VT Automatic Run Selection
7.1 STD Settings Menu

The values of the standard that are used in the calculations must be entered in the
STD Settings Menu (Figure 7.2)
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Figure 7.2 STD Settings Menu (Voltage)
From the data entered in this menu, the following numbers are used in the calculations
while performing measurements:
Nominal Ratio: Nominal Ratio of the voltage divider used as reference standard.
Nominal Ratio Magnitude Error (ppm): Deviation of the Ratio from nominal
(calibrated value) in ppm.
Magnitude Error Uncertainty (ppm): Uncertainty of the Ratio Magnitude Error
in ppm.
Phase Shift Error (ppm): Deviation of the phase displacement from zero, in ppm.
Shift Error Uncertainty (ppm): Uncertainty of Phase Shift Error in ppm.
The data entered in this menu can be permanently saved for different standards and
then retrieved at any time. The keys STORE DATA [F2] and LOAD DATA [F1] can
be used for this purpose.
7.2 UUT Settings Menu
The values of the unit under test that are used in the calculations must be entered in
the UUT Settings Menu (Figure 7.3)
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Figure 7.3 UUT Settings Menu (Voltage)
Nominal Ratio:
Primary Voltage (V)
The Measurement Error selection (Ratio or Voltage) determines which error will be
calculated and displayed in the measurement table (Figure 7.6, the 5th column of the
table – Ratio Error (%) or Voltage Error (%) depending on the selection in this menu).
The data entered in this menu can be permanently saved for different units under test
and then retrieved at any time. The keys STORE DATA [F2] and LOAD DATA [F1]
can be used for this purpose.
After entering the parameters of a standard (STD) and a unit under test (UUT) the
button GO TO TEST (F6) can be pressed (Figure 7.1). The message will appear
(Figure 7.4) to set the AC Ratio Bridge 7070A to remote operation. The unit has to be
manually set to Voltage Ratio Mode (note: not to VT Testing Mode) and its “REMOTE”
key has to be pressed. The key should turn green and stay green after having been
pressed. From now on, all the touch screen buttons of the unit are disabled; they can
be enabled again later for the local operation by switching off the “REMOTE” key.
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With the 7070A manually set to REMOTE and the OK button pressed (Figure 7.4) the
test screen will appear (Figure 7.5). The Bridge is initialized to begin the measurement.
The program sets it to the lowest voltage ranges (6 V) and will automatically range it
up or down depending on the levels of the measured voltages. The voltage should only
be applied after the START [F3] button has appeared.
There are several different parts of the test screen (Figure 7.5). Their function and/or
meaning are described below.
Measurement Values
The values of Ratio 7070A and Phase Ux shown in the grey big boxes in the right
upper part of the test screen (Figure 7.5) are measured by the 7070A and continuously
read by the software over the GPIB at one-second intervals. The software values are
identical with those indicated by the Bridge but delayed by 1 second. The value of
Phase Ux is obtained from the Bridge in the form of tangent of the angle, and then
recalculated and indicated by the software either in radians or degrees or ppm’s
depending on the selection in the combo box located to the right of the Phase Error
indicator. The default selection is radians (Rad).
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The values of Primary Voltage, Ratio Error and Phase Error shown in the green big
boxes in the upper part of the test screen are calculated for the UUT using the data of
the standard and the nominal ratio of the UUT. The value of Secondary Voltage is
measured and read by the software over the GPIB; this is the voltage Ux of the 7070A.
The value of Phase Error is indicated in the same units as Phase Ux, depending on
the combo selection. The value of Ratio Error is indicated either in percent (%) or in
ppm depending on the selection in the combo box located to the right of the indicator.
The default selection is percent (%). The value of Operating (Un%) indicated in the
grey big box located between the indicators of Secondary Voltage and Phase Error
is the percentage of the Primary Voltage versus the nominal Primary Voltage (V) of the
UUT entered in the UUT Settings Menu (Figure 7.3).
Information Boxes:
The following information boxes appear on the test screen. These appear automatically
and do not require any action on the part of the operator.
Title Box: This is the area on the test screen where the type of test that was chosen
from the main screen is identified. It is an untitled area on the test screen that appears
on the left-hand side of the screen immediately above the table. The title box in Figure
7.5 indicates that VT TESTING MODE measurement has been selected.
Date & Time: The current date and time are displayed on test screen immediately
above the Title Box. These are based on the settings of the system clock in
the controller.
“FREQUENCY”: The frequency (in Hz) of the test voltage is displayed on the test
screen below this label. It is measured by the 7070A and transmitted remotely to the
software every second.
“Ux Range”, “Us Range”: The actual voltage ranges of the 7070A are displayed in
these boxes. The software automatically selects the ranges of the Bridge based on the
measured RMS values. There are 6 voltage ranges: 6, 15, 30, 60, 150 and 300 V. A
range is increased if the RMS value of the voltage exceeds 110 % of the actual range
value. A range is decreased if the RMS value of the voltage drops below 90 % of the
range value of a lower range. For example, if the actual range is 6 V and the voltage
exceeds 6.6 V the range will be changed to 15 V. It will be switched back to 6 V if the
voltage drops below 5.4 V
some action.
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“START [F3]”: This button will start logging the measured values that are updated
every second, into the measurement table (row after row) and the calculated averages
and uncertainties will be constantly updated in the two one-row tables below (Average,
Uncertainty). The values in the measurement table are calculated from the 7070A
ratio data transmitted over the GPIB (the numbers shown in the grey big boxes Ratio
7070A and Phase Ux) and the STD and UUT parameters described in 7.1 and 7.2.
The number of runs, number of readings, number for statistics and waiting time
between runs will be performed according to the Test Settings (Figure 2.2). If the Auto
Save in the Test Settings is On, then after each run, the data will be saved into a file
automatically in the same way (as described below) for the manual saving performed
by pressing the Save button. However, if there are more than one run, pressing the
Save button saves the data from the last run only while the automatic saving ensures
saving them after each run.
“Save (F7)”: This button will only become enabled once some values are collected in
the table after a test has been finished or broken by the operator. Once pressed, the
data shown on the test screen are saved in ASCII format to a .mea file with a name
containing the date and time, for example MI7070A_Data_24 February 2021 -
11_00_38.mea in the C:\MIL_SW\MIL 7070 Test directory.
“PrtScn (F1)”: The abbreviation for “Print Screen”. This button will only become visible
once some values are collected in the table after a test has been finished or broken by
the operator. Clicking on it activates the printer and causes it to print out the screen on
1 page.
“Hold Range”: The white square button will turn red after switching it on. The goal is
to prevent the system from auto-ranging, which can be useful during some tests. When
switched on, the actual values of voltage are first checked versus actual range values.
If any of them is higher than 80 % of the range value, a higher range will set; otherwise,
there will be no action. After that, the system will remain on those ranges until either
“Hold Range” is released or any of the voltage value exceeds 110 % of the range value.
As in the case of auto-ranging, the RMS values are taken into account.
“EXIT [F5]”: This button closes the test screen and returns the software to the main
menu. It will also reset the system units to their highest ranges.
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Figure 7.5 Test Menu VT Automatic

After pressing the START [F3] button the program will start filling in the measurement
calculated in ppm with the exception of the uncertainty of Phase Error, which may be
either in ppm or in radians or in degrees, and the uncertainty of the Ratio Error which
may be either in percent (%) or in ppm, depending on the selections in the combos.
When the selections are in ppm the numbers are black like the remaining uncertainty
numbers; otherwise, they are blue. The 5th column of the measurement table (Ratio
Error %, Figure 7.6) contains the values of either Ratio Error or Voltage Error
depending on selection in the UUT Settings Menu (Figure 7.3). When a run is finished
the tables will contain the measured / calculated data from the latest run. They can be
saved to a file by pressing the Save (F7) button, the test screen can be printed in 1
page by pressing the PrtScn (F1) button or the test can be repeated. Changing
selection in any combo (“%” or “Rad”, Figure 7.6) will reload the table values of Ratio
Error (Voltage Error) or Phase Error according to the new selection.
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Figure 7.6 VT Measurements
Once the measurement is complete (Figure 7.6), turn off the source voltage. Press the
This also returns the 7070A to its highest voltage ranges (300 V). You are now ready
to begin a different measurement.
7.4 Calculations
The data shown in the table (and saved to a text file) are calculated for the UUT using
the data of the standard and the nominal ratio of the UUT. The data entered to the
menus are:
Ratio_STD_Nom
Ratio_STD_Magn_Err_Ppm
Ratio_STD_Magn_Err_Unc_PPM
Ratio_STD_Phase_Shift_Err_Ppm
Ratio_STD_Phase_Shift_Err_Unc_Ppm
Ratio_UUT_Nom
The values measured by the Bridge are:
Ux
Us
Phase_Shift_7070A_Ppm
and from them the Ratio_7070A is calculated
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Ux
Ratio_7070A =
Us
From the data entered:
Ratio_S = Ratio_STD_Nom × (1 + 10−6 × Ratio_STD_Magn_Err_Ppm)
The Primary Voltage in the table is calculated as:

Primary_Voltage = Us × Ratio_STD
The Secondary Voltage in the table:

Secondary_Voltage = Ux
The Ratio in the table:

Primary_Voltage Ratio_STD × Us Ratio_STD
Ratio_UUT = = =
Secondary_Voltage Ux Ratio_7070A
The Ratio Error in the table in %:

Ratio_UUT
Ratio_UUT_Magn_Err_% = 102 × ( − 1)
Ratio_UUT_Nom
In ppm:
Ratio_UUT
Ratio_UUT_Magn_Err_Ppm = 106 × ( − 1)
Ratio_UUT_Nom
The Voltage Error in the table in %:

Ratio_UUT_Nom
Voltage_UUT_Magn_Err_% = 102 × ( − 1)
Ratio_UUT
In ppm:
Ratio_UUT_Nom
Voltage_UUT_Magn_Err_Ppm = 106 × ( − 1)
Ratio_UUT
The Phase Error in the table in ppm:

Ratio_UUT_Phase_Shift_Ppm = 106 × tan [tan−1 (10−6 × Phase_Shift_7070A_Ppm) +
tan−1 (10−6 × Ratio_STD_Phase_Shift_Err_Ppm)]
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The uncertainties of the results are at the level of confidence of 95 % and they are
calculated assuming that the uncertainties entered in the STD menu (7.1) are at the
level of confidence 95 % with the coverage factor equal to 2. The uncertainty of the
measured values (Ratio_7070A, Phase_Shift_7070A_Ppm) is calculated from the
standard deviation of the mean with the coverage factor depending on the number of
measurements for statistics.
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8 VT Testing Mode Manual Test

When the selected check boxes on the main screen are VT TESTING MODE and MANUAL
(Figure 8.1) the measurements in this kind of test are performed with a standard (STD) and
a unit under test (UUT). The values of the standard that are used in the calculations must be
entered in the STD SETTINGS [F3] Menu and the values of the unit under test that are used
in the calculations must be entered in the UUT SETTINGS [F1] Menu after pressing the
corresponding keys (Figure 8.1).
Figure 8.1 VT Manual Run Selection

STD Settings Menu (Figure 8.2)
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Figure 8.2 STD Settings Menu (Voltage)
Nominal Ratio: Nominal Ratio of the voltage divider used as reference standard.
in ppm.
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Figure 8.3 UUT Settings Menu (Voltage)
Nominal Ratio:
Primary Voltage (V):
The Measurement Error selection (Ratio or Voltage) determines which error will be
table – Ratio Error (%) or Voltage Error (%) depending on the selection in this menu).
manually set to Voltage Ratio Mode (note: not to VT Testing Mode) and its “REMOTE”
pressed. From now on all the touch screen buttons of the unit are disabled; they can
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test screen will appear (Figure 8.5).
The range selector / indicator (Figure 8.5) appears after a while above the
measurement table, and so does the button Auto Ranging (F12). When they become
visible, that means that the 7070A has been initialized and set to its highest voltage
ranges, i.e.: 300 V. Do not apply voltage to the UUT before this happens.
Next, the operator can choose any desired ranges with the mouse by checking them
in the range selector / indicator. The program responds immediately by setting the
range in the 7070A. However, if the voltage is already applied to the UUT and the
range chosen is too low for the actual value, the program will auto-range to the lowest
acceptable higher range. If, before applying the voltage to the UUT, the operator has,
for example, chosen the ranges of 60 V for Ux and 30 V for Us, the screen will look
like in Figure 8.6.
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Figure 8.5 Test Menu VT Manual (at Start)
Now, the voltage can be applied to the UUT, and the increase in voltage can be
observed on the screen. As soon as the test values of voltage are reached, the button
Auto Ranging (F12) can be pressed and the program will start running in the
automatic mode, exactly in the same way as described in the former part of the manual
(Section 7).
The range selector / indicator disappears and, instead of it, the buttons START [F3]
and EXIT [F5] appear. However, it is possible to go back to the manual mode by
releasing the Auto Ranging (F12) button.
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Figure 8.6 Test Menu VT Manual (with Ranges Changed)
If no voltage is applied to the UUT (Figure 8.5) or the voltage applied is much lower
than the actual range voltage (for example 300 V) and the Auto Ranging (F12) button
has been pressed, then the program will down-range for a time during which the
message “RANGING” will be displayed (Figure 8.7).
Do not start any measurements when the program is ranging. To prevent the program
from down-ranging after switching on Auto Ranging (F12) button and to make it stay
on the ranges selected before, press Hold Range button before pressing Auto
Ranging (F12) (Figure 8.8).
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Figure 8.7 Test Menu VT Manual Changed to Automatic
Figure 8.8 Test Menu VT – Holding Selected Ranges
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With the Auto Ranging switched on, the description of the VT TESTING MODE
AUTOMATIC TEST from the former paragraph (Section 7) fully applies to this kind
of test.
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9 CT Testing Mode Automatic Test

When the selected check boxes on the main screen are CT TESTING MODE and
AUTOMATIC (Figure 9.1) the measurements in this kind of test are performed with a standard
(STD) and a unit under test (UUT). The values of the standard that are used in the calculations
must be entered in the STD SETTINGS [F3] Menu and the values of the unit under test that
are used in the calculations must be entered in the UUT SETTINGS [F1] Menu after pressing
the corresponding keys (Figure 9.1).
Figure 9.1 CT Automatic Run Selection

STD Settings Menu (Figure 9.2).
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Figure 9.2 STD Settings Menu (Current)
Nominal Ratio: Nominal Ratio of the current divider used as reference standard.
in ppm.
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Figure 9.3 UUT Settings Menu (Current)
Nominal Ratio:
Primary Current (A):
The Measurement Error selection (Ratio or Current) determines which error will be
table – Ratio Error (%) or Current Error (%) depending on the selection in this menu).
manually set to Current Ratio Mode (note: not to CT Testing Mode) and its “REMOTE”
pressed. From now on all the touch screen buttons of the unit are disabled; they can
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test screen will appear (Figure 9.5). The Bridge is initialized to begin the measurement.
The program sets it to the lowest current ranges (5 mA) and will automatically range
up or down depending on the levels of the measured currents. The current should only
be applied after the START [F3] button has appeared.
There are several different parts of the test screen (Figure 9.5). Their function and/or
meaning are described below.
Measurement Values
The values of Ratio 7070A and Phase Ix shown in the grey big boxes in the right upper
part of the test screen (Figure 9.5) are measured by the 7070A and continuously read
by the software over the GPIB at one-second intervals. The software values are
identical with those indicated by the Bridge but delayed by 1 second. The value of
Phase Ix is obtained from the Bridge in the form of tangent of the angle, and then
recalculated and indicated by the software either in radians or degrees or ppm’s
depending on the selection in the combo box located to the right of the Phase Error
indicator. The default selection is radians (Rad).
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The values of Primary Current, Ratio Error and Phase Error shown in the green big
boxes in the upper part of the test screen are calculated for the UUT using the data of
the standard and the nominal ratio of the UUT. The value of Secondary Current is
measured and read by the software over the GPIB; this is the current Ix of the 7070A.
The value of Phase Error is indicated in the same units as Phase Ix, depending on
the combo selection. The value of Ratio Error is indicated either in percent (%) or in
ppm depending on the selection in the combo box located to the right of the indicator.
The default selection is percent (%). The value of Operating (In%) indicated in the
grey big box located between the indicators of Secondary Current and Phase Error
is the percentage of the Primary Current versus the nominal Primary Current (A) of the
UUT entered in the UUT Settings Menu (Figure 9.3).
Information Boxes:
The following information boxes appear on the test screen. These appear automatically
and do not require any action on the part of the operator.
Title Box: This is the area on the test screen where the type of test that was chosen
from the main screen is identified. It is an untitled area on the test screen that appears
on the left-hand side of the screen immediately above the table. The title box in Figure
9.5 indicates that CT TESTING MODE measurement has been selected.
Date & Time: The current date and time are displayed on test screen immediately
above the Title Box. These are based on the settings of the system clock in
the controller.
“FREQUENCY”: The frequency (in Hz) of the test current is displayed on the test
screen below this label. It is measured by the 7070A and transmitted remotely to the
software every second.
“Ix Range”, “Is Range”: The actual current ranges of the 7070A are displayed in these
boxes. The software automatically selects the ranges of the Bridge based on the
measured RMS values. There are 10 current ranges: 5 mA, 10 mA, 20 mA, 50 mA,
100 mA, 200 mA, 500 mA, 1 A, 2 A and 5 A. A range is increased if the RMS value of
the current exceeds 110 % of the actual range value. A range is decreased if the RMS
value of the current drops below 90 % of the range value of a lower range. For
example, if the actual range is 1 A and the current exceeds 1.1 A the range will be
changed to 2 A. It will be switched back to 1 A if the current drops below 900 mA.
some action.
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“START [F3]”: This button will start logging the measured values that are updated
every second, into the measurement table (row after row) and the calculated averages
and uncertainties will be constantly updated in the two one-row tables below (Average,
Uncertainty). The values in the measurement table are calculated from the 7070A
ratio data transmitted over the GPIB (the numbers shown in the grey big boxes Ratio
7070A and Phase Ix) and the STD and UUT parameters described in 9.1 and 9.2. The
number of runs, number of readings, number for statistics and waiting time between
runs will be performed according to the Test Settings (Figure 2.2). If the Auto Save in
the Test Settings is On, then after each run, the data will be saved into a file
automatically in the same way (as described below) for the manual saving performed
by pressing the Save button. However, if there are more than one run, pressing the
Save button saves the data from the last run only while the automatic saving ensures
saving them after each run.
“Save (F7)”: This button will only become enabled once some values are collected in
the table after a test has been finished or broken by the operator. Once pressed, the
data shown on the test screen are saved in ASCII format to a .mea file with a name
containing the date and time, for example MI7070A_Data_24 February 2021 -
11_00_38.mea in the C:\MIL_SW\MIL 7070 Test directory.
“PrtScn (F1)”: The abbreviation for “Print Screen”. This button will only become visible
once some values are collected in the table after a test has been finished or broken by
the operator. Clicking on it activates the printer and causes it to print out the screen on
1 page.
“Hold Range”: The white square button will turn red after switching it on. The goal is
to prevent the system from auto-ranging, which can be useful during some tests. When
switched on, the actual values of current are first checked versus actual range values.
If any of them is higher than 80 % of the range value, a higher range will set; otherwise,
there will be no action. After that, the system will remain on those ranges until either
“Hold Range” is released or any of the current value exceeds 110 % of the range value.
As in the case of auto-ranging, the RMS values are taken into account.
“EXIT [F5]”: This button closes the test screen and returns the software to the main
menu. It will also reset the system units to their highest ranges.
9-6
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Figure 9.5 Test Menu CT Automatic

After pressing the START [F3] button, the program will start filling in the measurement
calculated in ppm with the exception of the uncertainty of Phase Error, which maybe
either in ppm or in radians or in degrees, and the uncertainty of the Ratio Error which
may be either in percent (%) or in ppm, depending on the selections in the combos.
When the selections are in ppm the numbers are black like the remaining uncertainty
numbers; otherwise, they are blue. The 5th column of the measurement table (Ratio
Error (%), Figure 9.6) contains the values of either Ratio Error or Current Error
depending on selection in the UUT Settings Menu (Figure 9.3). When a run is finished
the tables will contain the measured / calculated data from the latest run. They can be
saved to a file by pressing the Save (F7) button, the test screen can be printed in 1
page by pressing the PrtScn (F1) button or the test can be repeated. Changing
selection in any combo (“%” or “Rad”, Figure 9.6) will reload the table values of Ratio
Error (Current Error) or Phase Error according to the new selection.
9-7
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Figure 9.6 CT Measurements
Once the measurement is complete (Figure 9.6), turn off the source current. Press the
This also returns the 7070A to its highest current ranges (5 A). You are now ready to
begin a different measurement.
9.4 Calculations
The data shown in the table (and saved to a text file) are calculated for the UUT using
the data of the standard and the nominal ratio of the UUT. The data entered to the
menus are:
Ratio_STD_Nom
Ratio_STD_Magn_Err_Ppm
Ratio_STD_Magn_Err_Unc_PPM
Ratio_STD_Phase_Shift_Err_Ppm
Ratio_STD_Phase_Shift_Err_Unc_Ppm
Ratio_UUT_Nom
The values measured by the Bridge are:
Ix
Is
Phase_Shift_7070A_Ppm
and from them the Ratio_7070A is calculated
9-8
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Ix
Ratio_7070A =
Is
From the data entered:
Ratio_S = Ratio_STD_Nom × (1 + 10−6 × Ratio_STD_Magn_Err_Ppm)
The Primary Current in the table is calculated as:

Primary_Current = Is × Ratio_STD
The Secondary Current in the table:

Secondary_Current = Ix
The Ratio in the table:

Primary_Current Ratio_STD × Is Ratio_STD
Ratio_UUT = = =
Secondary_Current Ix Ratio_7070A
The Ratio Error in the table in %:

Ratio_UUT
Ratio_UUT_Magn_Err_% = 102 × ( − 1)
Ratio_UUT_Nom
In ppm
Ratio_UUT
Ratio_UUT_Magn_Err_Ppm = 106 × ( − 1)
Ratio_UUT_Nom
The Current Error in the table in %:

Ratio_UUT_Nom
Current_UUT_Magn_Err_% = 102 × ( − 1)
Ratio_UUT
In ppm
Ratio_UUT_Nom
Curren_UUT_Magn_Err_Ppm = 106 × ( − 1)
Ratio_UUT
The Phase Error in the table:

Ratio_UUT_Phase_Shift_Ppm = 106 × tan [tan−1 (10−6 × Phase_Shift_7070A_Ppm) +
tan−1 (10−6 × Ratio_STD_Phase_Shift_Err_Ppm)]
9-9
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The uncertainties of the results are at the level of confidence of 95 % and they are
calculated assuming that the uncertainties entered in the STD menu (9.1) are at the
level of confidence 95 % with the coverage factor equal to 2. The uncertainty of the
measured values (Ratio_7070A, Phase_Shift_7070A_Ppm) is calculated from the
standard deviation of the mean with the coverage factor depending on the number of
measurements for statistics.
9-10
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10 CT Testing Mode Manual Test

When the selected check boxes on the main screen are CT TESTING MODE and MANUAL
(Figure 10.1) the measurements in this kind of test are performed with a standard (STD) and
a unit under test (UUT). The values of the standard that are used in the calculations must be
entered in the STD SETTINGS [F3] Menu and the values of the unit under test that are used
in the calculations must be entered in the UUT SETTINGS [F1] Menu after pressing the
corresponding keys (Figure 10.1).
Figure 10.1 CT Manual Run Selection

STD Settings Menu (Figure 10.2).
10-1
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Figure 10.2 STD Settings Menu (Current)
Nominal Ratio: Nominal Ratio of the current divider used as reference standard.
in ppm.
10-2
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Figure 10.3 UUT Settings Menu (Current)
Nominal Ratio:
Primary Current (A):
The Measurement Error selection (Ratio or Current) determines which error will be
table – Ratio Error [%] or Current Error [%] depending on the selection in this menu).
manually set to Current Ratio Mode (note: not to CT Testing Mode) and its “REMOTE”
pressed. From now on, all the touch screen buttons of the unit are disabled; they can
10-3
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test screen will appear (Figure 10.5).
The range selector / indicator (Figure 10.5) appears after a while above the
measurement table, and so does the button Auto Ranging (F12). When they become
visible, that means that the 7070A has been initialized and set to its highest current
ranges, i.e.: 5 A. Do not apply current to the UUT before this happens.
Next, the operator can choose any desired ranges with the mouse by checking them
in the range selector / indicator. The program responds immediately by setting the
range in the 7070A. However, if the current is already applied to the UUT and the range
chosen is too low for the actual value, the program will auto-range to the lowest
acceptable higher range. If, before applying the current to the UUT, the operator has,
for example, chosen the ranges of 1 A for Ix and 200 mA for Is, the screen will look like
in Figure 10.6
10-4
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Figure 10.5 Test Menu CT Manual (at Start)
Now, the current can be applied to the UUT, and the increase in current can be
observed on the screen. As soon as the test values of current are reached, the button
Auto Ranging (F12) can be pressed and the program will start running in the
automatic mode, exactly in the same way as described in the former part of the manual
(Section 9).
The range selector / indicator disappears and, instead of it, the buttons START [F3]
and EXIT [F5] appear. However, it is possible to go back to the manual mode by
releasing the Auto Ranging (F12) button.
10-5
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Figure 10.6 Test Menu CT Manual (with Ranges Changed)
If no current is applied to the UUT (Figure 10.5) or the current applied is much lower
than the actual range current (for example 5 A) and the Auto Ranging (F12) button
has been pressed, then the program will down-range for a time during which the
message “RANGING” will be displayed (Figure 10.7).
Do not start any measurements when the program is ranging. To prevent the program
from down-ranging after switching on Auto Ranging (F12) button and to make it stay
on the ranges selected before, press Hold Range button before pressing Auto
Ranging (F12) (Figure 10.8).
10-6
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Figure 10.7 Test Menu CT Manual Changed to Automatic
Figure 10.8 Test Menu CT – Holding Selected Ranges

10-7
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With the Auto Ranging switched on, the description of the CT TESTING MODE
AUTOMATIC TEST from the former paragraph (Section 9) fully applies to this kind
of test.
10-8
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11 Testing the GPIB

On the main screen (see Figure 2.1), there is a TEST GPIB [F4] option. Clicking on this button
will switch the screen to the test screen as shown in Figure 11.1.
Figure 11.1 GPIB Test Menu
The purpose of this screen is to allow the operator to test the 7070A (and a voltage or current
source, if applicable, in future revisions of the software) if it is suspected that a unit is not
responding on the GPIB bus. It should be noted that this screen only allows one unit to be
tested at a time. The list of available IEEE commands for the 7070A can be found in the “AC
RATIO BRIDGE MODEL 7070A-UI OPERATOR MANUAL” Section 5.8.2 “Model 7070A
Bus Commands”.
Select the buttons (F1 or F2) in order to test a particular unit. The status button on the left-
hand side of the screen will turn green when that unit has been selected. An IEEE command
can then be entered in the Type Command to be Sent box to the left of the “Send Button”.
Once the command has been entered, the Send or F11 button must be selected in order to
actually send the command to the unit. The unit will not respond by returning a value unless
the Get or F12 button is pressed. It should be noted that not all send commands will return a
value. Check that the GPIB cable is connected and the address setting on the back of the
unit matches the address shown on the test screen if the unit tested does not respond over
the bus and repeat the test. The EXIT button on this screen will return the operator to the
main screen.
11-1
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11.1 Changing the GPIB Address

The address indicators in Figure 11.1 are also address controls and can be used to
change the address of the unit. It must correspond to the GPIB address set on the unit
(Section 5.3.2 “Configuration” in the 7070A operator manual).
11-2
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12 Handling Hardware Errors

The measurements will not start if there is a GPIB communication problem between the
software and any unit. If an error occurs at the beginning – right after going from the main
menu to a test, an error message will be displayed (Figure 12.1) and the program will return
to the main menu (after the operator clicks the button “Continue” under the error message).
In such a case the source of the error should be removed before restarting the test.
Figure 12.1 Error Message for Some Problem at the Beginning
A different kind of error handling is provided if measurements have already been running and
some unexpected error occurs. For example, if the GPIB communication is broken, the
program will still be running, but also displaying an error message as shown in Figure 12.2.
The LED(s) corresponding to the affected unit(s) will blink (7070A in the Figure 12.2, indicates
that the Bridge is causing the problem; the only possibility in the actual software).
12-1
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Figure 12.2 Error Message During a Test
To access the error information, select the box “SHOW ERROR INFORMATION” and click
“OK” (Figure 12.3). After fixing the problem, select the check box “RETRY TO
COMMUNICATE” and click OK. After that, if everything is all right, the measurements can
continue. It is important NOT TO INCREASE VOLTAGE or CURRENT applied to the Unit
Under Test before fixing the problem because the program is unable to set the unit to safe
(higher) voltage or current ranges. There is possibility to exit the measurements by selecting
the check box “EXIT PROGRAM” and clicking “OK”. However, if too high a voltage or current
is applied to the Unit Under Test, returning to the main menu should be possible only after
turning the voltage or current down.
12-2
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Figure 12.3 Accessing Error Information
12-3
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13 Certificate of Conformance
EXTERNAL SAMPLE
[insert Form MI58, page 1]
13-1
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14 Warranty Statement
EXTERNAL SAMPLE
[insert Form MI58, page 2]
14-1
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A Sample ASCII Data File

The following is a sample data file that is stored when the SAVE button is pressed during a
measurement or automatic saving is activated.
Model: 7070A-UI | Version: 1.0 | April 28, 2021

File: MI7070A_Data_29 April 2021 - 14_02_18.mea
Mmt #: Ratio Ix/Is, Ix [A], Ix THDf [%], Is [A], Is THDf [%], Phase Ix [rad], Frequency [Hz]
1: 9.067098E-1, 5.041744E-4, 12.23, 5.560483E-4, 48.43, 3.187015E-5, 50.000
2: 9.067095E-1, 5.041742E-4, 12.23, 5.560482E-4, 48.43, -1.351864E-5, 50.000
3: 9.067093E-1, 5.041741E-4, 12.23, 5.560482E-4, 48.43, -1.517497E-5, 50.000
4: 9.067084E-1, 5.041740E-4, 12.23, 5.560486E-4, 48.43, -4.957367E-4, 50.000
5: 9.067076E-1, 5.041735E-4, 12.23, 5.560487E-4, 48.43, -3.806489E-5, 50.000
6: 9.067065E-1, 5.041732E-4, 12.23, 5.560490E-4, 48.43, 3.546737E-4, 50.000
7: 9.067060E-1, 5.041730E-4, 12.23, 5.560490E-4, 48.43, 5.998775E-4, 50.000
8: 9.067062E-1, 5.041729E-4, 12.23, 5.560489E-4, 48.43, -1.388702E-4, 50.000
9: 9.067068E-1, 5.041732E-4, 12.23, 5.560488E-4, 48.43, -2.948740E-4, 50.000
10: 9.067088E-1, 5.041740E-4, 12.23, 5.560485E-4, 48.43, -2.931841E-4, 50.000
Average Values of the Last 7 Measurements

Ratio Ix/Is, Ix [A], Ix THDf [%], Is [A], Is THDf [%], Phase Ix [rad], Frequency [Hz]
9.067072E-1, 5.041734E-4, 12.23, 5.560488E-4, 48.43, -4.373980E-5, 50.000
Uncertainties (95%)
Ratio Ix/Is [ppm], Ix [ppm], Is [ppm], Phase Ix [rad], Frequency [ppm]
1.16, 0.854, 0.328, 3.712702E-4, 0.000
Ranges
mA: 5, mA: 5
A-1
All rights reserved
Model #### Manual Type
www.mintl.com
Corporate Headquarters Worldwide Offices

Measurements International MI-USA
PO Box 2359, 118 Commerce Drive Phone: 407-706-0328
Prescott, Ontario, Canada K0E 1T0 Email: sales@mintl.com
Phone: 613-925-5934 MI-China

Fax: 613-925-1195
Phone: +(86) 10-64459890
Email: sales@mintl.com
Toll Free: 1-800-324-4988
MI-India
Phone: +(91) 98 10 134 932
MI Europe
Email: sales@MILLP.co.in
Phone: +(420) 731-440-663
MI Japan
Phone: +(81) 72 39 64 660
Email: kaz@mijpn.com 14-2
© Copyright #### Measurements International Limited
All rights reserved Copyright 2021 Measurements International Limited
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Model 7070A-UI Software Manual

© Copyright 2021 Measurements International Limited

7070A-UI.SM Rev. 0 Approved by:

© Copyright 2021 Measurements International Limited

This equipment may be sensitive to Electrostatic Sensitive Discharge (ESD).

© Copyright 2021 Measurements International Limited

© Copyright 2021 Measurements International Limited

11.1 Changing the GPIB Address ................................................................... 11-2

© Copyright 2021 Measurements International Limited

Figure 8.2 STD Settings Menu (Voltage) .............................................................. 8-2

© Copyright 2021 Measurements International Limited

1 Notices, Safety Warnings & Cautions

1.4.1 Electrical Safety Symbols

WARNING – Risk of WARNING or

Digital Signal Ground. Analogue Signal

1.4.2 Safety Considerations

Figure 2.1 Main Screen

Figure 2.2 Test Settings Menu (Fixed Readings)

Figure 2.3 Test Settings Menu (Continuous Readings)

2.5 Making Measurements

3 Voltage Ratio Mode Automatic Test

Figure 3.1 U Ratio Automatic Run Selection

Figure 3.2 Message to Set the 7070A to REMOTE

Figure 3.3 Test Menu U Ratio Automatic

3.1 Making a Measurement

Figure 3.4 U Ratio Measurements

4 Voltage Ratio Mode Manual Test

Figure 4.1 U Ratio Manual Run Selection

Figure 4.2 Message to Set the 7070A to REMOTE

Figure 4.3 Test Menu U Ratio Manual (at Start)

Figure 4.4 Test Menu U Ratio Manual (with Ranges Changed)

Figure 4.5 Test Menu U Ratio Manual Changed to Automatic

Do not start any measurements when the program is ranging.

Figure 4.6 Test Menu U Ratio - Holding Selected Ranges

5 Current Ratio Mode Automatic Test

Figure 5.1 I Ratio Automatic Run Selection

Figure 5.2 Message to Set 7070A to REMOTE

Figure 5.3 Test Menu I Ratio Automatic

5.1 Making a Measurement

Figure 5.4 I Ratio Measurements

6 Current Ratio Mode Manual Test

Figure 6.1 I Ratio Manual Run Selection

Figure 6.2 Message to Set 7070A to REMOTE

Figure 6.3 Test Menu I Ratio Manual (at Start)

Figure 6.4 Test Menu I Ratio Manual (with Ranges Changed)

Figure 6.5 Test Menu I Ratio Manual Changed to Automatic

Do not start any measurements when the program is ranging.

Figure 6.6 Test Menu I Ratio - Holding Selected Ranges

7 VT Testing Mode Automatic Test

Figure 7.1 VT Automatic Run Selection

7.1 STD Settings Menu

Figure 7.2 STD Settings Menu (Voltage)

Figure 7.3 UUT Settings Menu (Voltage)

Figure 7.4 Message to Set 7070A to REMOTE

Figure 7.5 Test Menu VT Automatic

7.3 Making a Measurement

Figure 7.6 VT Measurements

The Primary Voltage in the table is calculated as:

The Secondary Voltage in the table:

The Ratio in the table:

The Ratio Error in the table in %:

The Voltage Error in the table in %:

The Phase Error in the table in ppm:

8 VT Testing Mode Manual Test