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Full Chapter Reference and Information Services An Introduction 6Th Edition Linda C Smith PDF
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Reference and Information Services
Recent Titles in Library and Information Science Text
Series
Guide to the Library of Congress Classification, Sixth Edition
Lois Mai Chan, Sheila S. Intner, and Jean Weihs
Foreword
Linda C. Smith
Preface
Acknowledgments
2—Ethics
Emily J. M. Knox
17—Ready-Reference Sources
Opetoritse A. Adefolalu
18—Dictionaries
Stephanie Davis-Kahl
19—Encyclopedias
Melissa A. Wong
20—Bibliographic Sources
Linda C. Smith
23—News Sources
Barbara A. Alvarez
24—Geographical Sources
Matthew D. MacKellar
26—Government Information
Sarah Erekson
28—Business Sources
Celia Ross
31—Legal Sources
Paul D. Healey
Index
About the Contributors
About the Editors
Foreword
This new sixth edition of Reference and Information Services reflects the
dramatic changes shaped by rapidly developing technologies and increasing
volumes of digital content over the past four years. In addition, the editors
and authors have made an effort to increase attention to issues of diversity,
equity, and inclusion and to integrate more critical theory throughout the
text. In Part I, “Concepts and Processes,” chapters have been revised and
updated to reflect new ideas and methods in the provision of reference
service in an era of increased accountability and emphasis on critical
reflection in professional practice. In Part II, “Information Sources and Their
Use,” discussion of each source type has been updated to encompass a much
more extensive list of Web resources, both freely available and licensed. A
new introduction to this section provides an overview of the information life
cycle and outlines some of the more pressing issues with regard to locating,
selecting, and evaluating information sources. A new chapter on news
sources confronts the challenges of misinformation and disinformation and
offers a thorough overview of a range of resources for accessing current and
historical news. A single final chapter makes up Part III, exploring how
professionals can create the future of reference service.
A number of new authors are contributors to this sixth edition, bringing
to their chapters their experience as teachers of reference or as practitioners
in various types of libraries. Throughout the text, boxes are used to generate
thought and discussion. Despite these updates and changes, the sixth edition
has the same goal as its predecessors’, to provide students and practitioners
with an overview of current reference sources, issues, and services.
Melissa A. Wong
Laura Saunders
Acknowledgments
Collections
Organization
The second function of libraries is to organize the information that they
collect. The fact that librarians organize information may seem obvious, but
it is a much more recent function than collecting. Historically, this was the
second function to arise in libraries, evolving as a corollary to the first
function. When libraries were very small, a user or librarian could simply
browse the entire collection to find what was needed. As the size of libraries
grew, other methods of organization were required.
From alphabetical order to RDA and from MARC to metadata, librarians
have developed a wide variety of methods for organizing and finding
materials in their collections. Most of these tools were initially developed by
librarians primarily for self-assistance. As libraries grew larger, it became
much more difficult for librarians to know where to find specific documents
or pieces of information within the overall collection. As a result, librarians
developed concepts such as subject headings, main entries, authority files,
call numbers, metadata tags, and controlled vocabularies. Although libraries
must have always had some kind of organization, the first modern catalogs
were developed as inventory control devices in the latter half of the 15th
century. The first published catalog was the book catalog of the Bodleian
Library in Oxford, which was printed in book form in 1620. Although no
precise date can be given for when librarians began to organize information
on a large scale, they have been doing so for at least 500 years (Hanson and
Daily 1970).
Librarians have become quite sophisticated in organizing and indexing
the materials contained within their collections. Using the technology of the
times, from scrolls to books to cards to databases, librarians have been and
continue to be leaders in the theory and practice of indexing and cataloging
information. Google may tell library users what exists out on the Web, but
librarian-developed tools such as OCLC’s WorldCat and Springshare’s
LibGuides make useful material easier to find. For more on the organization
function, see Chapter 14.
Service
Publishing
The Boston Public Library did, in fact, become a reality and opened its
doors to the public—all of the public—on March 20, 1854. It was an instant
success. In less than six months of operation, more than 35,000 volumes
were borrowed (Stone 1977, 158). When given an opportunity to read, the
public responded at an overwhelming rate, borrowing an average of one
book for every two people living in the city, and this at a time when the
concept of borrowing books was new to the majority of the population and
not yet a common practice. The concept of the free public library was
rapidly adopted by other municipalities, with 188 such libraries having been
established in 11 different states by 1876 (Poole 1876).
Reference service came about as a direct result of these two innovations.
Universal education taught the public to read, and public libraries offered
material to read. As Melvil Dewey put it,
The school teaches them to read; the library must supply them with reading which will
serve to educate, and so it is that we are forced to divide popular education into two
parts of almost equal importance and deserving equal attention: the free school and the
free library. (Dewey 1876, 6)
The newly literate members of society knew how to read and sought out
materials that would allow them to practice that newly learned skill. Unlike
today’s society, where information is ubiquitous, information was somewhat
scarce in that time period. Few families owned reading materials, and books
were relatively expensive, so people turned to the newly formed public
libraries for their reading material. However, they had no idea how to use a
library. Naturally, they asked the librarians for advice. By 1876, the idea of
reference service had been born.
When the idea of helping library users was first proposed, the terms
“reference service” and “reference librarian” had yet to be coined.
However, the term “reference book” was already widely in use.
Reference books earned that name because they were the books, such
as catalogs, indexes, and bibliographies, that one consulted to find
references to other sources. By the 1870s, any library book that did not
circulate was being called a reference book.
In the first paper discussing reference service, Samuel Green called it
“personal intercourse between librarians and readers.” Fortunately, that
phrase was quickly shortened to “aid to readers.” Later, the term
“assistance to readers” came into more widespread use as the service
end of reference began to be more widely recognized. Because the
librarians who helped readers tended to use the books that were
located in the reference collection, they gradually became known as
reference librarians. In 1885, Melvil Dewey became the first to hire staff
with the title of “reference librarian” when he organized the first
multiple-librarian (i.e., two-person) reference department at Columbia
College. “Reference work” was what “reference librarians” did. That
name caught on, and the rest, as they say, is history.
(Rothstein 1972, 25–27)
Maantien somero ratisi hiljaa ja tietä pitkin kulki kaunis nainen, tuo
joka äskenkin, työntäen edellään kärryillä lasta.
Tuokin lienee totta, mietti hän. Mutta sentään tuo äskeinen mies
toi kuin elämää tullessaan. Ehkä sittenkin mennään — eteenpäin.
XVII.
Vaikka hän oli Kallen naapurina ja näki hänet joka päivä, niin
sentään eivät he olleet juuri sanaakaan vaihtaneet sen jälkeen, kun
he viimekerran hyvästit toisilleen sanoivat tuolla Ison-Kankaan
vanhassa honkapirtissä. Voihan sitä välttää toisiaan, vaikka yksissä
paikoin asuukin, kun ei ole halua olla toisensa kanssa tekemisessä.
Ja sen lisäksi Kalle koetti välttää kaikkia, hän oli mieluummin yksin.
Ja niin aika kului ja heille syntyi lapsikin. Eikä Anna osannut enään
kaivatakaan muunlaista. Elämä antoi hänelle, mitä hän tarvitsi.
Niinpä he lähtivätkin.
Oli syyskesän lauhkea ilta. Heidän piti mennä joen yli. Tuolla
ylempänä koskessa olisi ollut portaatkin, joita pitkin jalkamiehet
kulkivat. Mutta sen kautta olisi tullut hiukan kierrosta, niin tahtoi Otto
kumppaleitaan kahlaamaan siitä kohdalta kosken alapuolelta joen
yli. Siinä oli matala paikka, että kengät riisumalla vähän veden
aikana siitä pääsikin.
— Setä myöskin!
Mutta juuri kun Antti sai paidan päälleen, kuului joesta hätäinen,
tuhahdettu huuto: setää-ä! Auttakaa!
Otto oli vielä kerran viehättynyt uimaan syvänteen päälle, mutta
kun hän kääntyi takaisin päin, niin huomasikin hän uineensa liian
kauvaksi ja tunsi voimainsa pettävän. Hän hätääntyi, kun matala
rantavesikin näytti jatkavan paluumatkan pituutta.
— Auttakaa! Setä!
Hän heittäytyi uimaan ja sai poikaan kiinni, kun tämä oli uudelleen
vaipumassa. Samassa tarttui Otto häneen kiinni.
Mutta apu oli turha, sillä vasta monen tunnin kuluttua saatiin
ruumiit hämärässä syyskesän yössä rannalle. Mutta eihän niihin
enään eloa saatu.
*****
Pikku-Kankaalla odotti Anna aikansa Anttia kotia, mutta kun häntä
ei kuulunut, niin pani levolle pikku Ilmarin kanssa.
— Ei äiti tiedä, missä on. Kyllä hän kohta tulee. Nuku sinä vaan!
Tuli aamu ja Anna odotti Antin tuloa. Hän oli piian kanssa saanut
jo lehmät lypsetyksi ja piika oli lähtenyt viemään niitä syöttömaahan.
Katsoessaan ikkunasta, näki hän Törmälän äijän hitain askelin
lähestyvän pihalla portaita.
— Mistä isä meille niin olisi suuttunut. Kyllä se tuo vaari höpsii.
Kohta isä tulee. Sitte Ilmari pääsee isän kanssa ajamaan.
Silmät kyyneleitä täynnä tuli hän ulos ja otti Ilmarin syliinsä. Poika
nähdessään hänen itkevän, rupesi myöskin itkemään.
Samana aamuna, kun Anna sai tietää Antin kuoleman, tuli Mehtälän
Jussi, tuon Oton kanssa olleen Matin isä, Isolle-Kankaalle
leikkuutyöhön. Väki pirtissä oli syömässä, kun isäntäkin tuli pirttiin
synkkänä ja puhumatonna. Hänkin kävi pöytään väen mukana.
Taasen alkoi hän niittää; mutta hänen ruumiinsa teki työtä kuin
kone, ajatukset eivät olleet työn mukana. Voi, kun olen ollut tyhmä,
tyhmä satakertaisesti. Olen pitänyt itseäni jonain, muita en minään ja
yksi tapaus on tehnyt tyhjäksi entisen elämäni sisällön. Mikä minä