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The Newman Lectures
on Mathematics
The Newman Lectures
on Mathematics

John Newman
Vincent Battaglia
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988

Email: editorial@panstanford.com
Web: www.panstanford.com

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

The Newman Lectures on Mathematics

Copyright © 2018 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without written permission from the publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.

ISBN 978-981-4774-25-3 (Hardcover)

ISBN 978-1-315-10885-8 (eBook)
 Contents

Introduction and Philosophical Remarks ix

1. Differentiation of Integrals 1

2. Linear, First-Order Differential Equations 3

3. Linear Systems 5

4. Linearization of Nonlinear Problems 7

5. Reduction of Order 13

6. Linear, Second-Order Differential Equations 17

7. Euler’s Equation and Equations with Constant

Coefficients 21
7.1 Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients 21
7.2 Equidimensional Equations 23

8. Series Solutions and Singular Points 25

9. Legendre’s Equation and Special Functions 31

10. Laplace Transformation 37

11. The Sturm–Liouville System 47

12. Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations 51

13. Vector Calculus 57

14. Classification and Examples of Partial Differential

Equations 69
14.1 Elliptic Equations 71
14.2 Parabolic Equations 73
14.3 Hyperbolic Equations 73
vi Contents

15. Steady Heat Conduction in a Rectangle 77

16. Coordinate Transformations 89

17. Disk Electrode in an Insulating Plane 95

18. Suspension of Charged Drops 103

19. Transient Temperature Distribution in a Slab 107

19.1 Solution by Separation of Variables.
Series Solutions and Superposition 108
19.2 Similarity Solution for Short Times or
Thick Slabs 109
19.3 Solution by the Method of Laplace Transforms 111

20. Inversion of Laplace Transforms by the Method

of Residues 115

21. Similarity Transformations 119

22. Superposition Integrals and Integral Equations 125

22.1 Duhamel’s Theorem 127
22.2 Integral Equations 128
22.3 Catalytic Reaction at a Surface 130
22.4 Superposition Integral from Laplace’s Equation 131
22.5 Wealth of Superposition Integrals 133

23. Migration in Rapid Double-Layer Charging 141

24. Fourier Transforms 147

24.1 Finite Fourier Transform 147
24.2 Extension to the Fourier Transform 149
24.3 More General Fourier Transforms 151
24.4 Diffusion from a Finite Region 152
24.5 The Convolution Integral 154
24.6 Finishing the Diffusion Problem 155
24.7 Formal Connection with Laplace Transforms 157

25. Conformal Mapping 163

25.1 A Coordinate Transformation 163
25.2 Analytic Functions 167
25.3 Conformal Mapping 169
 Contents vii

25.4 Preserving Laplace’s Equation 169

25.5 The Schwarz–Christoffel Transformation 172
25.6 Translating the Flux Densities 176
25.7 Transformations for a Photoelectrochemical Cell 177

26. Calculus of Variations 181

26.1 The Euler–Lagrange Formula 182
26.2 Application to the Shortest Distance 183
26.3 Optimization with a Constraint 184
26.4 Optimization with End Points Not Fixed 185
26.5 Other Examples 188

Further Readings 199

Index: Mathematics 201

Index: Physics 205
Introduction and Philosophical Remarks

This book covers vector calculus and ordinary and partial differential
equations, both with Laplace transforms. However, the treatment
of ordinary differential equations is somewhat abstract because
many ordinary differential equations of interest arise in the course
of solving partial differential equations. Occasionally, a problem
is reduced to an integral equation or the utility of numerical or
perturbation methods is indicated. Singular perturbations have been
detailed further in Volume 3, The Newman Lectures on Transport
Phenomena, of this book series.
The present book emphasizes that readers should be able to
analyze the problems they encounter in chemical engineering
courses. It exposes them to methods of mathematical thinking
and presents selected examples that illustrate the techniques that
are useful in a typical evening by the fire with a pen and a pad of
paper. The book does not focus on the rigorous proof of theorems
such as existence and uniqueness of solutions. However, it does give
importance to formal manipulations because trivial errors consume
a lot of time, which can otherwise be devoted to useful activities.
It suggests the readers to follow these three important steps for
problem solving:
1. Formulate the problem in mathematical terms. This may be
done with varying degrees of completeness or detail, but one
should always make sure that the important features of the
physical situation are adequately described. For problems of
common types, this part may be easy, but some problems are
new and require careful consideration.
2. Work through to obtain a solution using the mathematical
tools at your disposal. You may need to introduce additional
approximations or assumptions in order to get an answer.
3. Contemplate the physical meaning of the results. You should be
able to explain qualitatively why the results behave as they do.
Be on the lookout for physical absurdities or impossibilities.
These may result from an incorrect formulation of the problem
x Introduction and Philosophical Remarks

with neglect of important factors or from approximations

or even errors introduced during the solution. It should
be possible to check, at least a posteriori, the validity of an
approximation. On the other hand, one may want to live
with the consequences of an approximation, recognizing the
limitations of the solution in certain regions.
Chapter 1

Differentiation of Integrals

In the solution to differential equations, either in abstract terms

or in specific instances, one frequently arrives at an integral of the
general form
L2 ( x )

I( x ) = Ú
L1 ( x )
F ( x , x )dx . (1.1)

This is so because the differential equation is considered solved if

the expression for the unknown can be reduced to such an integral,
even if the integral cannot be evaluated in the closed form.
In order to verify such a solution or to derive its properties, it
may be necessary to differentiate it. Hence, you should verify that its
derivative is
L2 ( x )
dI dL2 dL ∂F
=
dx dx
F [ x , L2 ( x )] - 1 F [ x , L1 ( x )] +
dx Ú
L1 ( x )
∂x
dx . (1.2)

This is called the Leibniz rule.

Problems
1.1 Verify Eq. 1.2.
•

Ú
2
1.2 Differentiate e -x dx with respect to t.
y /2 Dt

The Newman Lectures on Mathematics

John Newman and Vincent Battaglia
Copyright © 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
ISBN 978-981-4774-25-3 (Hardcover), 978-1-315-10885-8 (eBook)
www.panstanford.com
2 Differentiation of Integrals

1.3 Differentiate the integral of Problem 1.2 with respect to y.

1.4 Can the integral in Eq. 1.2 be evaluated directly, since it is an
integral of a derivative?
Chapter 2

Linear, First-Order Differential Equations

The general form of a linear, first-order differential equation is

dy
+ a(x)y = f(x). (2.1)
dx
This can be solved by means of an integrating factor F,
Ï x ¸
F = exp Ì
Ó
ÚL1
a dx ˝ ,
˛
(2.2)

where the lower limit L1 can be selected to make F as simple as

2
possible. For example, if a = x, the selection L1= 0 gives F = e x /2
. If
a = 1/x, the selection L1 = 1 gives F = x.
Multiplication of Eq. 2.1 by F yields
dy dFy
+ Fay =
F = Ff . (2.3)
dx dx
The form 2 of the integrating factor F is easy to remember since it
converts the left side of Eq. 2.3 to a perfect differential. To verify this,
one needs to make use of Eq. 1.2 for the differentiation of an integral.
Integration of Eq. 2.3 gives
x
Fy = Ú L2
Ffdx + A , (2.4)

where A is a constant of integration and where again L2 can be

selected so as to yield the simplest expression. Thus, the general
solution for y is
The Newman Lectures on Mathematics
John Newman and Vincent Battaglia
Copyright © 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
ISBN 978-981-4774-25-3 (Hardcover), 978-1-315-10885-8 (eBook)
www.panstanford.com
4 Linear, First-Order Differential Equations

x x x
- ÚL1 adx x ÚL1 adx - ÚL1 adx
y=e Ú
L2
fe dx + Ae . (2.5)

This general solution contains one arbitrary constant A, as is

appropriate for a first-order equation. Here one recognizes the first
term in Eq. 2.5 as a particular solution to Eq. 2.1 and the second term
as the general solution to the corresponding homogeneous equation,
as discussed in the next section on linear systems.
As an example, the general solution to the equation
dp
+ 2xp = 1 (2.6)
dx
is
x
Ú
2 2 2
p = e- x e x dx + Ae - x . (2.7)
0

One should notice that here we have not been careful to distin-
guish the dummy variable of integration x from the independent
variable x. If both appeared in the integrand, one would have to
distinguish the two. For example, Eq. 2.7 should, more properly, be
written as
x x
Ú Ú
2 2 2 2
- x2 2
p = e- x ex dx + Ae - x = ex dx + Ae - x . (2.8)
0 0

Problems
2.1 Show that Eq. 2.5 is a solution to Eq. 2.1.
2.2 Write the general solution to Eq. 2.6 with L1 = 1 and L2 = 2 and
show that the result is equivalent to Eq. 2.7.
Chapter 3

Linear Systems

A linear problem is to determine y from the equation

L {y} = F, (3.1)
where F is given and L is a linear operator. A linear operator has
the following properties:
1. L {ay} = a L {y}, where a is a scalar constant. (From this, it
follows that L {0} = 0.)
2. L {y + z} = L {y} + L {z}.
For example, differentiation is a linear operation.
Because linear problems are more tractable than nonlinear
problems, considerable attention is devoted in applied mathematics
to their solution. This relative simplicity is related to the property of
superposition of solutions. A linear problem is homogeneous if F = 0:
L {y} = 0. (3.2)
This is also said to be the homogeneous equation corresponding to
Eq. 3.1. It follows from the properties of a linear operator that if y
and z are each a solution to a linear, homogeneous problem, then
Ay + Bz is also a solution, where A and B are arbitrary constants. For
example, y = x and y = 1 are both solutions to the equation
d2 y
= 0. (3.3)
dx 2

The Newman Lectures on Mathematics

John Newman and Vincent Battaglia
Copyright © 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
ISBN 978-981-4774-25-3 (Hardcover), 978-1-315-10885-8 (eBook)
www.panstanford.com
6 Linear Systems

Hence, the general solution to this equation is

y = Ax + B. (3.4)
We know this to be the general solutions because two independent
constants are appropriate to a second-order equation. The principle
of superposition can then be applied to the linear problem 1 because
the general solution to that problem can be expressed as
y = yp + yh, (3.5)
where yp is any particular solution to Eq. 3.1 and yh is the general
solution to the corresponding homogeneous Eq. 3.2. Thus, the
original problem can be decomposed into two simpler problems.
This explains the terminology used to describe the solution given by
Eq. 2.5. The concept of superposition of solutions to linear problems
will be used repeatedly in this book.

Problems
3.1 Is L a linear operator if it is defined as
a. L {y} = y2 ?
b. L {y} = y + 2 ?
c. L {y} = dy/dx ?
d. L {y} = a1(x)y ?
e. L {y} = (d/dx)[a1(x)y] ?
3.2 If L is a linear operator, which of the following problems are
linear problems?
a. L {y} = 3y
b. L {y} = 2x + b
c. L {y} = ey
Chapter 4

Linearization of Nonlinear Problems

The relative ease of treating linear problems frequently leads one

to introduce approximations that produce a linear problem. There
is something of an art in the formulation of mathematical models
since the model is useless if it is intractable and equally useless if
it fails to describe the salient features of the physical system. One
recommended procedure would be to formulate a detailed and
relatively precise model into which one can subsequently introduce
approximations of a mathematical nature. It is usually possible to
use the approximate solution thereby obtained to assess the validity
of the approximations that have been made. Thus, the contemplation
of an approximate solution is an important part of analysis.
If an approximate solution is slightly in error or is significantly in
error, but only in a restricted domain, it may be possible to make a
correction. This leads to the very important perturbation methods,
which give a sound mathematical basis to many approximate
solutions. One can state, as a general principle, that if the nature of
the approximations is well understood, it should always be possible
to use the approximate solution as a basis for a perturbation
expansion.
While perturbation methods are strictly outside the scope of this
book, we shall, from time to time, draw attention to cases where an
approximate solution might be examined in detail and a perturbation
expansion would be appropriate.

The Newman Lectures on Mathematics

John Newman and Vincent Battaglia
Copyright © 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
ISBN 978-981-4774-25-3 (Hardcover), 978-1-315-10885-8 (eBook)
www.panstanford.com
8 Linearization of Nonlinear Problems

Linearization of nonlinear problems finds widespread use. In

the examination of the stability of Poiseuille flow in a tube, it is
only necessary to examine whether a small, arbitrary disturbance
superposed on the basic, steady velocity profile will grow or
decay in time or distance down the tube. In process dynamics and
control, the response of a system at a given steady state to minor
fluctuations in input variables or external conditions can be analyzed
by linearization. In electronic amplification, vacuum tubes and
transistors can be treated as linear elements, and the useful range of
the equipment is thus defined.
Linearization is also used widely in the numerical solution to
nonlinear problems where, by iteration or successive approxima-
tions, it is frequently possible to obtain the desired solution to the
original problem. A simple example is the Newton–Raphson method
for determining the root of a function y(x) = 0. This is illustrated
graphically in Fig. 4.1. For an initial value x0, one calculates y0 and
the derivative dy/dx. By linearization, one next calculates a second
approximation:
dy
y = y0 + ( x - x0 ) = 0 . (4.1)
dx 1
x1 = x0 – y0/(dy/dx). (4.2)
When this method works, it converges very rapidly. Many
successive approximation methods are generalizations of this
concept (see, for example, Chapter 12).
Let us illustrate how a particular problem might be linearized
to yield useful results. An experimental flow loop is sketched in
Fig. 4.2. The hydraulic characteristics of the experimental apparatus
are approximated by the resistance of an orifice. The problem is that
the pump introduces pulsations in the flow rate. A closed air cavity
has been installed between the pump and the experimental appara-
tus in order to damp these pulsations. On an intuitive basis, we might
anticipate that low-frequency pulsations would be little damped,
while high-frequency pulsations might be effectively eliminated.
How should the air cavity be designed without the solution to a com-
plicated nonlinear problem? We shall neglect inertial effects here,
although they can alter significantly the damping characteristics.
We shall also neglect the hydrostatic head in the air cavity and take
pc = p1 (see Fig. 4.2).
 Linearization of Nonlinear Problems 9

x2 x1 x0 x

Figure 4.1 Use of the Newton–Raphson method to find x such that y(x) = 0.

Air cavity Vc

pc Orifice
Pump
Æ Æ
u2 p1 u1 pO

Reservoir
Figure 4.2 The use of an air cavity to damp pulsations in a flow loop.

Let the various flow quantities be represented as sums of their

average values and oscillating parts, presumed to be small:
u1 = u + u1′ ¸
u2 = u + u2′ ÔÔ
˝. (4.3)
pc = p + p′ Ô
Vc = V + V ′ Ô˛
10 Linearization of Nonlinear Problems

The resistance of the orifice is described by the equation

r Ê AT2 ˆ
pc - pO = 2Á 2
- 1˜ u1 | u1 |, (4.4)
2C Ë AO ¯

where AO is the area of the orifice opening, AT is the cross-sectional

area of the tubing, and C is the orifice coefficient. The pressure in the
air cavity is described by an equation for adiabatic expansion
pcVcg = constant, (4.5)
where g is the polytropic coefficient of the gas. The material balance
on the liquid is
dVc
= AT (u1 - u2 ) . (4.6)
dt
With Eq. 4.3, Eq. 4.4 for the orifice becomes
r Ê AT2 ˆ
p - pO + p′ = 2Á 2
2C Ë AO ¯
( )
- 1˜ u 2 + 2uu1′ + (u1′ )2 . (4.7)

The square of the small term u1¢ is to be neglected in the

linearization. Then the steady components of Eq. 4.7 can be equated
r Ê AT2 ˆ
p - pO = 2Á 2
- 1˜ u 2 , (4.8)
2C Ë AO ¯
and the nonsteady components can be equated
r Ê AT2 ˆ
p′ = 2Á 2
- 1˜ 2uu1′ . (4.9)
2C Ë AO ¯
Equation 4.5 can be linearized by differentiation
dp′ dV ′
Vcg + g pcVcg -1 = 0. (4.10)
dt dt
When the squares of the small, oscillating terms are neglected, this
becomes
dV ′ V dp′
=- . (4.11)
dt g p dt
Equation 4.6 is already linear and can be written as
dV ′
= AT (u1′ - u2′ ) . (4.12)
dt
 Linearization of Nonlinear Problems 11

Combination of Eqs. 4.9, 4.11, and 4.12 gives

dV ′ V dp′ V r Ê AT2 ˆ du′
= AT (u1′ - u2′ ) = - =- 2Á 2
- 1˜ u 1 (4.13)
dt g p dt g p C Ë AO ¯ dt
or
du1¢
t + u1¢ = u2¢ , (4.14)
dt
where
V ru Ê AT2 ˆ
t= 2Á 2
- 1˜ . (4.15)
g pATC Ë AO ¯
Suppose now that the pump output can be represented as
u¢2 = A sin wt. (4.16)
After transients have decayed, the oscillating velocity through the
orifice will be
u¢1 = B sin (wt+f). (4.17)
The ratio of the amplitude of the oscillation of the velocity in the
orifice to that in the velocity of the pump output will be
| u1¢ | B 1
= = . (4.18)
| u2¢ | A 1 + w 2t 2
We see from these results that high-frequency oscillations will be
more strongly damped than low-frequency oscillations. Further-
more, better damping occurs for a large volume of the air cavity
and a high resistance of the orifice and will also depend on the flow
velocity.
Chapter 5

Reduction of Order

If, in a differential equation, either the independent or the dependent

variable does not appear, it is possible to reduce the order of the
equation. For example, the variable y is not explicitly present in the
equation
d2 y dy
2
+ 3x 2 = 0. (5.1)
dx dx
Introduction of the variable
dy
p= (5.2)
dx
reduces the equation to
dp
+ 3x 2 p = 0 . (5.3)
dx
This linear, first-order equation with separable variables has the
solution
dy 3
p= = Ae - x . (5.4)
dx
A second integration yields the general solution to Eq. 5.1:
x
Ú
3
y=A e - x dx + B. (5.5)
0

The Newman Lectures on Mathematics

John Newman and Vincent Battaglia
Copyright © 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
ISBN 978-981-4774-25-3 (Hardcover), 978-1-315-10885-8 (eBook)
www.panstanford.com
14 Reduction of Order

The equation
d 2T
= K (T - Ta ) (5.6)
dx 2
with the boundary conditions
T = TW at x = 0¸
˝ (5.7)
dT /dx = 0 at x = L˛
describes the temperature distribution in a cooling fin [1] whose
thickness is small compared to its height L. Here TW is the tempera-
ture of the wall at the base of the fin, Ta is the temperature of the air
flowing past the fin, and K is a constant involving the heat-transfer
coefficient between the fin and the air, the thermal conductivity of
the fin, and the thickness of the fin. Since the independent variable
x does not appear explicitly in the differential equation, the order of
the equation can be reduced from two to one. Since Eq. 5.6 is a linear
equation with constant coefficients, its solution can be effected by
standard techniques (see Chapter 7). Its solution here will be rel-
egated to the problems.
In the treatment of porous electrodes [2], the following nonlinear
problem arises:
d 2 y dy
= (d y - e ) , (5.8)
dx 2 dx
with the boundary conditions
y = 0 at x = 0 and y = 1 at x = 1. (5.9)
Here δ and e are constants. Here again, the independent variable x
does not appear. Introduce
dy d 2 y dp dp dy dp
p= , so that 2 = = =p . (5.10)
dx dx dx dy dx dy
Equation 5.8 becomes
dp / dy = d y - e (5.11)
with the solution
dy 1 2
p= = d y -e y + A . (5.12)
dx 2
Note that here, where x is absent from the equation, p is expressed
in terms of y. (In contrast, in the first example where y was absent
 Problems 15

from the differential equation, p was expressed in Eq. 5.4 in terms of

x.) Integration of Eq. 5.12 gives
1 Êd y -e ˆ y
tan -1 Á ˜ =x- , (5.13)
q Ë 2q ¯ q
1
where q = 2d A - e 2 and y/q is a constant of integration.
2
Rearrangement of Eq. 5.13 gives the general solution to Eq. 5.8:
2q e
y= tan(q x - y ) + . (5.14)
d d
Since Eq. 5.8 is nonlinear, Eq. 5.14 does not represent the super-
position of two linearly independent solutions, and the integration
constants q and y are not in positions that permit their easy
evaluation. To satisfy the boundary conditions 9, q and y must be
calculated by trial and error from the equations
2qd e .(5.15)
tanq = 2 and tany =
4q - e(d - e ) 2q
The physical situation giving rise to this problem requires that y be
finite between x = 0 and x = 1. This means that –y and q – y must lie
on the same branch of the tangent function, which in turn requires
that 0 < q < p.

References
1. R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, and Edwin N. Lightfoot.
Transport Phenomena, revised 2nd ed. New York: Wiley
(2007).
2. John S. Newman and Charles W. Tobias. “Theoretical analysis
of current distribution in porous electrodes.” Journal of the
Electrochemical Society, 109, 1183–1191 (1962).

Problems
5.1 Derive, by the method of this chapter, the solution to Eqs. 5.6
and 5.7.
5.2 In the calculation of the potential and charge distribution near
a plane boundary of an ionized gas or an electrolytic solution,
one encounters the nonlinear problem
16 Reduction of Order

d 2f
2 = sinh f , f = f0 at x = 0, f Æ 0 as x Æ • .
dx
Solve for the potential f.
Chapter 6

Linear, Second-Order Differential

Equations

A linear, second-order equation can be written in the general form

d2 y dy
2
+ a1 ( x ) + a2 ( x ) y = f ( x ) . (6.1)
dx dx
It is not possible to write down immediately the general solution.
However, one can proceed to that goal if one knows a solution y1(x)
of the corresponding homogeneous equation, that is, if y1 satisfies
the equation
d 2 y1 dy1
2
+ a1 ( x ) + a2 ( x ) y1 = 0 . (6.2)
dx dx
With this knowledge, let us seek the general solution by defining
a new dependent variable z:
y = zy1. (6.3)
The differential equation for z now becomes
d2z Ê d ln y1 ˆ dz f (x) . (6.4)
+ Á a1 + 2 ˜¯ dx = y ( x )
dx 2 Ë dx 1

Since z no longer appears in the equation, we can apply reduction in

order techniques (see Chapter 5). The equation for p = dz/dx is
dp Ê d ln y1 ˆ f (x)
+ Á a1 + 2 p= . (6.5)
dx Ë dx ˜¯ y1 ( x )

The Newman Lectures on Mathematics

John Newman and Vincent Battaglia
Copyright © 2018 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
ISBN 978-981-4774-25-3 (Hardcover), 978-1-315-10885-8 (eBook)
www.panstanford.com
18 Linear, Second-Order Differential Equations

This is a linear, first-order equation and has the solution (see

Chapter 2)
dz 1 x A
p= =
dx y12G Ú L2
y1 fGdx +
y12G
, (6.6)

where
x
ÚL1 a1dx
G=e . (6.7)
If Eq. 6.6 is integrated again and the result is expressed in terms
of y, then the general solution to Eq. 6.1 is found to be
x 1 x x dx
y = y1 Ú
L3 y 2G L2
1
Ú y1 fGdxdx + Ay1 Ú
L4 y12G
+ By1 , (6.8)

where A and B are arbitrary integration constants, and the lower

limits L1, L2, L3, and L4 can be chosen so as to make the expressions
as simple as possible.
If we write
x dx
y2 = y1 Ú L4 y12G
, (6.9)

then we recognize y1 and y2 as two linearly independent solutions

to the homogeneous equation corresponding to Eq. 6.1, and the first
term on the right in Eq. 6.8 is a particular solution to Eq. 6.1. This
term can be integrated by parts, and the solution 6.8 rewritten as
x
y= Ú
ÈÎ y1 (t ) y2 ( x ) - y1 ( x ) y2 (t )˘˚ f (t )G(t )dt + Ay2 + B ¢ y1 .
L2
 (6.10)
As an example, let us solve the different equation
d2 y dy
+ 2x -2y = 0 (6.11)
dx 2 dx
subject to the boundary conditions
y Æ 0 as x Æ • ¸
˝. (6.12)
y Æ x as x Æ -• ˛
We can see by inspection that y1 = x is a solution to this homogeneous
equation. Hence, with y = xz, the equation for z becomes
d2z dz
x + 2(1 + x 2 ) = 0. (6.13)
dx 2 dx
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
A boa arte de reinar
Em um coração rendido,
A não serdes vós nascido,
Não se pudera imitar:
Vós não podeis ensinar
Com paridades e apodos
Os bons meios e os bons modos,
Com que todo o mundo embaça,
Porque sempre estaes de graça,
Por fazer-nos graça á todos.

O generoso da mão,
O coração varonil,
Onde vos cabe o Brazil,
E sobeja coração:
Com pobres a compaixão,
Com ricos o liberal,
Na amizade tão leal,
Na palavra tão massiço,
Para mim tudo é feitiço,
Sendo tudo natural.
 DESPEDE-SE
O P. DA BAHIA QUANDO FOI DEGRADADO PARA ANGOLA

Adeus, praia; adeus, cidade,

E agora me deverás,
Velhaca, dar eu a Deus
A quem devo ao demo dar.

Quero agora que me devas

Dar-te a Deus, como quem cahe,
Sendo que estás tão cahida,
Que nem Deus te quererá:

Adeus, povo; adeus, Bahia,

Digo canalha infernal,
E não fallo na nobreza,
Tabula era que se não dá.

Porque o nobre emfim é nobre,

Quem honra tem, honra dá,
Picaros dão picardias,
E ainda lhes fica que dar

E tu, cidade, és tão vil,

Que o que em ti quizer campar
Não tem mais do que metter-se
A magano, e campará.

Seja ladrão descoberto,

E qual aguia imperial
Tenha na unha o rapante,
E na vista o prespicaz.
A uns compre, a outros venda,
Que eu lhe seguro o medrar,
Seja velhaco notorio,
E tramoeiro fatal.

Compre tudo e pague nada,

Deva aqui, deva acolá,
Perca o pejo e a vergonha,
E si casar case mal.

Porfiar em ser fidalgo,

Que com tanto se achará:
Si tiver mulher formosa,
Gabe-a por esses poiaes;

De virtuosa talvez,
E de entendida outro tal;
Introduza-se ao burlesco
Nas casas onde se achar.

Que ha donzellas de belisco,

E aos punhos se gastára,
Tracte-lhes um galanteio,
E um....., que é o principal.

Arrime-se a um poderoso,
Que lhe alimente o gargaz,
Que ha pagadores na terra
Tão duros como no mar

A estes faça alguns mandados

A titulo de agradar,
E conserve o affectuoso
Confessando desegual.
Intime-lhe a fidalguia,
Que eu creio que lh’o crerá,
E que fique ella por ella
Quando lhe ouvir outro tal.

Vá visitar os amigos
No engenho de cada qual,
E comendo-os por um pé
Nunca tire o pé de lá.

Que os Brazileiros são bestas,

E estarão a trabalhar
Toda a vida, por manterem
Maganos de Portugal.

Como se vir homem rico,

Tenha cuidado em guardar,
Que aqui honram os mofinos,
E mofam dos liberaes.

No Brazil a fidalguia
No bom sangue nunca está,
Nem no bom procedimento:
Pois logo em que póde estar?

Consiste em muito dinheiro,

E consiste em o guardar,
Cada um a guardar bem,
Para ter que gastar mal.

Consiste em da-lo a maganos

Que o saibam lisongear,
Dizendo que é descendente
Da casa de Villa Real.
Si guardar o seu dinheiro,
Onde quizer casará,
Que os sogros não querem homens,
Querem caixas de guardar.

Não coma o genro, nem vista,

Que esse é genro universal,
Todos o querem por genro,
Genro de todos será.

Oh! assolada veja eu

Cidade tão suja e tal,
Avesso de todo o mundo,
Só direita em se entortar.

Terra, que não se parece

Neste mappa universal
Com outra; e ou são ruins todas,
Ou ella sómente é má.

FIM DO TOMO PRIMEIRO

 INDICE DO TOMO I
Introducção V
Vida do dr. Gregorio de Mattos Guerra pelo 1
licenceado Manuel Pereira Rebello
Aos vicios: tercetos 41
Benze-se o P. de varias acções que 45
observava na sua patria
Reprovações 48
Verdades 53
Justiça que faz o P. na honra hypocrita pelos 67
estragos que anda fazendo na verdadeira
honra
Dialogo entre o Demonio e a Alma 73
Contra os ingratos murmuradores do bem 77
que actualmente recebem da mãe universal,
que os affaga, se queixa a Bahia,
confessando-se das culpas, que lhe dão,
pelos preceitos do Decalogo
Á gente da Bahia 100
Observações criticas sobre varias materias 109
por occasião do cometa apparecido em 1680
A fome que houve na Bahia no anno de 1691 116
Retrato do governador Antonio Luiz da 120
Camara Coutinho
Milagres do Brazil. Ao padre Lourenço 126
Ribeiro, homem pardo, que foi vigario da
freguezia de Passé
A um homem humilde que se metteu a 130
fidalgo
A uma briga que teve certo vigario com um 134
ourives por causa de uma mulata
A prisão de duas mulatas por uma querella 138
que d’ellas deu o celebre capitão Domingos
Cardoso, de alcunha o Mangará, pelo furto
de um papagaio
Epigramma sobre varios assumptos 141
Descreve o P. racional e verdadeiramente 144
queixoso os extravagantes meios com que
os extranhos dominam indignamente sobre
os naturaes na sua patria
Retrato do governador Antonio de Sousa de 154
Menezes, chamado o Braço de Prata: sylva
Ao confessor do arcebispo d. frei João da 159
Madre de Deus
Em 1686 diminuiram aquelle valor a que se 164
havia erguido a moeda quando o P. estava
na côrte, onde então com seu alto juizo
sentiu mal do arbitrista que assim o
aconselhára a el-rei, &
Retrato do padre Damaso da Silva 168
Marinicolas 172
Ao Braço Forte, estando preso por ordem do 180
governador Braço de Prata
Á D. João de Alencastre, que vindo do 185
governo de Angola por escala a Bahia, e
estando nella hospede do governador
Antonio Luiz Gonçalves da Camara
Coutinho, seu cunhado, em cujo desagrado
se achava o P., se queixou de que este o não
houvesse visitado, pedindo-lhe que ao
menos lhe fizesse uma satyra por obsequio
Á João Gonçalves da Camara Coutinho, filho 188
do dito governador Antonio Luiz Gonçalves
da Camara, tomando posse de uma
Companhia de infantes em dia de S. João
Baptista, assistindo-lhe de sargento seu tio
dom João de Alencastre
Á Pedro Alvres da Neiva, quando embarcou 191
para Portugal: romance
No Boqueirão de S. Antonio do Carmo, 197
dentro de uma peça de artilharia
descavalgada esteve muitos dias uma cobra
surucucú assaltando aos que passavam com
morte de varias pessoas, sendo governador
Antonio Luiz Gonçalves da Camara Coutinho
(é este o assumpto da poesia): romance
Á Brites, uma parda dama, vulgarmente 200
chamada Betica, pedindo-lhe cem mil réis:
romance
Á Annica, outra similhante parda, pedindo- 204
lhe um cruzado para pagar uns sapatos:
romance
Á umas moças que costumavam ir a uma 207
roça: romance
Á mulata Joanna Gafeira, estando queixosa 209
do P. a haver satyrisado
Á Damazia, outra mulata que chamava seu 212
um vestido que trazia de sua senhora:
romance
Á uma dama por nome Ignacia Paredes: 215
romance
Á uma moça por nome Barbara: romance 219
Satyrisa allegoricamente a varios ladrões da 223
republica: romance
Ao padre Damaso da Silva: romance 232
Á Bento Pereira: romance 237
Aos cavalleiros que correram na Festa das 239
Virgens no anno de 1685, primeiro do
govêrno do marquez das Minas
Á cavallaria da Festa das Virgens no tempo 249
do governo de João de Alencastre, sendo
juiz Gonçalo Ravasco Cavalcante de
Albuquerque
Chegando o marquez das Minas a governar 264
o Estado com o conde do Prado, seu filho,
tractou logo de alliviar os magnates da
Bahia, chamando-os do desterro em que
padeciam, amedrontados do seu antecessor
pela morte que outros deram ao alcaide mór
Francisco Telles, e por acção de graças lhe
fez o secretario de Estado Bernardo Vieira
Ravasco esta decima, que o P. glozou com
os primeiros costumados metaphoricamente
Á uns clerigos, que indo ao exame do 270
cantochão para ordens sacras na presença
do arcebispo d. João Franco de Oliveira,
desafinaram perturbados
Epistola ao conde do Prado: romance 273
Á tres freiras do Convento da Rosa, todas 277
irmãs, a quem ouviu o auctor cantar, e a uma
tanger rabecão
Á duas moças pardas 280
Á sogra de Gonçalo Dias, mandando-lhes 283
uns sonhos
Á Brites, uma dama pretendida de muitos e 286
de nenhum lograda
Conversa que teve o auctor em uma roça 289
com a mesma dama
Á mesma Brites, arrependida de haver 291
casado
Á uma moça chamada Thereza, de côr 294
trigueira
Á uma dama a quem o P. em certa occasião 296
achou mais formosa do que costumava ver
Á uma dama esquiva 299
Dando uma que da á vista de uma dama, 302
que se entende ser a celebrada Babú
Julga o P. com subtileza a culpa de 305
acontecimentos iniquos no tempo abstracto.
Entende-se ser esta obra satyra ao
governador Antonio de Sousa de Menezes,
por alcunha o Braço de Prata
Á Luiz Cesar de Menezes, governador de 309
Angola, pedindo-lhe de Carconda certo favor
ou despacho por titulos de comedias
Redargue o P. a doutrina ou maxima do bem 312
viver que muitos politicos seguem de
involver-se na confusão de homens perdidos
o nescios, para passarem com menos
incommodo esta humana vida
Descreve o rico feitio de um celebre Gregorio 318
de Negreiros, em que varias vezes falla,
moço com quem gracejava com divertimento
naquelle sitio
Á Henrique da Cunha, chegando do sitio da 321
Itapema á Cajahyba
Pedindo-se a soltura de um mulato á seu 326
senhor
Á Antonia, moça parda de Pernamirim 329
chamada vulgarmente Catona
Á mesma Catona, despedindo-se o auctor de 332
Pernamirim para a villa de S. Francisco
Á Annica, uma mulata da Cajahyba 335
Á uma mulata de Pernamirim chamada Luzia 338
Á Antonia, moça parda, chamada a 341
Marimbonda, que morava na rua da Poeira, e
a viu o P. no Campo da Palma debaixo de
uma urupemba em casa de uma amiga.
Allude ao remedio sympathico de se queimar
a casa dos marimbondos, para se extinguir
logo a dôr das suas picadas
Saudoso de Pernamirim e por occasião de 344
haver visto na villa de S. Francisco, onde
estava, um moleque chamado Moçorongo,
escreve a um amigo d’aquelle sitio: romance
Escreve tambem queixoso a um seu amigo 347
Ignacio, morador em Pernamirim, em quem
falla no romance antecedente: romance
Á Antonio de Andrade, sendo dispenseiro da 351
Misericordia
Ao capitão João Rodrigues dos Reis, homem 354
generoso e alentado, grande amigo do P.
Despede-se o P. da Bahia quando foi 357
degradado para Angola
 Nota
A capa foi criada pelo transcritor e se coloca no dominio publico.
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