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 Page iii

We The
People

AN INTRODUCTION TO
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Thirteenth Edition

THOMAS E. PATTERSON
Bradlee Professor of Government
and the Press
John F. Kennedy School of
Government
Harvard University
 Page iv

WE THE PEOPLE: AN INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN GOVERNMENT,

THIRTEENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY
10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions
© 2017, 2015, and 2013. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in
a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network
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Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not
be available to customers outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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ISBN 978-1-259-91240-5 (bound edition)
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ISBN 978-1-260-16575-3 (loose-leaf edition)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Patterson, Thomas E. Title: We the people / Thomas E.
Patterson, Bradlee Professor of Government and the Press, John F.
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Description:
Thirteenth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2019]
Identifiers: LCCN 2018041814 | ISBN 9781259912405 (alk. paper) |
ISBN 125991240X (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: United States–
Politics and government. Classification: LCC JK276 .P38 2019 | DDC
320.473–dc23 LC record available at
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 Page v

To My Son and Daughter.

Alex and Leigh

 Page vi

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Courtesy of Thomas Patterson

Thomas E. Patterson is Bradlee Professor of Government and

the Press in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard
University. He was previously Distinguished Professor of Political
Science in the Maxwell School of Citizenship at Syracuse University.
Raised in a small Minnesota town near the Iowa and South Dakota
borders, he attended South Dakota State University as an
undergraduate and served in the U.S. Army Special Forces in
Vietnam before enrolling at the University of Minnesota, where he
received his PhD in 1971.
Since then, he has regularly taught introductory American
government. In 2013 he was chosen as teacher of the year and
adviser of the year by Harvard University’s Kennedy School of
Government students, the first time a member of its faculty has
received both awards simultaneously.
He has authored numerous books and articles, which focus mainly
on elections, the media, and citizenship. His most recent book,
Informing the News, which was described as “superb” and
“mesmerizing” in one review, examines the public misinformation
resulting from the emergence of partisan outlets and the decline in
citizens’ attention to news. An earlier book, The Vanishing Voter
(2002), describes and explains the long-term decline in voter
participation. His book Out of Order (1994) received national
attention when President Clinton urged every politician and journalist
to read it. In 2002 Out of Order received the American Political
Science Association’s Graber Award for the best book of the past
decade in political communication. Another of Patterson’s books, The
Mass Media Election (1980), received a Choice award as Outstanding
Academic Title, 1980–1981. Patterson’s first book, The Unseeing Eye
(1976), was selected by the American Association for Public Opinion
Research as one of the 50 most influential books of the past half
century in the field of public opinion.
His research has been funded by major grants from the National
Science Foundation, the Markle Foundation, the Smith-Richardson
Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Knight Foundation, The
Carnegie Corporation, and the Pew Charitable Trusts.
 Page vii

CONTENTS
A LETTER FROM THE AUTHOR xix
PREFACE xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi

Chapter One
Critical Thinking and Political Culture:
Becoming a Responsible Citizen 1
Learning to Think Critically 3
Obstacles to Critical Thinking 4
What Political Science Can Contribute to Critical
Thinking 6
Political Culture: Americans’ Enduring Beliefs 7
Core Values: Liberty, Individualism, Equality, and Self-
Government 9
The Limits and Power of Americans’ Ideals 11
Politics and Power in America 16
A Democratic System 18
A Constitutional System 21
A Free-Market System 21
Who Governs? 23
The Text’s Organization 23
Summary 24
Critical Thinking Zone 25
Chapter Two
Constitutional Democracy: Promoting
Liberty and Self-Government 27
Before the Constitution: the Colonial and
Revolutionary Experiences 30
The Declaration of Independence 31
The Articles of Confederation 32
A Nation Dissolving 33 Page viii
Negotiating Toward a Constitution 34
The Great Compromise: A Two-Chamber Congress 34
The Three-Fifths Compromise: Issues of Slavery and
Trade 35
A Strategy for Ratification 36
The Ratification Debate 39
The Framers’ Goals 40
Protecting Liberty: Limited Government 42
Grants and Denials of Power 43
Using Power to Offset Power 44
Separated Institutions Sharing Power: Checks and
Balances 45
The Bill of Rights 48
Judicial Review 49
Providing for Representative Government 52
Democracy versus Republic 52
Limited Popular Rule 53
Altering the Constitution: More Power to the People
54
 Constitutional Democracy Today 59
Summary 60
Critical Thinking Zone 61

Chapter Three
Federalism: Forging a Nation 63
Federalism: National and State Sovereignty 65
The Argument for Federalism 68
The Powers of the Nation and the States 71
Federalism in Historical Perspective 74
An Indestructible Union (1789–1865) 74
Dual Federalism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism (1865–
1937) 78
Contemporary Federalism (Since 1937) 83
Interdependency and Intergovernmental Relations 83
Government Revenues and Intergovernmental
Relations 84
Devolution 87
The Public’s Influence: Setting the Boundaries
of Federal–State Power 92
Summary 93 Page ix
Critical Thinking Zone 94

Chapter Four
Civil Liberties: Protecting Individual
Rights 96
The Bill of Rights, the Fourteenth
Amendment, and Selective Incorporation 98
Freedom of Expression 101
Free Speech 102
Free Assembly 107
Press Freedom and Libel Law 107
Freedom of Religion 108
The Establishment Clause 108
The Free-Exercise Clause 110
The Right to Bear Arms 112
The Right of Privacy 113
Abortion 113
Consensual Sexual Relations among Same-Sex Adults
115
Rights of Persons Accused of Crimes 116
Suspicion Phase: Unreasonable Search and Seizure
116
Arrest Phase: Protection against Self-Incrimination
120
Trial Phase: The Right to a Fair Trial 120
Sentencing Phase: Cruel and Unusual Punishment
123
Appeal: One Chance, Usually 125
Crime, Punishment, and Police Practices 125
Rights and the War on Terrorism 126
Detention of Enemy Combatants 127
Surveillance of Suspected Terrorists 127
The Courts and A Free Society 129
 Summary 129
Critical Thinking Zone 130

Chapter Five Page x

Equal Rights: Struggling toward

Fairness 132
Equality Through Law 134
The Fourteenth Amendment: Equal Protection 134
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 139
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 141
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 143
Affirmative Action 144
The Struggle for Equality 146
Black Americans 147
Women 149
Hispanic Americans 151
Native Americans 154
Asian Americans 157
Other Disadvantaged Groups 159
Discrimination: Superficial Differences, Deep
Divisions 161
Summary 161
Critical Thinking Zone 162

Chapter Six
Public Opinion and Political
Socialization: Shaping the People’s
Voice 164
The Measurement of Public Opinion 166
Public Opinion Polls 167
Opinion Dimensions 169
Problems with Polls 171
Political Socialization: The Origins
of Americans’ Opinions 173
Primary Socializing Agents: Family, School, and
Church 174
Secondary Socializing Agents: Peers, Media, Leaders,
and Events 175
Frames of Reference: How Americans Think
Politically 178
Party Identification 178
Political Ideology 181
Group Orientations 182
The Influence of Public Opinion on Policy 187
Limits on the Public’s Influence 188 Page xi
Public Opinion and the Boundaries of Action
190
Summary 192
Critical Thinking Zone 193
Chapter Seven
Political Participation: Activating the
Popular Will 195
Voter Participation 197
 Factors in Voter Turnout: The United States in
Comparative Perspective 199
Why Some Americans Vote and Others Do Not 204
Conventional Forms of Participation Other
Than Voting 208
Campaign and Lobbying Activities 208
Virtual Participation 209
Community Activities 210
Unconventional Activism: Political Movements
and Protests 212
Recent Protest Movements and Their Success 212
The Public’s Response to Protest Activity 216
Participation and the Potential for Influence
217
Summary 218
Critical Thinking Zone 219

Chapter Eight
Political Parties, Candidates, and
Campaigns: Defining the Voter’s
Choice 220
Party Competition and Majority Rule 222
The First Parties 222
Andrew Jackson and Grassroots Parties 223
Republicans versus Democrats: Realignments and the
Enduring Party System 225
The Nature and Origins of Today’s Party Alignment
228
 Parties and the Vote 231
Electoral and Party Systems 231 Page xii
The Plurality (Single-Member-District) System of
Election 231
Politics and Coalitions in the Two-Party System 234
Minor (Third) Parties 237
Parties and Candidates in the Campaign 239
Primary Elections and Candidate Control 240
The Parties’ Role in Campaigns 242
Media Changes and Candidate Control 244
Parties, Candidates, and the Public’s Influence
250
Summary 252
Critical Thinking Zone 253

Chapter Nine
Interest Groups: Organizing for
Influence 255
The Interest-Group System 258
Economic Groups 259
Citizens’ Groups 262
The Organizational Edge: Economic Groups versus
Citizens’ Groups 265
Inside Lobbying: Seeking Influence Through
Official Contacts 268
Acquiring Access to Officials 269
Webs of Influence: Groups in the Policy Process 273
 Outside Lobbying: Seeking Influence Through
Public Pressure 275
Constituency Advocacy: Grassroots Lobbying 275
Electoral Action: Votes and Money 276
The Group System: Indispensable but Biased
in Favor of Economic Groups 278
The Contribution of Groups to Self-Government:
Pluralism 278
Flaws in Pluralism: Interest-Group Liberalism and
Economic Bias 280
A Madisonian Dilemma 282
Summary 284
Critical Thinking Zone 285
Chapter Ten Page xiii

The News Media and the Internet:

Communicating Politics 287
Media Change: From the Nation’s Founding to
Today 289
Rise of the Partisan Press 289
Rise of Objective Journalism 291
Rise of Cable TV and Partisan Talk Shows 293
Rise of the Internet 295
The Media: Content and Functions 297
Information-Centered Communication 297
Partisan-Centered Communication 302
Entertainment-Centered Communication 303
Media Audiences and Effects 307
 The Traditional Audience 308
The Partisan Audience 310
The Inattentive Audience 312
Summary 315
Critical Thinking Zone 316

Chapter Eleven
Congress: Balancing National Goals
and Local Interests 318
Congress as a Career: Election to Congress
320
Using Incumbency to Stay in Congress 320
Pitfalls of Incumbency 326
Who Are the Winners in Congressional Elections? 328
Parties and Party Leadership 329
Party Unity in Congress 330
Party Leadership in Congress 330
Party Leaders and Their Members 336
Committees and Committee Leadership 336
Committee Jurisdiction 338
Committee Membership 339
Committee Chairs 340
Committee or Party: Which Is in Control? 340
How a Bill Becomes Law 341
Committee Hearings and Decisions 341 Page xiv
From Committee to the Floor 343
Leadership and Floor Action 344
Conference Committees and the President 345
 Congress’s Policymaking Role 345
The Lawmaking Function of Congress 346
The Representation Function of Congress 349
The Oversight Function of Congress 353
Congress: An Institution Divided 355
Summary 356
Critical Thinking Zone 358

Chapter Twelve
The Presidency: Leading the Nation
360
Foundations of the Modern Presidency 363
The Changing Conception of the Presidency 365
The Need for a Strong Presidency 367
Choosing the President 368
The Nominating Campaign: Primaries and Caucuses
370
The National Party Conventions 372
The General Election Campaign 372
Staffing the Presidency 377
The Vice President 377
The Executive Office of the President (EOP) 378
The Cabinet and Agency Appointees 378
The Problem of Control 379
Factors in Presidential Leadership 380
The Force of Circumstance 382
The Stage of the President’s Term 382
 The Nature of the Issue: Foreign or Domestic 383
Relations with Congress 386
Public Support 391
The Illusion of Presidential Government 395
Summary 395
Critical Thinking Zone 396

Chapter Thirteen
The Federal Bureaucracy:
Administering the Government 398
Origin and Structure of the Federal Page xv

Bureaucracy 401
Types of Federal Agencies 402
Federal Employment 406
The Budgetary Process 408
The President and Agency Budgets 408
Congress and the Agency Budgets 410
Policy and Power in the Bureaucracy 411
The Agency Point of View 413
Sources of Bureaucratic Power 415
Democracy and Bureaucratic Accountability
419
Accountability through the Presidency 420
Accountability through Congress 423
Accountability through the Courts 424
Accountability within the Bureaucracy Itself 425
Summary 428
 Critical Thinking Zone 429
Chapter Fourteen
The Federal Judicial System: Applying
the Law 431
The Federal Judicial System 432
The Supreme Court of the United States 434
Selecting and Deciding Cases 434
Issuing Decisions and Opinions 435
Other Federal Courts 436
The State Courts 438
Federal Court Appointees 441
Supreme Court Nominees 441
Lower-Court Nominees 443
Personal Backgrounds of Judicial Appointees 444
The Nature of Judicial Decision Making 446
Legal Influences on Judicial Decisions 446
Political Influences on Judicial Decisions 449
Judicial Power and Democratic Government
454
Judicial Restraint versus Judicial Activism Page xvi
456
What Is the Judiciary’s Proper Role? 458
Summary 460
Critical Thinking Zone 461

Chapter Fifteen
Economic and Environmental Policy:
Contributing to Prosperity 463
Government as Regulator of the Economy 465
Efficiency through Government Intervention 466
Equity through Government Intervention 470
The Politics of Regulatory Policy 471
Government as Protector of the Environment
472
Environmental Protection 473
Climate Change and Energy Policy 473
Government as Promoter of Economic
Interests 475
Promoting Business 475
Promoting Labor 476
Promoting Agriculture 478
Fiscal Policy as an Economic Tool 478
Demand-Side Policy 478
Supply-Side Policy 479
Fiscal Policy: Practical and Political Limits 481
Monetary Policy as an Economic Tool 484
The Fed 485
The Fed and Control of Inflation 486
The Politics of the Fed 487
Summary 489
Critical Thinking Zone 490

Chapter Sixteen Page xvii

Income, Welfare, and Education
Policy: Providing for Personal Security
492
Income Politics and Policies 493
The Shifting Income Distribution 494
Parallel Changes 497
The Partisan Divide 500
Welfare Politics and Policies 501
Public Assistance Programs 503
Social Insurance Programs 508
The Politics of Welfare Policy 509
Education Politics and Policies 512
Public Education: Leveling through the Schools 513
The Federal Government’s Role in Education Policy
515
The American Way of Promoting Economic
Security 518
Summary 519
Critical Thinking Zone 520

Chapter Seventeen
Foreign Policy: Protecting the
American Way 522
The Pattern of U.S. Foreign and Defense
Policy 524
The Cold War and Its Lessons 525
 Multilateralism and Its Lessons 526
War on Terrorism 528
Russia and China 531
The Military Dimension of National Security
Policy 533
Military Power, Uses, and Capabilities 533
The Politics of National Defense 538
The Economic Dimension of National Page xviii

Security Policy 539

Foreign Trade 540
Assisting Developing Nations 545
Protecting International Commerce 545
Summary 547
Critical Thinking Zone 548

APPENDIXES 551
GLOSSARY 569
NOTES 583
INDEX 610
 Page xix

A LETTER FROM
THE AUTHOR
Anyone who writes an introductory program on American
government faces the challenge of explaining a wide range of
subjects. One way is to pile fact upon fact and list upon list. It’s a
common approach to textbook writing, but it turns politics into a
pretty dry subject. Politics doesn’t have to be dry, and it certainly
doesn’t have to be dull. Politics has all the elements of drama plus
the added feature of affecting the everyday lives of real people.
My goal has been to make this text the most readable one
available. Rather than piling fact upon fact, the program relies on
narrative. A narrative program weaves together theory, information,
and examples in order to bring out key facts and ideas. The
response to this approach has been gratifying. As a previous edition
was being prepared, I received the following note from a longtime
instructor:

I read this book in about three days, cover to cover. . . . I

have never seen a better basic government/politics textbook. I
think reading standard textbooks is “boring” (to use a favorite
student word), but this one overcomes that. Dr. Patterson has
managed to do something that I heretofore thought could not
be done.

When writing, I regularly reminded myself that the readers were

citizens as well as students. For this reason, the text encourages
“critical thinking,” by which I mean the process through which an
individual determines what can reasonably be believed and then
applies reason and information to reach a thoughtful conclusion.
Each chapter has five boxes that ask you to “think critically.” Two of
these—the “How the U.S. Differs” box and the “How the 50 States
Differ” box—ask you to think critically about differences in governing
systems. A third box—“Party Polarization”—asks you to critically
analyze differences in the Republican and Democratic Parties. A
fourth box—“Case Study”—discusses a political event and then asks
you to analyze the outcome. The final box—“Fake or Fact?”—asks
you to critically assess a factual claim. These boxes are rooted in the
idea that critical thinking is a skill that can be nurtured and, once
acquired, can help you become a more responsible citizen, whether
in casting a vote, forming an opinion about a public policy, or
contributing to a political cause. Page xx
Improving your ability to think critically is a primary goal
of this text. If the only result of reading the text was to increase
your factual knowledge of American government, I would judge it a
failure. As Albert Einstein once noted, “The value of a college
education is not the learning of many facts but the training of the
mind to think.” Political science courses, like those in other social
science and humanities disciplines, should help students hone their
critical thinking skills. As I indicated, the five boxes in each chapter
are designed for this purpose. So, too, is the “Critical Thinking Zone”
at the end of each chapter. This feature asks you to make use of the
chapter’s information through the application of the three skills—
conceptualizing, synthesizing, and analyzing—that are the
foundation of critical thinking.
Finally, in this program I have attempted to present American
government through the analytical lens of political science but in a
way that captures the vivid world of real-life politics. Only a tiny
fraction of students in the introductory course are enrolled because
they intend to pursue an academic career in political science. Most
students take it because they are required to do so or because they
have an interest in politics. I have sought to write a book that will
deepen your political interest if you are the second type of student,
and kindle your interest if you are the first type.
We the People has been in use in college classrooms for more than
two decades. During this time, the program has been adopted at
more than 1,000 colleges and universities. I am extremely grateful
to all who have used it. I am particularly indebted to the many
instructors and students who have sent me suggestions on how to
strengthen it. As they have done for several editions now, the
University of Northern Colorado’s Steve Mazurana and his students
graciously sent me detailed feedback that broadly informed this
edition’s revisions. If you have ideas you would like to share, please
contact me at the John F. Kennedy School, Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA 02138, or by e-mail:
thomas_patterson@harvard.edu.
Thomas E. Patterson
 Page xxi

PREFACE

Relevancy and Readability to Engage

Today’s Student
Tom Patterson’s We the People is a concise approach to American
government, emphasizing critical thinking through relevant
examples that appeal to today’s students. This extremely readable
text provides opportunities to engage with the political process
through tools that help students learn how to think about
politics, utilizing digital resources that connect students with the
material in a highly personalized way.

Better Data, Smarter Revision, Improved

Results
Students helped inform the revision strategy:
STEP 1. Over the course of three years, data points showing
concepts that caused students the most difficulty were collected
anonymously from McGraw-Hill Education’s Connect® American
Government’s SmartBook for We the People.
STEP 2. The data from SmartBook was provided to the author in
the form of a heat map, which graphically illustrated “hot spots” in
the text that impacted student learning (see image below).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Rhopalorhynchus, 532;
R. clavipes, 533;
R. kröyeri, 533;
R. tenuissimus, 533
Rhynchothoracidae, 535
Rhynchothorax, 505, 535;
R. australis, 536;
R. mediterraneus, 508, 535, 536
Ricinulei, 439
Robber-crab, 173
Roncus, 436, 438
Rucker, 423
Rudolphi, on Pentastoma, 488 n.

Sabacon, 451
Sabelliphilus, 71
Sacculina, 95;
life-history, 96 f.;
males, 99;
castration caused by, 100 f.;
S. carcini, 96;
S. neglecta, Nauplius, 97;
Cypris, 97;
internal stages, 98;
with parasitic Danalia, 130, 131
Saitis, 421;
S. pulex, 382, 421
Salter, on facial suture of Trinucleus, 226;
on classification of Trilobites, 243
Salticidae, 419
Salticus, 420;
S. scenicus, 372, 376, 420
Sao, 235, 247;
S. hirsuta, development, 239
Sapphirina, 69;
colour, 60;
S. opalina, 69
Sarcoptes, 466;
S. mutans, 466
Sarcoptidae, 455, 466
Sarcoptinae, 466
Sars, G. O., on Calanidae, 58;
on Isopoda, 122;
on Crustacea of the Caspian, 215;
on Pycnogons, 504
Savigny, 526
Scaeorhynchus, 533
Scalidognathus, 388
Scalpellum, 84, 85;
complemental male, 86;
sex, 86, 105 f.;
S. balanoides, sex, 86;
S. ornatum, sex, 87;
S. peronii, male, 86;
sex, 87, 105;
S. velutinum, sex, 87;
S. vulgare, 85, 86;
male, 83;
sex, 86, 87
Scaphognathite, 152
Scapholeberis, 39, 52;
S. mucronata, 52
Schimkewitsch, 527, 534
Schizochroal eye, 228, 229
Schizonotidae, 310, 312
Schizonotus, 312
Schizopoda, 112;
re-classification, 113;
relation to Macrura, 162
Schizorhynchus, 121
Schmeil, on fresh-water Copepoda, 59, 62
Schultze, on position of Tardigrada, 483
Scipiolus, 535
Sclerocrangon, distribution, 200
Sclerosoma, 450;
S. quadridentatum, 450
Sclerosomatinae, 449
Scodra, 390
Scopula, 324, 324, 389 n.
Scorpio, 305, 307;
S. boehmi, 307;
S. maurus, 307
Scorpion, 297 f.
Scorpionidae, 306
Scorpionidea, 258, 297 f.;
habits, 298;
senses, 299;
poison, 299, 301;
mating habits, 300;
external structure, 301;
prosoma, 301;
pre-cheliceral segment, 301;
development of eyes, 301;
mesosoma, 302;
metasoma, 303;
appendages, 303;
 pedal spurs, 304, 306, 307, 308;
tibial spurs, 304, 306, 307, 308;
internal anatomy, 304;
alimentary canal, 304;
vascular system, 305;
nervous system, 305;
endosternite, 305;
generative organ, 305;
development of, 305;
classification, 306;
fossil, 298;
resemblance to Eurypterids, 292
Scorpioninae, 306, 307
Scorpiops, 308
Scotinoecus, 390
Scott, on fish-parasites, 69 n.
Scourfield, on Cladocera, 51 n.
Scutum, of Spiders, 317, 394;
of Ticks, 469
Scyllarus, 167;
S. arctus, 165, 167
Scytodes thoracica, 393
Scytodidae, 393
Segestria, 395;
S. perfida, 369;
S. senoculata, 395
Segestriinae, 395
Segmentation, of Crustacea, 5 f.;
of Trilobites, 223 f.;
of Arachnida, 256;
of Limulus, 263;
of Pycnogons, 501 f.
Selenopinae, 414
Selenops, 414
Semper, 521 n.
Senoculidae, 418
Senoculus, 418
Sense-organs, of Arachnids, 257;
of Limulus, 271, 272;
of Tardigrada, 482;
of Pentastomida, 491 (see also Auditory organ, Eyes)
Sergestes, 162
Sergestidae, 162;
Zoaea, 161;
distribution, 204
Serolidae, 126
Serolis, 126;
distribution, 200;
S. antarctica, S. bronleyana, S. schytei—eyes, 149
Serrula, 322, 433
Sesarma, 196;
distribution, 213
Setella, 61
Sex, in Crustacea, 100;
in Trilobites, 235
Sexual dimorphism, of Copepoda, 57, 67, 75;
of Inachus, 103;
of Tanaidae, 123;
of Gnathia, 125;
of Prawns, 159;
of Gelasimus, 194;
of Spiders, 379
Sheet-webs, 352
Shell-gland, 13
Shipley, A. E., introduction to Arachnida, 253 f.;
 on Xiphosura, 259 f.;
on Tardigrada, 475 f.;
on Pentastomida, 488 f.
Shrimp, 153, 158, 164, 198, 199
Shumardia, 245
Shumardiidae, 245
Sicariidae, 327, 393
Sicarius, 393
Sida, 51;
reproduction, 49;
S. crystallina, 22, 39, 40
Sididae, 51;
appendages, 40;
heart, 43
Siebold, von, 464 n.
Sigilla, 410
Silvestri, 473 n.
Simocephalus, 52;
S. vetulus, 38, 39;
appendages, 41
Simon, 303, 314 n., 326, 385, 386 n., 387, 391 n., 397 n., 400, 401 n.,
406, 408 n., 414 n., 418, 431, 433, 449, 452
Singa, 409
Sintula, 406
Siphonostomata, 56
Siriella, 120
Siro, 448
Sironidae, 448
Sitalces, 449
Slimonia, 283, 290, 292;
 S. acuminata, 291
Smith, F., 367
Smith, G. on Crustacea, 1 f.
Smith, H., 373
Smith and Kilborne, 456
Snouted Mites, 458, 471
Solenopleura, 247
Solenysa, 405
Solifugae, 258, 423 f.;
habits, 423;
climbing habits, 425;
doubtfully poisonous, 424;
external structure, 425;
internal structure, 427;
classification, 428
Solpuga, 429;
S. sericea, 425
Solpugae, 423
Solpugidae, 429
Solpuginae, 429
Spallanzani, on desiccation of Tardigrada, 484
Sparassinae, 323, 414
Sparassus, 414
Spencer, on Pentastomida, 489 n., 490
Spermatheca, 15
Spermatophore, 15
Spermatozoa, of Crustacea, 15;
of Malacostraca, 114
Spermophora, 401
Sphaerexochus, 251
Sphaeroma, habitat, 211
Sphaeromidae, 126
Sphaeronella, 76
Sphaerophthalmus, 232, 247;
S. alatus, eye, 228
Spiders, 314 f.;
external structure, 314, 316, 317;
appendages, 319 f.;
rostrum, 320;
maxilla, 321;
palpal organs, 321;
tarsi, 324;
spinnerets, 325;
stridulating organs, 327, 404;
internal anatomy, 329, 330;
alimentary system, 329;
vascular system, 331;
generative system, 333;
nervous system, 333;
sense-organs, 333;
eyes, 315, 334, 375;
spinning glands, 335;
respiratory organs, 318, 336;
coxal glands, 337;
poison-glands, 337;
ecdysis, 338;
early life, 338;
ballooning habit, 341, 342;
webs, 343 f.;
nests, 354;
cocoons, 358, 358;
commercial use of silk, 359;
poison, 360;
fertility, 365;
cannibalism, 367;
enemies, 368;
 protective coloration, 371;
senses, 375 f.;
sight, 375;
hearing, 376;
touch, 334;
intelligence, 377;
mating habits, 378;
fossil, 383;
classification, 384 f.
Spinning glands, 335
Spinning Mites, 472
Spiroctenus, 388
Spongicola, 162
Squilla, 141, 141, 142, 143;
S. desmaresti, 141;
S. mantis, 141
Squillidae, 114, 143;
compared with Loricata, 166
Stalita, 395
Stasinopus caffrus, 387
Staurocephalus, 251
Steatoda, 404;
S. bipunctata, 327, 404
Stebbing, on Amphipods, 137;
on Pycnogons, 503 n., 527 n.
Stecker, 447
Stegosoma testudo, 318
Stenochilus, 398
Stenochotheres, 76;
S. egregius, 76, 76
Stenocuma, 121
Stenopodidae, 162
Stenopus, 162
Stenorhynchus, 192, 193
Stephanopsinae, 414
Stephanopsis, 414
Stiles, on larval Pentastomids, 493, 494
Stomatopoda, 114, 141 f.
Storena, 399
Strabops, 283;
eyes, 290
Strauss-Durckheim, on Limulus, 277
Streblocerus, 53
Streptocephalus, 25, 35;
range of, 34;
S. torvicornis, 35
Stridulating organs, in Arachnids, 257, 327, 327, 404
Stygina, 249
Style, of palpal organ of Spiders, 322
Stylocellus, 448
Stylonurus, 283, 291;
S. lacoanus, 293
Sunaristes paguri, 63
Sun-spiders, 423
Sybota, 410
Sylon, 95;
sex, 99
Symphysurus, 249
Synageles, 421;
S. picata, 366, 373
Synagoga mira, 94
Syncarida, 114
Synemosyna, 420, 421;
S. formica, 373
Synhomalonotus, 249
Syringophilus, 455, 473

Tachidius brevicornis, 62;

T. littoralis, 62
Tachypleinae, 276
Tachypleus, 276;
T. gigas, 276;
T. hoeveni, 277;
T. tridentatus, 276
Talitridae, 139
Talitrus, 139;
T. sylvaticus, 139;
habitat, 211
Talorchestia, 139
Tanaidae, 122
Tanais, 122
Tanganyika, Lake, prawns of, 212
Tanystylum, 505, 535;
T. orbiculare, 524, 535, 541
Taracus, 451
Tarantella, 361
Tarantism, 361
Tarantula (Spider), 361
Tarantula, 313;
T. reniformis, 312
Tarantulidae, 310, 312
Tarantulinae, 313
Tardigrada, 258, 477 f.;
occurrence, 477;
how to capture, 477;
powers of resisting drying up, 484;
classification, 485;
British species, 486, 487
Tarentula, 417
Tarsonemidae, 471
Tartaridae, 312, 527
Tealia, Pycnogonum on, 524
Tegenaria, 416;
T. civilis, 352;
T. domestica, 416;
palp, 321;
T. parietina, 352, 416
Telema tenella, 393
Telson, 6, 7;
of Phyllopoda, 22
Temora longicornis, distribution, 203
Tethys (Mollusca), Pycnogon larva on, 524
Tetrabalius, 312
Tetrablemma, 315, 404;
T. medioculatum, 318
Tetraclita, 91, 92
Tetragnatha, 407;
T. extensa, 372
Tetragnathinae, 407
Tetrameridae, 92
Tetranychinae, 472
Tetranychus, 472;
T. gibbosus, 472;
T. telarius, 455, 472
Tetraspidae, 88
Teutana, 404
Teuthraustes, 308
Texas fever, 456, 470
Thalassinidea, 167
Thamnocephalus, 36;
range of, 34;
T. platyurus, 36
Thanatus, 414;
T. formicinus, 414;
T. hirsutus, 414;
T. striatus, 414
Thaumasia, 416
Thelphusa, 191;
T. fluviatilis, development, 190;
distribution, 213
Thelphusidae, 191
Thelyphonellus, 312
Thelyphonidae, 309, 312
Thelyphonus, 309, 310, 312;
resemblance to Eurypterids, 294
Theotina, 393
Theraphosa, 389;
T. leblondi, 366, 389
Theraphosae, 319
Theraphosidae, 391 n.
Theridiidae, 327, 351, 401
Theridion, 376, 403;
T. bimaculatum, 403;
T. formosum, 403;
T. pallens, cocoon, 358;
T. riparium, 403;
T. sisyphium, 340, 351, 359, 403;
T. tepidariorum, 352, 368, 403
Theridioninae, 403
Theridiosoma argenteolum, 407
Theridiosomatinae, 407
Thersites gasterostei, 71
Thomisidae, 323, 324, 369, 371, 381, 412
Thomisinae, 412
Thomisus, 412;
T. onustus, 413
Thompson, D’A. W., on Pycnogonida, 499 f.
Thoracica, 84
Thorax, of Trilobites, 234
Thorell, 383
Thyas petrophilus, 460
Tibellus, 414;
T. oblongus, 371, 413, 414
Tick fever, 469
Ticks, 468 f.;
habits, 455, 461;
synopsis of genera, 470
Titanodamon, 313
Tityus, 298, 306
Tmeticus, 406
Tomoxena, 403
Torania, 414
Tracheae, in Arachnida, 256;
in Peripatus, 256;
in Spiders, 336;
in Phalangids, 446;
in Acarina, 462
Trap-door Spiders, 354, 387, 388
Trechona venosa, 390
Triarthrus, 230, 234, 236, 247;
thoracic limb, 10;
T. becki, 237;
Protaspis, 240
Trichoniscus, 129
Trigonoplax, 193
Trilobita, 219 f.
Trilobite larva, of Limulus, 275, 276
Trimerocephalus, 249;
T. volborthi, 229
Trinucleidae, 230, 245
Trinucleus, 225, 226, 230, 231, 236, 238, 245;
T. bucklandi, 230, 231;
T. seticornis, 231
Tripeltis, 312
Trithena tricuspidata, 404
Trithyreus, 312
Triton, cruise of the, 540
Trochantin, 433, 436, 449, 451, 452
Trochosa, 417;
vestigial antennae in, 256, 263
Troglocaris, 163;
T. schmidtii, habitat, 210
Trogulidae, 439, 442, 444, 452
Trogulus, 452;
T. aquaticus, 452;
T. tricarinatus, 452, 453
Trombidiidae, 472
Trombidiinae, 473
Trombidium, 473;
T. gymnopterorum, 455;
T. holosericeum, 455, 473
Tropical zone (marine), 201
Trouessart, 455
Trygaeus, 506, 535;
T. communis, 535
Tubicinella trachealis, 91
Tubularia, Pycnogons on, 522, 525
Tubuliform glands, 335, 349
Tulk, 445, 446, 461 n.
Turret-spider, 357
Turrilepas, 84;
T. wrightianus, 84
Tylaspis, 179
Typhlocarcinus, 195
Typopeltis, 312
Tyroglyphidae, 466 n.
Tyroglyphinae, 466
Tyroglyphus, 464, 466, 481;
T. longior, 466;
T. siro, 466
Uliodon, 418
Uloboridae, 350, 410
Uloborinae, 410
Uloborus, 352, 410;
snare of, 352;
U. republicanus, 411;
U. walckenaerius, 411
Unguis, 319, 320
Uroctea, 392;
U. durandi, 392
Urocteidae, 386, 392
Urodacinae, 306, 307
Urodacus, 307
Uroplectes, 306
Uropoda, 471
Uropodinae, 471
Uroproctus, 312
Uropygi, 312
Usofila, 393

Valvifera, 127
Vancoho, 362
Vectius, 415
Vejdovský, 435 n.
Vejovidae, 306, 308
Vejovis, 308
Vermiformia, 464
Verruca, 89, 91
Verrucidae, 91
Vesicle, of Scorpion, 303
Vinson, 349, 360, 362
Virbius, 164;
V. acuminatus, 164;
habitat, 202
Virchow, on human Pentastomids, 494
Viscid globules, on Spider web, 347

Waite, 13
Walckenaer, 365, 386 n., 408 n.
Walckenaera, 405;
W. acuminata, 405
Walcott, on appendages of Trilobites, 236;
on their development, 238;
on early forms of Eurypterids, 283 n.
Wallace, 381
Wall-spider, 369
Warburton, C., on Arachnida, 295 f., 344 n., 349 n., 378 n.
Ward, on Reighardia, 495
Wasps and Spiders, 368
Water-mites, 460, 471, 472
Water-spider, 357, 415
Weismann, on Cladocera, 44, 49
Weldon, W. F. R., on excretory glands, 13;
on Branchiopoda, 18 f.;
on respiration in Carcinus, 189
Westring, 327, 384
Whale-louse, 502
Whip scorpions, 309
White, Gilbert, 342
Wilder, 366
Willemoesia, 157;
W. inornata, 158
Winkler, 463
With, 473 n.
Wolf-spiders, 341, 356, 359, 369, 375, 377, 381, 417
Wood-Mason, 328
Woods, H., on Trilobita, 219 f.;
on fossil Xiphosura, 277 f.;
on Eurypterida, 281 f.

Xanthidae, 191
Xantho, 191;
habitat, 198
Xenobalanus globicipitis, 92
Xiphocaris, 163;
distribution, 210
Xiphosura, 258, 259 f.;
classification, 260, 276;
fossil, 277 f.;
affinities with Eurypterida, 292
Xiphosura, 276;
X. polyphemus, 276
Xiphosuridae, 276
Xiphosurinae, 276
Xysticus, 412;
X. cristatus, 412;
X. pini, 413
Zacanthoides, 247
Zaeslin, on the frequency of human Pentastomids, 494
Zeriana, 429
Zilla, 409;
Z. x-notata, 359, 409
Zimris, 396
Zoaea, compared with Cumacea, 120;
with Erichthus, 143;
Calyptopis of Euphausia, 144;
of Peneus, 160;
of Sergestidae, 161;
of Porcellana, 169;
of Birgus, 174;
of Eupagurus, 179;
of Corystes cassivelaunus, 182
Zodariidae, 317, 399
Zodarion, 399
Zora, 397;
Z. spinimana, 396
Zoropsis, 415
Zoropsidae, 415