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Computational Collective Intelligence
10th International Conference ICCCI

2018 Bristol UK September 5 7 2018
Proceedings Part I Ngoc Thanh Nguyen
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Ngoc Thanh Nguyen
Elias Pimenidis
Zaheer Khan
Bogdan Trawiński (Eds.)
LNAI 11055
Computational
Collective Intelligence
10th International Conference, ICCCI 2018
Bristol, UK, September 5–7, 2018
Proceedings, Part I
123
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 11055
Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science
LNAI Series Editors

Randy Goebel
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Yuzuru Tanaka
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Wolfgang Wahlster
DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
LNAI Founding Series Editor

Joerg Siekmann
DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1244
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen Elias Pimenidis
•
Zaheer Khan Bogdan Trawiński (Eds.)

•
Computational
Collective Intelligence
10th International Conference, ICCCI 2018
Bristol, UK, September 5–7, 2018
Proceedings, Part I
123
Editors
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen Zaheer Khan
Faculty of Information Technology Department of Computer Science
Ton Duc Thang University and Creative Technologies
Ho Chi Minh City University of the West of England
Vietnam Bristol
UK
and
Bogdan Trawiński
Faculty of Computer Science Faculty of Computer Science
and Management and Management
Wrocław University of Science Wrocław University of Science
and Technology and Technology
Wrocław Wrocław
Poland Poland
Elias Pimenidis
Department of Computer Science
and Creative Technologies
University of the West of England
Bristol
UK
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence
ISBN 978-3-319-98442-1 ISBN 978-3-319-98443-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98443-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950468
LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artificial Intelligence
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018

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Preface
This volume contains the proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Com-
putational Collective Intelligence (ICCCI 2018), held in Bristol, UK, September 5–7,
2018. The conference was co-organized by the University of the West of England,
Bristol, UK, and the Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland. The
conference was run under the patronage of the IEEE SMC Technical Committee on
Computational Collective Intelligence.
Following the successes of the First ICCCI (2009) held in Wrocław, Poland, the
Second ICCCI (2010) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, the Third ICCCI (2011) in Gdynia,
Poland, the 4th ICCCI (2012) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, the 5th ICCCI (2013) in
Craiova, Romania, the 6th ICCCI (2014) in Seoul, South Korea, the 7th ICCCI (2015)
in Madrid, Spain, the 8th ICCCI (2016) in Halkidiki, Greece, and the 9th ICCCI (2017)
in Nicosia, Cyprus, this conference continued to provide an internationally respected
forum for scientific research in the computer-based methods of collective intelligence
and their applications.
Computational collective intelligence (CCI) is most often understood as a sub-field
of artificial intelligence (AI) dealing with soft computing methods that facilitate group
decisions or processing knowledge among autonomous units acting in distributed
environments. Methodological, theoretical, and practical aspects of CCI are considered
as the form of intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and competition of
many individuals (artificial and/or natural). The application of multiple computational
intelligence technologies such as fuzzy systems, evolutionary computation, neural
systems, consensus theory, etc., can support human and other collective intelligence,
and create new forms of CCI in natural and/or artificial systems. Three subfields of the
application of computational intelligence technologies to support various forms of
collective intelligence are of special interest but are not exclusive: the Semantic Web
(as an advanced tool for increasing collective intelligence), social network analysis (as
the field targeted at the emergence of new forms of CCI), and multi-agent systems (as a
computational and modeling paradigm especially tailored to capture the nature of CCI
emergence in populations of autonomous individuals).
The ICCCI 2018 conference featured a number of keynote talks and oral presen-
tations, closely aligned to the theme of the conference. The conference attracted a
substantial number of researchers and practitioners from all over the world, who
submitted their papers for the main track and four special sessions.
The main track, covering the methodology and applications of CCI, included:
knowledge engineering and Semantic Web, social network analysis, recommendation
methods and recommender systems, agents and multi-agent systems, text processing
and information retrieval, data mining methods and applications, decision support and
control systems, sensor networks and Internet of Things, as well as computer vision
techniques. The special sessions, covering some specific topics of particular interest,
included: cooperative strategies for decision-making and optimization, complex
VI Preface
decision systems, machine learning in real-world data, as well as intelligent sustainable

smart cities.
We received over 240 submissions from 39 countries all over the world. Each paper
was reviewed by two to four members of the international Program Committee (PC) of
either the main track or one of the special sessions. Finally, we selected 98 best papers
for oral presentation and publication in two volumes of the Lecture Notes in Artificial
Intelligence series.
We would like to express our thanks to the keynote speakers: Andrew Adamatzky
from the University of the West of England, UK, Anthony Pipe from the Bristol
Robotics Laboratory, UK, Tadeusz Szuba from the AGH University of Science and
Technology, Poland, and Jan Treur from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, for their world-class plenary speeches.
Many people contributed toward the success of the conference. First, we would like
to recognize the work of the PC co-chairs and special sessions organizers for taking
good care of the organization of the reviewing process, an essential stage in ensuring
the high quality of the accepted papers. The workshop and special session chairs
deserve a special mention for the evaluation of the proposals and the organization and
coordination of the work of seven special sessions. In addition, we would like to thank
the PC members, of the main track and of the special sessions, for performing their
reviewing work with diligence. We thank the local Organizing Committee chairs,
publicity chair, Web chair, and technical support chair for their fantastic work before
and during the conference. Finally, we cordially thank all the authors, presenters, and
delegates for their valuable contribution to this successful event. The conference would
not have been possible without their support.
Our special thanks are also due to Springer for publishing the proceedings and
sponsoring awards, and to all the other sponsors for their kind support.
It is our pleasure to announce that the ICCCI conference series continues to have a
close cooperation with the Springer journal Transactions on Computational Collective
Intelligence, and the IEEE SMC Technical Committee on Transactions on Computa-
tional Collective Intelligence.
Finally, we hope that ICCCI 2018 contributed significantly to the academic
excellence of the field and will lead to the even greater success of ICCCI events in the
future.
September 2018 Ngoc Thanh Nguyen

Elias Pimenidis
Zaheer Khan
Bogdan Trawiński
Organization
Organizing Committee
Honorary Chairs
Pierre Lévy University of Ottawa, Canada
Cezary Madryas Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Paul Olomolaiye University of the West of England, UK
General Chairs
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Larry Bull University of the West of England, UK
Program Chairs
Zaheer Khan University of the West of England, UK
Costin Badica University of Craiova, Romania
Edward Szczerbicki University of Newcastle, Australia
Gottfried Vossen University of Münster, Germany
Special Session Chairs

Bogdan Trawinski Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mehmet Aydin University of the West of England, UK
Doctoral Chair
Emmanuel Ogunshile University of the West of England, UK
Organizing Chair
Elias Pimenidis University of the West of England, UK
Publicity Chair
Nikolaos Polatidis University of Brighton, UK
Local Organizing Committee

Stewart Green University of the West of England, UK
Kamran Soomro University of the West of England, UK
Marcin Jodlowiec Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Marek Krotkiewicz Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Marcin Maleszka Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Krystian Wojtkiewicz Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
VIII Organization
Web Chair
Jake Hallam University of the West of England, UK
Keynote Speakers
Andrew Adamatzky University of the West of England, UK
Anthony Pipe Bristol Robotics Laboratory, UK
Tadeusz Szuba AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Jan Treur Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Special Session Organizers

CSDMO 2018: Special Session Cooperative Strategies for Decision-Making
and Optimization
Piotr Jedrzejowicz Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Dariusz Barbucha Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
CDS 2018: Special Session on Complex Decision Systems

Alicja Wakulicz–Deja University of Silesia, Poland
Agnieszka Nowak– University of Silesia, Poland
Brzezinska
Malgorzata University of Silesia, Poland
Przybyła-Kasperek
MLRWD 2018: Special Session on Machine Learning in Real-World Data

Krzysztof Kania University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Przemyslaw Juszczuk University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Jan Kozak University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Bogna Zacny University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
ISSC 2018: Special Session on Intelligent Sustainable Smart Cities

Libuse Svobodova University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Ali Selamat Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Petra Maresova University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Arkadiusz Kawa Poznan University of Economics and Business, Poland
Bartlomiej Pieranski Poznan University of Economics and Business, Poland
Peter Brida University of Zilina, Slovakia
Program Committee
Muhammad Abulaish South Asian University, India
Sharat Akhoury University of Cape Town, South Africa
Bashar Al-Shboul University of Jordan, Jordan
Ana Almeida GECAD-ISEP-IPP, Portugal
Organization IX
Orcan Alpar University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

Mehmet Emin Aydin University of the West of England, UK
Thierry Badard Laval University, Canada
Amelia Badica University of Craiova, Romania
Hassan Badir Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquees de Tanger,
Morocco
Leon Bobrowski Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Mariusz Boryczka University of Silesia, Poland
Urszula Boryczka University of Silesia, Poland
Abdelhamid Bouchachia Bournemouth University, UK
Krisztian Buza Budapest University of Technology and Economics,
Hungary
Aleksander Byrski AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Jose Luis Calvo-Rolle University of A Coruna, Spain
David Camacho Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
Alberto Cano Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
Frantisek Capkovic Institute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Slovakia
Richard Chbeir University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, France
Shyi-Ming Chen National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,
Taiwan
Amine Chohra Paris East University (UPEC), France
Kazimierz Choros Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mihaela Colhon University of Craiova, Romania
Jose Alfredo Ferreira Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Costa
Ireneusz Czarnowski Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Paul Davidsson Malmo University, Sweden
Tien V. Do Budapest University of Technology and Economics,
Hungary
Nadia Essoussi University of Tunis, Tunisia
Rim Faiz University of Carthage, Tunisia
Faiez Gargouri University of Sfax, Tunisia
Mauro Gaspari University of Bologna, Italy
Janusz Getta University of Wollongong, Australia
Daniela Gifu Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania
Daniela Godoy ISISTAN Research Institute, Argentina
Antonio Gonzalez-Pardo Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
Manuel Grana University of the Basque Country, Spain
Foteini University of Patras, Greece
Grivokostopoulou
Marcin Hernes Wroclaw University of Economics, Poland
Huu Hanh Hoang Hue University, Vietnam
X Organization
Tzung-Pei Hong National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Mong-Fong Horng National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences,
Taiwan
Frédéric Hubert Laval University, Canada
Maciej Huk Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Zbigniew Huzar Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Dosam Hwang Yeungnam University, South Korea
Lazaros Iliadis Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
Agnieszka Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Indyka-Piasecka
Dan Istrate Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, France
Mirjana Ivanovic University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Jaroslaw Jankowski West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin,
Poland
Joanna Jedrzejowicz University of Gdansk, Poland
Gordan Jezic University of Zagreb, Croatia
Geun Sik Jo Inha University, South Korea
Kang-Hyun Jo University of Ulsan, South Korea
Jason Jung Chung-Ang University, South Korea
Tomasz Kajdanowicz Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Petros Kefalas University of Sheffield, Greece
Rafal Kern Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Zaheer Khan University of the West of England, UK
Marek AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Kisiel-Dorohinicki
Attila Kiss Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
Marek Kopel Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Leszek Koszalka Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Leszek Kotulski AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Ivan Koychev University of Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria
Adrianna Kozierkiewicz Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Bartosz Krawczyk Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
Ondrej Krejcar University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Dalia Kriksciuniene Vilnius University, Lithuania
Dariusz Krol Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Marek Krotkiewicz Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Elzbieta Kukla Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Julita Kulbacka Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
Marek Kulbacki Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology,
Poland
Piotr Kulczycki Polish Academy of Science, Systems Research Institute,
Poland
Kazuhiro Kuwabara Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Halina Kwasnicka Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Organization XI
Mark Last Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Hoai An Le Thi Universite de Lorraine, France
Florin Leon Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania
Edwin Lughofer Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
Juraj Machaj University of Zilina, Slovakia
Bernadetta Maleszka Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Marcin Maleszka Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Yannis Manolopoulos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Urszula Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Markowska-Kaczmar
Adam Meissner Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Héctor Menéndez University College London, UK
Mercedes Merayo Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Jacek Mercik WSB University in Wroclaw, Poland
Radoslaw Michalski Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Peter Mikulecky University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Javier Montero Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Ahmed Moussa Universite Abdelmalek Essaadi, Morocco
Dariusz Mrozek Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kazumi Nakamatsu University of Hyogo, Japan
Grzegorz J. Nalepa AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Fulufhelo Nelwamondo Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,
South Africa
Filippo Neri University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Linh Anh Nguyen University of Warsaw, Poland
Loan T. T. Nguyen Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam
Adam Niewiadomski Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Agnieszka University of Silesia, Poland
Nowak-Brzezinska
Alberto Núnez Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Manuel Núnez Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Tarkko Oksala Aalto University, Finland
Mieczyslaw Owoc Wroclaw University of Economics, Poland
Marcin Paprzycki Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Poland
Marek Penhaker VSB -Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Isidoros Perikos University of Patras, Greece
Marcin Pietranik Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Elias Pimenidis University of the West of England, UK
Nikolaos Polatidis University of Brighton, UK
Piotr Porwik University of Silesia, Poland
Radu-Emil Precup Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Ales Prochazka University of Chemistry and Technology, Czech Republic
Paulo Quaresma Universidade de Evora, Portugal
Mohammad Rashedur North South University, Bangladesh
Rahman
XII Organization
Ewa Ratajczak-Ropel Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Tomasz M. Rutkowski University of Tokyo, Japan
Virgilijus Sakalauskas Vilnius University, Lithuania
Jose L. Salmeron University Pablo de Olavide, Spain
Andrzej Sieminski Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Dragan Simic University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Vladimir Sobeslav University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Stanimir Stoyanov University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, Bulgaria
Yasufumi Takama Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
Zbigniew Telec Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Diana Trandabat University Alexandru loan Cuza of Iasi, Romania
Bogdan Trawinski Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Jan Treur Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Maria Trocan Institut Superieur d’Electronique de Paris, France
Krzysztof Trojanowski Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland
Ualsher Tukeyev Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan
Olgierd Unold Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Bay Vo Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam
Lipo Wang Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Izabela Wierzbowska Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Krystian Wojtkiewicz Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Slawomir Zadrozny Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Poland
Danuta Zakrzewska Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Constantin-Bala Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania
Zamfirescu
Katerina Zdravkova St. Cyril and Methodius University, Macedonia
Aleksander Zgrzywa Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Adam Ziebinski Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Drago Zagar University of Osijek, Croatia
Special Session Program Committees

CSDMO 2018: Special Session Cooperative Strategies for Decision - Making
and Optimization
Vincenzo Cutello University of Catania, Italy
Ireneusz Czarnowski Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Joanna Jedrzejowicz Gdansk University, Poland
Edyta Kucharska AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Antonio D. Masegosa University of Deusto, Spain
Javier Montero Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
Ewa Ratajczak-Ropel Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Organization XIII
Iza Wierzbowska Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Mahdi Zargayouna IFSTTAR, France
CDS 2018: Special Session on Complex Decision Systems

Alicja Wakulicz-Deja University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Baron Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafal Deja Academy of Business in Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
Michal Draminski Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Agnieszka Duraj Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Katarzyna Harezlak Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Kozielski Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Mrozek Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bozena Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Malysiak-Mrozek
Agnieszka University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Nowak-Brzezinska
Malgorzata University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Przybyla-Kasperek
Roman Siminski University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Urszula Stanczyk Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Beata Zielosko University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Tomasz Xieski University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
MLRWD 2018: Special Session on Machine Learning in Real-World Data

Franciszek Bialas University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Dziczkowski University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Marcin Grzegorzek University of Siegen, Germany
Ignacy Kaliszewski Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Poland
Krzysztof Kania University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Przemyslaw Juszczuk University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Janusz Miroforidis Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Poland
Agnieszka University of Silesia, Poland
Nowak-Brzezinska
Dmitry Podkopaev Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Poland
Malgorzata University of Silesia, Poland
Przybyla-Kasperek
Tomasz Stas University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Magdalena Tkacz University of Silesia, Poland
Bogna Zacny University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
XIV Organization
ISSC 2018: Special Session on Intelligent Sustainable Smart Cities

Peter Bracinik University of Zilina, Slovakia
Davor Dujak University of Osijek, Croatia
Martina Hedvicakova University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Marek Hoger University of Zilina, Slovakia
Petra Maresova University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Hana Mohelska University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Arkadiusz Kawa Poznan University of Economics and Business, Poland
Waldemar Koczkodaj Laurentian University, Canada
Ondrej Krejcar University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Martina Latkova University of Zilina, Slovakia
Juraj Machaj University of Zilina, Slovakia
Miroslava Mikusova University of Zilina, Slovakia
Jaroslaw Olejniczak Wroclaw University of Economics, Poland
Pawel Piatkowski Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Bartlomiej Pieranski Poznan University of Economics and Business, Poland
Petra Poulova University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Michal Regula University of Zilina, Slovakia
Marek Roch University of Zilina, Slovakia
Carlos Andres Romano Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain
Marcela Sokolova University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Libuse Svobodova University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Emese Tokarcikova University of Zilina, Slovakia
Hana Tomaskova University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Marek Vokoun Institute of Technology and Business in Ceske Budejovice,
Czech Republic
Contents – Part I
Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web
ViewpointS: Towards a Collective Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Philippe Lemoisson and Stefano A. Cerri
Intelligent Collectives: Impact of Diversity on Susceptibility

to Consensus and Collective Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Van Du Nguyen, Hai Bang Truong, Mercedes G. Merayo,
and Ngoc Thanh Nguyen
The Increasing Bias of Non-uniform Collectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Marcin Maleszka
Framework for Merging Probabilistic Knowledge Bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Van Tham Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, and Trong Hieu Tran
Representation of Autoimmune Diseases with RDFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Martina Husáková
EVENTSKG: A Knowledge Graph Representation for Top-Prestigious

Computer Science Events Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Said Fathalla and Christoph Lange
Assessing the Performance of a New Semantic Similarity Measure

Designed for Schema Matching for Mediation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Aola Yousfi, Moulay Hafid Elyazidi, and Ahmed Zellou
The Impact of Data Dispersion on the Accuracy of the Data

Warehouse Federation’s Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Rafał Kern
Social Network Analysis
Physical Activity Contagion and Homophily in an Adaptive Social

Network Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Marit van Dijk and Jan Treur
e-School: Design and Implementation of Web Based Teaching Institution

for Enhancing E-Learning Experiences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Md. Shohel Rana, Touhid Bhuiyan, and A. K. M. Zaidi Satter
XVI Contents – Part I
Categorizing Air Quality Information Flow on Twitter Using Deep

Learning Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Brigitte Juanals and Jean-Luc Minel
A Computational Network Model for the Effects of Certain Types

of Dementia on Social Functioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Charlotte Commu, Jan Treur, Annemieke Dols,
and Yolande A. L. Pijnenburg
Homophily Independent Cascade Diffusion Model Based

on Textual Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Thi Kim Thoa Ho, Quang Vu Bui, and Marc Bui
A Semi-automated Security Advisory System to Resist Cyber-Attack

in Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Samar Muslah Albladi and George R. S. Weir
The Role of Mapping Curve in Swarm-Like Opinion Formation . . . . . . . . . . 157

Tomasz M. Gwizdałła
Popularity and Geospatial Spread of Trends on Twitter: A Middle

Eastern Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Nabeel Albishry, Tom Crick, Tesleem Fagade, and Theo Tryfonas
On the Emergence of Segregation in Society: Network-Oriented

Analysis of the Effect of Evolving Friendships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Christianne Kappert, Rosalyn Rus, and Jan Treur
Computational Analysis of Bullying Behavior in the Social Media Era . . . . . 192

Fakhra Jabeen and Jan Treur
Recommendation Methods and Recommender Systems
A Hybrid Feature Combination Method that Improves Recommendations. . . . 209

Gharbi Alshammari, Stelios Kapetanakis, Abduallah Alshammari,
Nikolaos Polatidis, and Miltos Petridis
A Neural Learning-Based Clustering Model for Collaborative Filtering . . . . . 219

Grzegorz P. Mika and Grzegorz Dziczkowski
Influence Power Factor for User Interface Recommendation System . . . . . . . 228

Marek Krótkiewicz, Krystian Wojtkiewicz, and Denis Martins
A Generic Framework for Collaborative Filtering Based on Social

Collective Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Leschek Homann, Bernadetta Maleszka, Denis Mayr Lima Martins,
and Gottfried Vossen
Contents – Part I XVII
Recommender System Based on Fuzzy Reasoning and Information Systems. . . 248

Martin Tabakov
Proposal of a Recommendation System for Complex Topic Learning

Based on a Sustainable Design Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Xanat Vargas Meza and Toshimasa Yamanaka
A Group Recommender System for Selecting Experts to Review

a Specific Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Dinh Tuyen Hoang, Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, and Dosam Hwang
Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
An Agent-Based Collective Model to Simulate Peer Pressure Effect

on Energy Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Fatima Abdallah, Shadi Basurra, and Mohamed Medhat Gaber
Agents’ Knowledge Conflicts’ Resolving in Cognitive Integrated

Management Information System – Case of Budgeting Module. . . . . . . . . . . 297
Marcin Hernes, Anna Chojnacka-Komorowska, Adrianna Kozierkiewicz,
and Marcin Pietranik
Agent-Based Decision-Information System Supporting Effective Resource

Management of Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Jarosław Koźlak, Bartłomiej Śnieżyński, Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk,
Stanisława Kluska-Nawarecka, Krzysztof Jaśkowiec,
and Małgorzata Żabińska
Evolutionary Multi-Agent System in Planning of Marine Trajectories . . . . . . 319

Maciej Gawel, Tomasz Jakubek, Aleksander Byrski,
Marek Kisiel-Dorohinicki, Kamil Pietak, and Daniel Hernandez
Airplane Boarding Strategies Using Agent-Based Modeling

and Grey Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Camelia Delcea, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, and Ramona Paun
Agent-Based Optimization of the Emergency Exits and Desks

Placement in Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Camelia Delcea, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, and Ramona Paun
Agents Interaction and Queueing System Model of Real Time Control

of Students Service Center Load Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Malika Abdrakhmanova, Galimkair Mutanov, Zhanl Mamykova,
and Ualsher Tukeyev
XVIII Contents – Part I
Text Processing and Information Retrieval
Handling Concept Drift and Feature Evolution in Textual Data Stream

Using the Artificial Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Amal Abid, Salma Jamoussi, and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou
A Tweet Summarization Method Based on Maximal Association Rules . . . . . 373

Huyen Trang Phan, Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, and Dosam Hwang
DBpedia and YAGO Based System for Answering Questions

in Natural Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Tomasz Boiński, Julian Szymański, Bartłomiej Dudek, Paweł Zalewski,
Szymon Dompke, and Maria Czarnecka
Bidirectional LSTM for Author Gender Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Bassem Bsir and Mounir Zrigui
A New Text Semi-supervised Multi-label Learning Model Based

on Using the Label-Feature Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Quang-Thuy Ha, Thi-Ngan Pham, Van-Quang Nguyen,
Minh-Chau Nguyen, Thanh-Huyen Pham, and Tri-Thanh Nguyen
Sensor Networks and Internet of Things
A DC Programming Approach for Worst-Case Secrecy Rate

Maximization Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Phuong Anh Nguyen and Hoai An Le Thi
System for Detailed Monitoring of Dog’s Vital Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

David Sec, Jan Matyska, Blanka Klimova, Richard Cimler,
Jitka Kuhnova, and Filip Studnicka
Driver Supervisor System with Telegram Bot Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Emir Husni and Faisal Hasibuan
Multi-agent Base Evacuation Support System Using MANET. . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Shohei Taga, Tomofumi Matsuzawa, Munehiro Takimoto,
and Yasushi Kambayashi
Analysis of Software Routing Solution Based on Mini PC Platform for IoT . . . 455
Josef Horalek and Vladimir Sobeslav
Data Mining Methods and Applications
SVM Parameter Optimization Using Swarm Intelligence for Learning

from Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Yongquan Xie, Yi Lu Murphey, and Dev S. Kochhar
Contents – Part I XIX
A CNN Model with Data Imbalance Handling for Course-Level Student

Prediction Based on Forum Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Phuc Hua Gia Nguyen and Chau Thi Ngoc Vo
Purity and Out of Bag Confidence Metrics for Random Forest Weighting . . . 491
Mandlenkosi Victor Gwetu, Serestina Viriri,
and Jules-Raymond Tapamo
A New Computational Method for Solving Fully Fuzzy Nonlinear Systems . . . 503
Raheleh Jafari, Sina Razvarz, and Alexander Gegov
Facial Expression Recognition: A Survey on Local Binary and Local

Directional Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Kennedy Chengeta and Serestina Viriri
Energy-Based Centroid Identification and Cluster Propagation

with Noise Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Alexander Krassovitskiy and Rustam Mussabayev
An Approach to Property Valuation Based on Market Segmentation

with Crisp and Fuzzy Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Adrian Malinowski, Mateusz Piwowarczyk, Zbigniew Telec,
Bogdan Trawiński, Olgierd Kempa, and Tadeusz Lasota
Predicting Solar Intensity Using Cluster Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Waseem Ahmad, Sahil Sahil, and Aftab Mughal
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

Contents – Part II
Decision Support and Control Systems
Design of Recursive Digital Filters with Penalized Spline Method. . . . . . . . . 3

Elena Kochegurova, Ivan Khozhaev, and Tatyana Ezangina
An Adaptive Temporal-Causal Network Model for Decision Making Under

Acute Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Jan Treur and S. Sahand Mohammadi Ziabari
Chess Problem: CSA Algorithm Based on Simulated Annealing

and Experimentation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Jakub Klikowski, Lukasz Karnicki, Martyna Poslednik, Leszek Koszalka,
Iwona Pozniak-Koszalka, and Andrzej Kasprzak
Single Machine Weighted Tardiness Problem: An Algorithm

and Experimentation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Kacper Petrynski, Robert Szost, Iwona Pozniak-Koszalka,
Leszek Koszalka, and Andrzej Kasprzak
Large-Scale Evolutionary Optimization Using Multi-Layer Strategy

Differential Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Tarik Eltaeib and Ausif Mahmood
OPC UA Communication Traffic Control for Analogue Values

in an Automation Device with Embedded OPC UA Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Olav Sande and Marcin Fojcik
Application of Decision Trees for Quality Management Support . . . . . . . . . . 67

Rafal Cupek, Adam Ziebinski, and Marek Drewniak
Heuristic Algorithm for a Personalised Student Timetable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Dalibor Cimr and Josef Hynek
A Flexible Evolutionary Algorithm for Task Allocation

in Multi-robot Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Muhammad Usman Arif and Sajjad Haider
Predictive Memetic Algorithm (PMA) for Combinatorial Optimization

in Dynamic Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Stephen M. Akandwanaho and Serestina Viriri
XXII Contents – Part II
Modeling Competitive Game Players with a Positioning Strategy

in the Great Turtle Race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Michał Przybylski and Dariusz Król
Proposition of a BDI-Based Distributed Partitioning Approach

for a Multirobot System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Nourchene Ben Slimane and Moncef Tagina
Diversifying Search in Bee Algorithms for Numerical Optimisation. . . . . . . . 132

Muharrem Düg̃enci and Mehmet Emin Aydin
Solving the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) Through a Fine-Grained

Parallel Genetic Algorithm Implemented on GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Roberto Poveda and Jonatan Gómez
A New Distance Function for Consensus Determination in Decision

Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Marcin Hernes, Jadwiga Sobieska-Karpińska, Adrianna Kozierkiewicz,
and Marcin Pietranik
Cooperative Strategies for Decision Making and Optimization
Hitchcock Birds Inspired Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Reinaldo G. Morais, Luiza M. Mourelle, and Nadia Nedjah
Solving DVRPTW by a Multi-agent System with Vertical

and Horizontal Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Dariusz Barbucha
Cluster-Based Instance Selection for the Imbalanced Data Classification . . . . 191

Ireneusz Czarnowski and Piotr Jędrzejowicz
Building Collaboration in Multi-agent Systems Using

Reinforcement Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Mehmet Emin Aydin and Ryan Fellows
The Shapley Value for Multigraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Stefan Forlicz, Jacek Mercik, Izabella Stach, and David Ramsey
Group Affect in Complex Decision-Making: Theory and Formalisms

from Psychology and Computer Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Amine Chohra, Kurosh Madani, and Chantal Natalie van der Wal
Parallel GEP Ensemble for Classifying Big Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Joanna Jȩdrzejowicz, Piotr Jȩdrzejowicz, and Izabela Wierzbowska
Contents – Part II XXIII
A-Team Solving Distributed Resource-Constrained Multi-project

Scheduling Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Piotr Jedrzejowicz and Ewa Ratajczak-Ropel
Complex Decision Systems
Solving the Uncapacitated Traveling Purchaser Problem

with the MAX–MIN Ant System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Rafał Skinderowicz
Experimental Implementation of Web-Based Knowledge Base

Verification Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Roman Simiński, Agnieszka Nowak-Brzezińska, and Michał Simiński
Methods of Rule Clusters’ Representation in Domain Knowledge Bases . . . . 279

Agnieszka Nowak-Brzezińska
Different Methods for Cluster’s Representation and Their Impact

on the Effectiveness of Searching Through Such a Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Tomasz Xiȩski and Agnieszka Nowak-Brzezińska
Comparison of Dispersed Decision Systems with Pawlak Model

and with Negotiation Stage in Terms of Five Selected Fusion Methods . . . . . 301
Małgorzata Przybyła-Kasperek
Optimized Algorithm for Node Address Assigning in a Large-Scale

Smart Automation Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
David Sec, Dalibor Cimr, Jan Stepan, Richard Cimler,
and Jitka Kuhnova
A System to Evaluate an Air-Strike Threat Level Using Fuzzy Methods . . . . 322

Dalibor Cimr, Hana Tomaskova, Richard Cimler, Jitka Kuhnova,
and Vlastimil Slouf
Machine Learning in Real-World Data
Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms in the Problem of Predicting

the Efficiency of the Bank Telemarketing Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Jan Kozak and Przemysław Juszczuk
Investigating Patterns in the Financial Data with Enhanced

Symbolic Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Krzysztof Kania, Przemysław Juszczuk, and Jan Kozak
The Mechanism to Predict Folders in Automatic Classification Email

Messages to Folders in the Mailboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Barbara Probierz
XXIV Contents – Part II
On XLE Index Constituents’ Social Media Based Sentiment Informing

the Index Trend and Volatility Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Frédéric Maréchal, Daniel Stamate, Rapheal Olaniyan, and Jiri Marek
Evaluation of Tree Based Machine Learning Classifiers for Android

Malware Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Md. Shohel Rana, Sheikh Shah Mohammad Motiur Rahman,
and Andrew H. Sung
Review on General Techniques and Packages for Data Imputation

in R on a Real World Dataset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Fitore Muharemi, Doina Logofătu, and Florin Leon
Intelligent Sustainable Smart Cities
Project Management Model with Designed Data Flow Diagram:

The Case of ICT Hybrid Learning of Elderly People in the Czech Republic . . . 399
Libuše Svobodová and Miloslava Černá
Web Portals to Support Financial Literacy in Blended Learning

in the Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Martina Hedvicakova and Libuše Svobodová
Use of Smart Technologies for Hybrid Learning as a Way to Educate

People Became Full Smart Cities Residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Libuše Svobodová and Martina Hedvicakova
Technological and Economical Context of Renewable and Non-renewable

Energy in Electric Mobility in Slovakia and Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Miroslava Mikušová, Adam Torok, and Peter Brída
Development of Self-sufficient Floating Cities with Renewable Resources . . . 437

Ayca Kirimtat and Ondrej Krejcar
Energy-Daylight Optimization of Louvers Design in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Ayca Kirimtat and Ondrej Krejcar
Automation System Architecture for a Smart Hotel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Jan Stepan, Richard Cimler, and Ondrej Krejcar
Computer Vision Techniques
Ensemble of Texture and Deep Learning Features for Finding

Abnormalities in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Shees Nadeem, Muhammad Atif Tahir, Syed Sadiq Ali Naqvi,
and Muhammad Zaid
Contents – Part II XXV
Fuzzy Segmentation Driven by Modified ABC Algorithm Using Cartilage

Features Completed by Spatial Aggregation: Modeling of Early
Cartilage Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Jan Kubicek, Iveta Bryjova, Marek Penhaker, David Oczka,
Martin Augustynek, and Martin Cerny
A Case-Based Reasoning Approach to GBM Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Ana Mendonça, Joana Pereira, Rita Reis, Victor Alves, António Abelha,
Filipa Ferraz, João Neves, Jorge Ribeiro, Henrique Vicente,
and José Neves
Novel Nature-Inspired Selection Strategies for Digital Image Evolution

of Artwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Gia Thuan Lam, Kristiyan Balabanov, Doina Logofătu,
and Costin Badica
Video Genre Classification Based on Length Analysis of Temporally

Aggregated Video Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Kazimierz Choroś
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Knowledge Engineering and Semantic
Web
ViewpointS: Towards a Collective Brain
Philippe Lemoisson1,2 and Stefano A. Cerri3(&)

1
CIRAD, UMR TETIS, 34398 Montpellier, France
philippe.lemoisson@cirad.fr
2
TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS,
IRSTEA, Montpellier, France
3
LIRMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 161 Rue Ada, 34095 Montpellier, France
cerri@lirmm.fr
Abstract. Tracing knowledge acquisition and linking learning events to

interaction between peers is a major challenge of our times. We have conceived,
designed and evaluated a new paradigm for constructing and using collective
knowledge by Web interactions that we called ViewpointS. By exploiting the
similarity with Edelman’s Theory of Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS), we
conjecture that it may be metaphorically considered a Collective Brain, espe-
cially effective in the case of trans-disciplinary representations. Far from being
without doubts, in the paper we present the reasons (and the limits) of our
proposal that aims to become a useful integrating tool for future quantitative
explorations of individual as well as collective learning at different degrees of
granularity. We are therefore challenging each of the current approaches: the
logical one in the semantic Web, the statistical one in mining and deep learning,
the social one in recommender systems based on authority and trust; not in each
of their own preferred field of operation, rather in their integration weaknesses
far from the holistic and dynamic behavior of the human brain.
Keywords: Collective brain Collective intelligence Knowledge graph

Human learning Knowledge acquisition Semantic web Social web
1 Introduction
On one side, today’s research on the human brain allows us to visualize and trace the
activity along the beams connecting the neural maps. When publishing the Theory of
Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS) more than thirty years ago, G.M. Edelman
emphasized the observation/action loop and the social interactions loop. Both loops
continuously evolve the beams connecting the neural maps under the supervision of our
homeostatic internal systems also called system of values, and generate learning. On
the other side, we live a digital revolution where the Web plays an increasing role in the
collective construction of knowledge; this happens through the semantic Web and its
ontologies, via the indexing and mining techniques of the search engines and via the
social Web and its recommender systems based on authority and trust.
The goal of our approach is twofold: (i) to exploit the metaphor of the brain for
improving the collective construction of knowledge and (ii) to better exploit our digital
traces in order to refine the understanding of our learning processes. We have designed
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018

N. T. Nguyen et al. (Eds.): ICCCI 2018, LNAI 11055, pp. 3–12, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98443-8_1
4 P. Lemoisson and S. A. Cerri
and prototyped a Knowledge Graph where resources (human or artificial agents,

documents and descriptors) are dynamically interlinked by beams of digital connec-
tions called viewpoints (human viewpoints or artificial viewpoints issued from algo-
rithms). We-as-agents endlessly exploit and update this graph, so that by similarity with
the TNGS, we conjecture that it may be metaphorically considered a Collective Brain
evolving under the supervision of all our individual systems of values.
In Sect. 2, we present a schematic view of the biological bases of cognition, starting
by the “three worlds” of Popper (1978) where the interaction between minds can be
studied. We then re-visit the TNGS and the role played by our system of values
(internal drives, instinct, intentionality…). We finally illustrate “learning through
interaction” as exposed by D. Laurillard and J. Piaget.
In Sect. 3, we explore the collective construction of knowledge in the Web para-
digm, assuming that a large proportion of the traces we produce and consume today are
digital ones. We distinguish three paradigms, respectively governed by logics, by
statistics and by authority and trust. Thus our challenge is to integrate these paradigms
and describe how individual systems of values participate to learning events.
Section 4 is dedicated to the ViewpointS approach, as a candidate for answering the
challenge. The metaphor of “neural maps interconnected by beams of neurons” led to
the design of a graph of “knowledge resources interconnected by beams of view-
points”, where each agent can exploit the traces of others and react to them by adding
new traces. As a result, the combination of all individual “system of values” regulates
the evolution of knowledge. We conjecture that it may be metaphorically considered a
Collective Brain.
We conclude by recapitulating our proposal which has the limits inherent to any
integrator: we are not yet sure if the collective knowledge emerging from our proposed
Collective Brain will perform competitively with the existing separate paradigms
respectively governed by logics, by statistics and by authority and trust. Nevertheless,
if our proposal does not ensure scientific discovery about learning, we hope it repre-
sents a progress toward its comprehension.
2 A Schematic View of the Biological Bases of Cognition
In this section, we start by adopting a well-known philosophical position where the

questions of cognition and interaction can be addressed. Then we draft a schematic
view of the lessons learned from Edelman about the biological mechanisms supporting
cognition, and finally we use this representation within D. Laurillard’s conversational
learning scenario in order to test it against the question of knowledge acquisition
through interaction.
2.1 The Three Worlds

To start with our analysis about minds in interaction, we need some philosophical
default position; “the three worlds” of Popper [1] provides a relevant framework. Such
a framework had already found an expression in the semantic triangle of Odgen and
Richards [2]. The strong interconnection of the three worlds is developed in [3] where
ViewpointS: Towards a Collective Brain 5
J. Searle explains how the interpretation of repeated collective experiences by indi-

viduals bears the emergence of an institutional reality founded on the use of language.
In the following, we shall refer to the three worlds as W1, W2 and W3, with the
following definitions:
W1 is the bio-physical world where objects and events exist independently from us,
from our perceptions, our thoughts and our languages. Causal relations, insofar we are
not directly implied by some event, are also considered independent from us.
W2 is the internal world of subjectivity, where the perception of objects and events
of W1 leave traces in memory that are combined in order to participate to the con-
struction of our own knowledge, our consciousness about the world, where intentions
appear and the emotions that will be the trigger for our actions.
W3 is the world of the cultures and languages, made of interpretable traces: signs,
symbols, rules of behavior and rules for representing objects and events of W1. W3 is
the support of communication among individuals. Within W3, we find all specialized
languages of the scientific disciplines, as well as the language of emotions and feelings,
for instance represented by smileys. Digital images such as satellite images or scanned
documents are also part of W3.
W1 is where it happens, W3 is where we can communicate about what happens, and
W2 is where the links and the learning events are. For this reason, we are going to pay
special attention to the internal world W2.
2.2 The Internal World of the Mind

This section pays a heavy tribute to the work of Edelman [4, 5], founder of the Theory
of Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS), and one the firsts to emphasize that the brain is
not a computer, but a highly dynamic, distributed and complex system, maybe the most
complex “object” of the known universe. There is neither correlation between our
personality and the shape of our skull (despite the teachings of phrenology), nor
localized coding of information; no autopsy will ever reveal any single chunk of
knowledge available in the brain.
According to the TNGS, every brain is twice unique: first because its cellular
organization results from the laws of morphogenesis. Most important, however, is
Edelman’s second reason for the brain uniqueness: the brain is a set of “neural maps”
continuously selected according to the individual’s experiences. These cards, or
adaptive functional units, are bi-directionally linked one-another by a fundamental
integrating mechanism: the “re-entry”. This crucial hypothesis allows a functional
integration requiring neither any “super-card” nor any “supervising program”: the
neural maps are like “musicians of an orchestra linked one-another by wires in the
absence of a unique conductor”. The bi-directional re-entry links are the result of a
selective synaptic reinforcement among groups of neurons; similarly: the cards result
from a synaptic reinforcement internal to each group of neurons composing them.
These reinforcements are triggered and managed by the homeostatic internal systems,
also called “system of values” of each individual.
Figure 1 (/left part of the figure) shows an observation-action loop that highlights
several brain cards re-entering when grasping an apple. This type of loops originates
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see you till I had written to ask Mrs. Hulme to get your address. How
absurd that would have been to be sure!”
She laughed merrily. Her laugh and voice were both pretty and
musical, and there was an infectious sort of youthfulness about her
—a genuine naïveté—which was not without its charm. She was
small and plump, and still pretty, though no longer young; and
though Eudoxie had considerable difficulty in interpreting her rather
roundabout way of talking, she remained decidedly of opinion that
her soubriquet had been well bestowed.
“I have got some fresh macaroons on purpose for Eudoxie,” said
Mrs. Crichton when she had mastered her visitors’ names in full.
“What a nice confectioner’s there is here! Indeed, the shops are very
good, though my brother feels the want of a library greatly. So kind of
Monsieur Casalis to have sent him those dreadful books.“She eyed
the volumes as she spoke with mingled complacency and aversion.
“That will be some hard work for me,” she said, turning to Cicely with
a smile.
“For you!” exclaimed Cicely in surprise.
“Yes. I have to spell out all manner of things I don’t understand in
the least for Ed—for my brother. He is not allowed to use his eyes in
reading or writing at all yet. To tell you the truth, I was rather pleased
when he was stopped short for want of these books. I am sure he is
beginning to work too hard again; but of course I could not refuse
Monsieur Casalis’s offer of them—so kind. I had the names down on
a bit of paper to try for them at the bookseller’s when he called, you
know. And of course it’s very worrying for a clever person like my
brother to have to be dependent on any one so out-of-the-way stupid
as I am.”
Cicely smiled. “I am sure you are very patient, at any rate,” she
said.
“He is,” said Mrs. Crichton eagerly. “Would you believe it,” she
went on, turning to some papers that lay on a side-table, “I have
three times tried to make a clear copy of these notes and lists—it’s
something botanical—and each time when he has just taken a peep
at it from under his shade, poor fellow, just to make sure it was all
right, he has found some perfectly horrible mistake that could not
possibly be corrected—not to speak of my handwriting, which is
fearful, as you see.” She held out the manuscript to Cicely. “They
have to be in London the end of this week,” she went on in a tone of
despair. “I was just setting to work at them again when you came in;
but it’s no good. I shall never get them done.”
Cicely was examining the papers critically. “Your writing is
perhaps rather too large for this sort of thing—” she began. “I should
think it was—too large and too sprawly and too everything,”
interrupted Mrs. Crichton. It’s dreadful, and so is my spelling. I never
can spell correctly—Wednesday and business and spinach I always
carry about with me in my pocket-book—not that the spelling matters
for these things, as they are all in Latin.”
“I think—you won’t think me presumptuous for saying so, I hope,”
said Cicely “I think I could help you with these, if you like. I have had
a great deal of copying out to do long ago for my father, and I can
write a very clerkly hand when I try. Do you think Mr.—, your brother,
would be afraid to trust me with these papers? I can easily have
them ready for to-morrow’s post, if that will do.”
Mrs. Crichton’s face beamed with delight. “How kind of you—how
very kind of you!” she exclaimed. “I am sure you could do them
beautifully. You look so clever—no, I don’t mean clever. Clever
people are ugly; but you look so wise—dear me!—what can I say?—
that sounds like an owl.”
“Never mind,” said Cicely, laughing. “Will you ask your brother if
he will try me?”
“Of course I will, this very moment,” said the little lady, and off she
went. Within five minutes she returned in triumph. “He is delighted,”
she said. “I knew he would be. He is coming to thank you himself,
and to point out one or two things. He does not like seeing any one
now; his eyes make him feel nervous, poor fellow. He would not
come in to see Monsieur and Madame Casalis yesterday, but he is
so pleased about his papers, he proposed himself to come and
thank you.”
“I hope it will not annoy him,” said Cicely, a little uneasy at the
idea of the learned man’s personal injunctions. But “Oh! no, he didn’t
mind a bit,” answered Mrs. Crichton in so well assured a tone that
Cicely dismissed her misgivings.
There had certainly been nothing in his sister’s explanation to
make him “mind a bit.”
“There’s a young lady here who would like to do your copying,
Edmond,” had been her very lucid account of Cicely’s offer. “She’s
English, though she’s a niece of that nice old French clergyman who
called yesterday. She looks clever. I am sure she would do it nicely.
She says she is quite accustomed to it.”
“Do you mean that she would do it for nothing?” inquired Mr.
Guildford. “I could not put myself under such an obligation to a
stranger. But perhaps she would let me pay for it. Many poor ladies
make money by copying; and I dare say if she be longs to the family
of a French pasteur, she is not rich. Do you think that she meant that
she would take payment for it?”
“No,” said Bessie doubtfully. “She doesn’t look like that.”
“What does she look like? Is she a governess, or anything of that
kind? What did she say?”
“She only offered out of kindness. She had heard about your
eyes, and I—I told her how stupid I was,” admitted Mrs. Crichton.
“You had much better come and see for yourself, Edmond.”
“Very well—perhaps it would be better. Of course, I should be
very glad to get it well done, if this lady would not be above letting
me pay her,” he said. “But I won’t say anything about that if she looks
like a person that would be offended by such a proposal. I’ll come in
directly; and if I can arrange about it with her, I will show her how I
want it done. But I wish,” he added to himself when his sister had left
him, “I wish Bessie were less communicative to strangers.”
Five minutes later he followed her into the drawing-room. He
came in, expecting to find Mrs. Crichton’s new acquaintance some
insignificant-looking person of the poor lady order, for,
notwithstanding Bessie’s assertion that the pasteur’s niece “did not
look like that,” his mind was prepossessed by its own idea; nor did
he attach sufficient importance to his sister’s judgment to think much
of her description. The light in the room struck upon his eyes
somewhat dazzlingly, for, out of deference to the stranger, he had
taken off the shade he usually wore. The first object he noticed was
Eudoxie seated on a low chair, consuming her cakes with great
equanimity. For a moment he glanced at her in bewilderment. Could
this be his would-be amanuensis? He looked on beyond her to his
sister for explanation, when suddenly from another corner of the
room a third person approached. Had the figure before him been that
of one risen from the dead he could hardly have been more
astonished. Instinctively he lifted his hand to his eyes, as if
suspecting them of playing him false. Was not the light deceiving
him, exaggerating some slight and superficial resemblance into the
likeness of a face whose features he believed would never to him
grow misty or confused—a face he had seen once, long, long ago it
seemed to him now, pale and wistful, with sweet sad eyes, and lips
parted to entreat his help,—the face of Cicely Methvyn as she stood
in the doorway on the night that little Charlie died. He looked again—
the illusion, if such it were, grew more perfect. He felt as if in a
dream—he was turning to seek Mrs. Crichton’s assistance, when
suddenly the spell was broken. The lady came forward quietly and
held out her hand.
“Mr. Guildford,” she said gently, and the slight colour which rose to
her cheeks helped him to realise the fact of her presence, “you did
not expect to see me here, and certainly I did not expect to see you.
How strange it is!”
But he made no movement towards her, he showed no readiness
to take her offered hand.
“Mr. Guildford,” she repeated, in her turn bewildered by a
momentary doubt as to the identity of the man before her with the
owner of the name by which she addressed him, “don’t you know
me?”
Then he started. “I could not believe it,” he exclaimed abruptly.
“You must forgive me, Miss Meth—no, you are not Miss Methvyn
now.”
Cicely’s colour deepened, but she smiled. A pleasant sincere
smile it was, though not without a certain sadness about it too. “Yes,”
she said, “I am. My name is the same any way, though it seems as if
otherwise I must be very much changed.”
He had not yet shaken hands, and as she spoke, Cicely’s arm
dropped quietly by her side. There was a slight inference of reproach
in her tone, and Mr. Guildford was not slow to perceive it.
“I don’t think you are changed,” he said; “I knew you instantly.
That was what startled me so, I was so utterly taken by surprise.”
“Not more than I,” she replied. “I thought you were in India.”
“And I thought you were—” He hesitated.
“Yes,” she said, “I know where you thought I was; but I am not,
you see. That was all changed long ago. Have you heard nothing
about us since you left Sothernshire?” she went on. “Do you not
know that Greystone was sold—that we left it soon after my father’s
death? Do you not know about,” she glanced at her deep mourning
dress, “do you not know that I am quite an orphan now?”
“Yes,” he said in turn; “yes, I know that—I saw it in the ‘Times.’”
His tone was grave and sad. A feeling of self-reproach crept
through him as he recalled the half-bitter sympathy with which he
had seen the announcement of Mrs. Methvyn’s death.
“She has her husband to comfort her,” he had said to himself. For
once, in some fashionable record of “arrivals in town” he had seen
the names of “Mr. and Mrs. Fawcett from Barnstay Castle;” and till
this moment when he met Cicely Methvyn again, a doubt of her
marriage having taken place had never crossed his mind. There fell
a slightly awkward pause. In the presence of a third person, and that
person a stranger, Cicely could not speak to Mr. Guildford of her
mother’s illness and death as she would have liked to do, nor could
he say anything to lead her to do so. At last Bessie came to the
rescue. Amazed by the unexpected discovery of her brother’s
acquaintance with the pasteur’s niece, Mrs. Crichton had been
startled into keeping silence for much longer than was usual with her.
“It is just like a story,” she said to herself in an awe struck whisper.
Suddenly glancing at Mr. Guildford, a new idea struck her, “Oh!
Edmond,” she exclaimed, “you have taken off your shade. Oh! how
very wrong of you, and the light in this room is so strong!”
She darted to the window and began drawing down the blinds.
Mr. Guildford looked annoyed. “It does not matter for a few
minutes, Bessie,” he said.
Cicely glanced at him. There was nothing in the appearance of his
eyes, dark and keen as ever, to suggest injured or enfeebled powers
of sight.
“My eyes are much stronger now,” he said to Cicely. “I strained
them when I was in India, but they are recovering now.”
“I heard that you were over-working yourself,” said Cicely.
“Yes, indeed,” exclaimed Mrs. Crichton. “It was not India, it was
nothing but overwork, and it will be the same thing again if you don’t
take care. He will never be able to use his eyes very much,” she
added, turning to Cicely.
A look of pain crossed Mr. Guildford’s face.
Cicely began to think it true that Mrs. Crichton was “very stupid.”
“Not for a long time, I dare say,” she said quickly. “But I have
always heard that rest does wonders in such cases. And that
reminds me,” she went on, “will you show me exactly how you want
these papers done?”
Mr. Guildford had forgotten all about the papers. Now he looked
up with some embarrassment. “I could not,” he began, but Cicely
interrupted him.
“You thought of letting a stranger do it,” she said. “Why then not
me? I have very little occupation here; it would be a real pleasure to
me.”
She spoke simply but earnestly, and Mr. Guildford made no
further objection. He took up the papers and pointed out Bessie’s
mistakes. Then came a moment in which Mrs. Crichton left the room
in search of another manuscript. Cicely seized the opportunity.
“Mr. Guildford,” she said hastily, in a voice too low to catch the
long ears of the little pitcher in the corner, “I think I had better tell you
that my cousin Trevor Fawcett’s wife is Geneviève Casalis—
Geneviève Fawcett now, of course. It is with her parents I am now
staying here; they are very kind and good. Eudoxie,” with a glance
towards the child, “is Geneviève’s sister. I thought it best you should
know, as I dare say you will see Monsieur and Madame Casalis
sometimes.”
Mr. Guildford did not speak. One rapid glance of inquiry he could
not repress. Cicely stood it with perfect calmness.
“It happened a long time ago, very soon after my father’s death,”
she said quietly. “I—I believed it was for the best then; since, I have
come to feel sure of it.” Here her colour rose a very little. “It was a
comfort to me to be able to devote myself entirely to my mother
when her health failed,” she went on, as if in explanation of her
words; “there was no other tie to interfere.”
Mr. Guildford bowed his head slightly, as if to signify that he
understood. “Thank you for telling me,” he said, as Bessie came in
again.
Cicely was very silent during the walk home, and answered at
random to Eudoxie’s chatter, agreeing with the child’s announcement
that she did not intend to call “him Monsieur Gentil.” “He is not gentil
at all,” she decided, the truth being that Mr. Guildford had not taken
any notice of her, for there was a spice of Geneviève in Eudoxie now
and then after all.
“How strange to have met again here!” Cicely was thinking to
herself. “It is as well, if it was to be, that it happened unexpectedly. It
will prevent his feeling constrained and ill at ease with me on
account of that fancy of his, if indeed he remembers it.”
CHAPTER IX.
A SOUTHERN WINTER.
“Listen how the linnets sing, Cicely dear;

Watch you where the lilies spring, Cicely sweet.”
* * * * * *
“The lilies shall be for thy brow to wear,
The linnets shall sing of the love I bear.”
Ballad.
NO sooner had the door closed on Cicely and her little cousin than
Mrs. Crichton’s pent-up curiosity broke forth. She overwhelmed her
brother with questions and cross-questions as to the how, where,
and when of his former acquaintance with Miss Methvyn, till Mr.
Guildford was fairly driven into a corner. He defended himself
valiantly for some time; he tried short answers, but even
monosyllables failed in their usually chilling effect on the irrepressible
Bessie. She was not to be snubbed; she only grew increasingly
pertinacious and finally cross.
“It is too bad of you to be so absurdly reserved with me, Edmond,”
she said at last. “You are not a doctor now; I am not asking you to
gossip about your patients. You will make me suspect something
mysterious if you don’t take care.”
Then Edmond saw that his best policy would be to volunteer as
much information as it suited him that his sister should be in
possession of, knowing by experience that to baffle temporarily her
curiosity was surely to increase it in the end. Hydra-like, it but
sprouted afresh in a hundred new directions, if extinguished in one;
and that she should even suspect the existence of anything he
wished to conceal, with regard to Cicely, was disagreeable and
undesirable in the extreme. So he smiled at her petulant speech, and
answered good-humouredly. “I know what you always mean by
something mysterious, Bessie. You are constantly fancying you have
got on the scent of a love-story. I have no love-story to confide to you
about Miss Methvyn—at least—” he stopped and hesitated.
“At least what?” exclaimed Mrs. Crichton.
“I was thinking,” he said, “of what you said about my not being a
doctor any longer. That does not make me free to gossip about what
I became acquainted with when I was one, does it?”
“No, I suppose not,” said Bessie. “But I shall never tell over
anything about Miss Methvyn. I want to know about her, I have taken
a fancy to her. Do go on after ‘at least.’ ”
“I was merely going to say that the only love-story I can tell you
about her, is painful and must not be alluded to. But under the
circumstances, perhaps, it is best you should know it. When I last
saw Miss Methvyn, she was on the point of marriage with her cousin,
a Mr. Fawcett—the marriage was broken off, and within a very short
time he married another girl—her cousin, but not his, a French girl,
the daughter of these people here, the pasteur and his wife.”
“What a shame!” ejaculated Bessie. “I thought they seemed such
nice people.”
“So they are, I have no doubt. If not, she—Miss Methvyn—would
not be staying with them.”
“But the girl—their daughter—must have been very designing.”
Mr. Guildford did not answer. “How dreadful for Miss Methvyn!”
continued Bessie. “I wonder it did not break her heart.”
“How do you know it didn’t?” asked her brother quickly.
“She doesn’t look like it,” said Mrs. Crichton. “She looks grave and
rather sad, but she smiles brightly; there is nothing bitter or sour
about her.”
“She has had troubles enough of other kinds to make her grave
and sad. Though, indeed, her face always had that look when in
repose,” he said thoughtfully. “Bessie,” he went on, with a sudden
impulse of communicativeness, born of a yearning for sympathy, “do
you remember one night, nearly two years ago, when I had to go out
into the country beyond Haverstock—a very cold night?”
“Yes,” said Bessie, “I remember it—a little child was very ill. It
died, I think.”
“That night was the first time I saw Miss Methvyn.”—“Standing
with that crimson dress on,” he murmured to himself softly. “Yes,” he
went on aloud, “the child died. He was her nephew. And since then
she has lost father and mother and her home too.”
“Poor girl!” said Mrs. Crichton, with the ready tears in her eyes.
“By the bye,” she added in a brisker tone, “was she Miss Methvyn of
Something Abbey? I never can remember names.”
“Greystone?” suggested her brother.
“Yes, to be sure. I knew it was a colour, black or white or
something. Oh! then, I know about them a little. Some friends of the
Lubecks bought Blackstone, and are living there now. It was sold
because when the father died, they found he had lost a lot of money
—in horse-racing, wasn’t it?”
“Not exactly,” said Mr. Guildford, smiling. “The poor man had been
paralysed for some years. But he did lose money by speculation—
that was true enough. What else did you hear?”
Bessie’s brain was not the best arranged repository of facts in the
world, but by dint of diving into odd corners, and bringing to light a
vast mass of totally irrelevant matter, she managed to give her
brother a pretty clear idea of what she had learnt about the
Methvyns’ affairs. And joining this to what he already knew, Mr.
Guildford arrived at a fair enough understanding of the actual state of
the case. “I don’t believe it was her loss of fortune that separated
them,” he said to himself; “she is not the sort of girl to have allowed
that to influence her. And he—if it had been that—would not have
married a completely penniless girl immediately after. No, it could not
have been that. He must have deceived her—how she must have
suffered! Yet, as Bessie says, I don’t think she does look broken-
hearted.”
He fell to thinking of how she did look. He was silent and
abstracted, but Bessie asked no more questions. Her curiosity was
so far set at rest, but it is to be doubted if her brother’s carefully
considered communicativeness had satisfied her of the non
existence of her “something mysterious.” But she was loyal and
womanly, despite her inquisitiveness; her brother’s secret, if he had
one, was safe.
During the rest of the day, Mr. Guildford was restless and ill at
ease. . He was constantly acting over again the morning’s interview
with Cicely, and wishing that he had said or done differently.
Sometimes it seemed to him that his manner must have appeared
almost rudely repellent and ungracious; at others, he reproached
himself with having behaved with unwarrantable freedom.
“I did not even shake hands with her,” he remembered. “Rude
boor that I am. As if I had any business to annoy her by my absurd
self-consciousness, when she was so sweet and gracious and
unaffected—so evidently anxious to be just as friendly to me as if I
had never made a fool of myself. Of course, it is easy for her to be
unconstrained and at ease with me—there is no reason why she
should not be so—the question is whether I shall ever attain to it with
her.”
Then he grew hot at the thought of having allowed her to copy his
papers—actually to work for him—and ended by saying to himself
that he devoutly wished he had not come into the room, or that,
better still, Bessie had held her silly little tongue about his
occupation. Yet all the time he was looking forward with
unacknowledged eagerness to the next day, cherishing a foolish
hope that Cicely might herself bring back her completed work, or that
possibly she might find it necessary to apply to him for information or
instruction upon some difficult part of the manuscript. And when the
next day came, and the papers, beautifully written, and perfectly
correct, were brought to the Rue St. Louis by old Mathurine, with a
little note from Cicely, hoping that Mr. Guildford would not hesitate to
return them if in any way faulty, he felt a pang of disappointment
which startled him into acute realisation of the fact that he was as
ready as ever, nay, ten times more so, to “make a fool of himself” for
this woman, whom he thought he had grown indifferent to. “It is as if
some one that one had thought dead had come to life again. It is
very hard upon me. For more than a year I have thought of her as
Fawcett’s wife, as more than dead to me, and now the old struggle
must begin again.”
But after a time he grew calmer. The events of the last two years
had altered—some superficial observers might have said, weakened
—this man, once so strong a believer in his own opinion, so
confident in his own power of acting up to it. But if he were
weakened, the weakness was that arising from a greater knowledge
of himself, a juster estimate of human nature, a nobler, because truer
ideal—it was a weakness promising strength. He was less given to
make theories, less loftily determined to live the life he sketched out
for himself. “I am well punished for my presumption in thinking I was
stronger than other men, or that in such strength there was nobility.
Here am I at thirty with powers already curtailed, thankful now not to
be threatened with a future of utter dependence. Here am I who
despised and depreciated woman’s influence—feeling that without
the love of a woman who will never love me, life, in no one direction,
can be other than stunted and imperfect. Yes, I am well punished!”
And it was through this last reflection that he attained to a more
philosophic state of mind. If the disappointment which this love of his
had brought upon him, were a recompense merited by his self-
confidence and self-deception, what could he do but accept it? what
more futile than to waste his strength of mind in going back upon a
past of mistakes and might-have-beens? Why not exert the self-
control he possessed in making the best of what remained, in
enjoying the friendship which Cicely was evidently ready to bestow
upon him, with which, in her altered circumstances, there was little
prospect of any closer tie coming into collision?
“I dare say she will never marry,” he said to himself with
unconsciously selfish satisfaction. “She is not the sort of woman to
‘get over’ such an experience as she has had, in a hurry. I doubt if
she will ever do so. Her very serenity looks as if she had gauged her
own powers of suffering pretty thoroughly, and had now reached a
tableland of calm—I feel sure she will never marry. I should like to
show her that I am able to value her friendship, and that she need
have no fear of my ever dreaming of anything more. I should like her
to respect me.”
So, considerably to Bessie’s surprise, a day or two after the
papers had been despatched, her brother proposed that they should
return Monsieur and Madame Casalis’s call.
“I should like to thank Miss Methryn personally,” he said calmly.
“And I am sure her relations are kind, good sort of people from what
you tell me. It was very civil of them to call. I should not like them to
think me a surly hypochondriac.”
“But are you fit for it?” said Mrs. Crichton, hardly able to believe
her ears.
“Fit to make a call?” he exclaimed, laughing. “Of course I am;
there’s nothing wrong with me now except my eyes, and they are
much better. They never pain me now unless I read or write. I don’t
want to drive there, Bessie,” he went on, “we can walk. It is only two
or three streets off.”
“Very well,” said Bessie, in her heart nothing loth to see
something more of their only acquaintances at Hivèritz. She looked
up at her brother curiously. “I wonder if Edmond has anything in his
head that he hasn’t told me,” she thought. But Edmond met her
glance with perfect self-possession. He felt that he had no motive of
the kind that she evidently suspected; he only wished to return to his
old friendly relations with Cicely Methvyn; there was no fear of
further self-deception. He was satisfied that, having now recovered
from the first surprise of meeting her again, he was in a fair way of
attaining to a composed and comfortable state of mind with regard to
this girl, whose path and his had once more so unexpectedly
crossed each other.
So Bessie was fain to suppose that her discrimination had
actually been at fault, and that her brother was uninfluenced by any
other motives than those he averred. And for some time to come,
there was nothing to disturb her in this opinion. They called on
Madame Casalis, and found both her and Miss Methvyn at home,
and the half-hour spent in the modest little drawing-room in the Rue
de la Croix blanche, was a very pleasant one, and Mr. Guildford
returned home well contented with himself, and satisfied that Cicely
tacitly appreciated his resolution.
“She has great tact,” he thought; “her manner is so simple and
unconstrained that it makes it infinitely easier for me.”
And for her part, Cicely was saying to herself that things were
turning out just as she had hoped—Mr. Guildford had evidently quite
forgotten all about that passing fancy of his; he wished—by his
manner she could see that he wished—to be thoroughly friendly and
kind; he was a man whose friendship any woman might be proud of
possessing. And as she thought thus, there flitted across her mind a
vague recollection of something she had once said to him on this
subject of friendship—it was one summer’s day in the garden at
Greystone—and Mr. Guildford had been expounding for her benefit
some of the wonderful theories which he then believed in so firmly.
She remembered all he had said quite well (how little she suspected
what bombastic nonsense it now appeared to him!), and she
remembered, too, that what she had replied had made him declare
he had converted her. It was something about feeling more honoured
by the friendship than by the love of a man capable of friendship of
the highest kind.
“I did not say it so plainly,” thought Cicely, “but that was the sense
of it. I know I was rather proud of the sentiment. I wonder if Mr.
Guildford remembers it. I do think him a man whose friendship is an
honour; and it is much better that I should henceforth keep clear of
anything else. I have had storms and troubles enough. Only—only—
sometimes life looks very lonely now.”
But during the remainder of this so-called winter, life passed on
the whole pleasantly enough. The acquaintance between the two
families progressed to friendliness; then to intimacy, till there were
few days when some of their members did not meet. Cicely owned to
herself that the society of the brother and sister added much to the
interest of her otherwise somewhat monotonous life; and Mr.
Guildford, having thoroughly shaken himself free from any possibility
of further self-deception, allowed himself to enjoy Miss Methvyn’s
friendship without misgiving, and day by day congratulated himself
more heartily on the strength of mind with which he had recognised
his position and bravely made the best of it. Only Bessie,
commonplace, womanly, silly little Bessie, sometimes looked on with
vague uneasiness, now and then trembled a little at the thought that
perchance this pleasant present might contain the elements of future
suffering.
“Edmond doesn’t think he is in love with her,” she said to herself,
“and he certainly gives her no reason to think he is. But he has it all
his own way just now; how would it be if some rival turned up all of a
sudden, would not that open his eyes? And though she has been
unlucky once, it is unlikely she will never marry. I could not bear
Edmond to be made miserable. If she were less high-principled and
thought more of herself, I would fear less for him.”
Once or twice there occurred little incidents which increased the
sister’s anxiety, and of one of these she was herself in part the
cause. Little Mrs. Crichton, “stupid” as she called herself, had one
gift. She possessed an unusually beautiful voice. It was powerful and
of wide compass, but above all clear and sweet and true, and with a
ring of youth about it which little suggested her eight-and-thirty years.
She sang as if she liked to hear herself; there was no shadow of
effort or study of effect discernible in the bright, blithe notes, which
yet at times could be as exquisitely plaintive. Cicely, who loved
music more, probably, than she understood it, soon discovered this
gift of her new friend’s, and profited thereby, thanks to Bessie’s
unfailing good-nature, greatly. She was never tired of Mrs. Crichton’s
singing.
“I am glad you like my sister’s voice,” said Mr. Guildford one day,
when Bessie had been singing away for a long time. “I like it better
than any I ever heard, but then I am no judge of music.”
“Nor am I. But in singing one knows quickly what one likes,” said
Cicely. “I have heard a great many voices—some wonderfully
beautiful no doubt, but I never heard one I liked quite as much, or in
the same way, as Mrs. Crichton’s.”
Mr. Guildford looked pleased. “Don’t leave off, Bessie,” he said,
“not, at least, unless you are tired.”
“What shall I sing?” said Bessie, turning over the loose music
lying before her. “Ah! here is one of your favourites, Edmond, though
I don’t think it very pretty. You must judge of it, Miss Methvyn. I have
not sung it lately. Edmond has got tired of it, I suppose. At one time
he was so fond of it, he used to make me sing it half-a-dozen times a
day.”
She placed the song on the desk, and began to sing it before her
brother noticed what she was doing. When he heard the first few
bars, he got up from his seat and strolled to the window, where he
stood impatiently waiting for a pause. Bessie had hardly reached the
end of the first verse before he interrupted her. “I am sure Miss
Methvyn will not care for that song, Bessie,” he exclaimed. “Do sing
something else.”
He crossed the room to the piano, beside which Cicely was
standing, and opened a book of songs which lay on the top. Mrs.
Crichton left off singing, but turned towards her brother with some
impatience. “You are very rude, Edmond,” she exclaimed with half
playful petulance. “You should not interrupt me in the middle of a
song. And you are very changeable—a very few months ago you
thought this song perfectly lovely. Do you like it, Miss Methvyn?” she
inquired, turning to Cicely. “The words are pretty.”
“Are they?” said Cicely, “I don’t think I caught them all. Yes, I think
the song is rather pretty—not exceedingly so.”
“The other verses all end in the same way,” said Bessie, humming
a note or two of the air; “that is the prettiest part, ‘Cicely, Cicely
sweet.’”
Cicely gave an involuntary little start, but she did not speak. Mr.
Guildford turned over the leaves of the book with increasing energy.
“Here, Bessie, do sing this,” he exclaimed, placing another song in
front of the tabooed one on the desk.
“No, I won’t,” said Bessie obstinately, “not till I have finished
Cicely. I can’t understand your being so changeable—it was such a
favourite of yours.”
“One outgrows fancies of the kind,” observed Cicely quietly. “Our
tastes change. I dare say it is a good thing they do.”
“Do you think so?” said Mr. Guildford quickly. “I don’t quite agree
with you. My tastes do not change, and I do not wish them to do so.”
He looked at her as he spoke. Cicely felt her cheeks flush, and
she turned away. Bessie went on singing. By the time the song was
over, Cicely, glancing up again, saw that Mr. Guildford had quietly left
the room.
“How cross Edmond is!” said Bessie, getting up from the piano
pettishly. Suddenly a thought struck her. “Miss Methvyn,” she
exclaimed abruptly, “your name isn’t ‘Cicely,’ is it?”
“Cicely did not immediately answer. “I never thought of it before,”
Mrs. Crichton continued; “it just struck me all at once that I had heard
Madame Casalis call you by some name like it, but she pronounced
it funnily.”
“She very often calls me Cécile,” replied Miss Methvyn quietly.
“But my name is Cicely.”
Bessie was silent. Then suddenly she turned to Cicely and laid
both hands on her arm entreatingly. “Miss Methvyn,” she said,
“Edmond is like a son to me. I could not bear him to be miserable.
He is not a man to go through anything of that kind lightly. Forgive
me for saying this.”
“There is nothing to forgive,” replied Cicely. “But I think you are
mistaken. Mr. Guildford is not a boy, he is wiser than either you or I.”
Bessie hardly understood these rather enigmatical words, but she
dared say no more. After that day, however, she could never find her
brother’s favourite ballad again; it disappeared mysteriously.
And things went on as quietly as before. Mr. Guildford’s health
seemed perfectly reestablished, and even his eyesight failed to
trouble him. He gave himself a holiday for the remainder of his stay
at Hivèritz, and the days passed only too pleasantly. There were all
manner of simple festivities arranged to amuse their visitor, by the
Casalis family in those days, and in these, Madame Gentille and her
brother were invariably invited to join. There were gipsy parties to the
woods, drives or rides to some of the queer picturesque out-of the-
world villages, which few of the ordinary visitors to Hivèritz cared to
explore; one delightful day spent up in the mountains at Monsieur
Casalis’s little farm. And despite the sorrows, whose traces could
never be effaced, Cicely found life a happy thing at these times and
felt glad that youth had not yet deserted her. She spoke often of her
mother to Mr. Guildford, and in so doing lost gradually the sense of
loneliness which had so sadly preyed upon her. And she listened
with all her old interest to his account of his own hopes and
ambitions, of the studies and research in which he had been
engaged. But whenever he was speaking of himself or his own work,
a slight hesitation, a somewhat doubtful tone struck her which she
could not explain. One day she learnt the reason of it.
They had gone for a long ramble in the woods—Cicely, Eudoxie,
and two of the Casalis boys, and on their way through the town they
fell in with Mrs. Crichton and her brother, who forthwith volunteered
to accompany them. It was March by now, and quite as hot as was
pleasant for walking.
“It is like English midsummer,” said Cicely, looking up half
longingly into the depth of brilliant blue sky overhead, “only I don’t
think the skies at home are ever quite so blue or the trees and grass
quite so green. The most beautiful English summer day is like to-day
with a veil over it. But I like home best.”
‘Oh! to be in England—’”
“‘Now that April’s there?’”
said Mr. Guildford.
“Yes,” said Cicely.
“Even
‘though the fields look rough with hoary dew?’”

“Yes, I am dreadfully English. I shall never be anything else.”
“I don’t think I care particularly where I am,” said Mr. Guildford, “if I
have plenty to do.”
“And you always will have that,” said Cicely.
“I don’t know,” replied he. They had walked on a little in front of
the others; there was no one to overhear what was said. “There will
always be plenty for me to do, certainly, but whether I shall be able
to do it is a different matter.”
His tone was desponding.
“How do you mean?” said Cicely quickly. “Are you afraid about
your eyes?”
“Yes,” he said. “I can’t bear to say it, but I don’t think I mind your
knowing. I am afraid I shall never have very much use of my eyes.
With care I may keep my sight, but I shall never be able to do half I
should otherwise have done.”
Cicely was silent for a few moments. Then, “I am so sorry,” she
said simply. But that was all, for Eudoxie came running up, begging

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Computational Collective Intelligence

10th International Conference ICCCI

Computational Collective Intelligence 10th

Computational Collective Intelligence 8th International

Computational Collective Intelligence 12th

Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence

Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence

Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence

Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence

Engineering Applications of Neural Networks 19th

Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

LNAI Series Editors

LNAI Founding Series Editor

Zaheer Khan Bogdan Trawiński (Eds.)

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950468

LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artiﬁcial Intelligence

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018

decision systems, machine learning in real-world data, as well as intelligent sustainable

September 2018 Ngoc Thanh Nguyen

Special Session Chairs

Local Organizing Committee

Special Session Organizers

CDS 2018: Special Session on Complex Decision Systems

MLRWD 2018: Special Session on Machine Learning in Real-World Data

ISSC 2018: Special Session on Intelligent Sustainable Smart Cities

Orcan Alpar University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

Tzung-Pei Hong National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Mark Last Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Ewa Ratajczak-Ropel Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Special Session Program Committees

Iza Wierzbowska Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

CDS 2018: Special Session on Complex Decision Systems

MLRWD 2018: Special Session on Machine Learning in Real-World Data

ISSC 2018: Special Session on Intelligent Sustainable Smart Cities

Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web

ViewpointS: Towards a Collective Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Intelligent Collectives: Impact of Diversity on Susceptibility

The Increasing Bias of Non-uniform Collectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Framework for Merging Probabilistic Knowledge Bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Representation of Autoimmune Diseases with RDFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

EVENTSKG: A Knowledge Graph Representation for Top-Prestigious

Assessing the Performance of a New Semantic Similarity Measure

The Impact of Data Dispersion on the Accuracy of the Data

Social Network Analysis

Physical Activity Contagion and Homophily in an Adaptive Social

e-School: Design and Implementation of Web Based Teaching Institution

Categorizing Air Quality Information Flow on Twitter Using Deep

A Computational Network Model for the Effects of Certain Types

Homophily Independent Cascade Diffusion Model Based

A Semi-automated Security Advisory System to Resist Cyber-Attack

The Role of Mapping Curve in Swarm-Like Opinion Formation . . . . . . . . . . 157

Popularity and Geospatial Spread of Trends on Twitter: A Middle

On the Emergence of Segregation in Society: Network-Oriented

Computational Analysis of Bullying Behavior in the Social Media Era . . . . . 192

Recommendation Methods and Recommender Systems

A Hybrid Feature Combination Method that Improves Recommendations. . . . 209

A Neural Learning-Based Clustering Model for Collaborative Filtering . . . . . 219

Influence Power Factor for User Interface Recommendation System . . . . . . . 228

A Generic Framework for Collaborative Filtering Based on Social

Recommender System Based on Fuzzy Reasoning and Information Systems. . . 248

Proposal of a Recommendation System for Complex Topic Learning

A Group Recommender System for Selecting Experts to Review

Agents and Multi-Agent Systems