RAINFALL DATA

PROCESSING USING
STATISTICAL
METHOD
DELIVERED BY:
ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA
ABOUT THE
SPEAKER
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
●
Licensed Civil Engineer (May 2003)
●
Licensed Master Plumber (Feb 2012)
●
Licensed Environmental Planner (Jun 2018)
●
BS Civil Engineering – Water Resources
DLSU – Manila (Dec 2002)
●
MS Civil Engineering – Water Resources
DLSU – Manila (Academic Units Completed 2014)

3
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
●
MS Environmental Science
UE – Manila (2018 - Present)
●
MM Environmental Planning
PCU – Manila (2023 – Present)
●
Design Principal
HP ARANDA Engineering Services
(2003 - Present)

4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
●
Rainfall is a major hydrologic process that affects
drainage design.
●
It is a major consideration not only in civil engineering
and agriculture but have been integrated into plumbing
consideration as well
●
Obtaining a proper rainfall data interpretation will lead
to an effective storm drainage management.
●
Since rainfall is a highly random event, the only way to
quantify or determine the rainfall is by statistical
quantification
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RAINFALL
●
Rain is water droplets that have condensed from
atmospheric water vapor and then fall under gravity.
●
Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is
responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on
the Earth.
●
Rainfall occurs randomly and therefore, its
quantification must be done mathematically

7
RAINFALL
●
Recording of rainfall has been done in the Philippines
since 1865.
●
Though much of the record was lost in 1945, these
were gradually replaced starting in 1950 and
continued into the present day
●
Rainfall record are primarily kept at PAGASA where it
operates several rainfall stations and radar as well.
●
It also obtain copies from other entities such as
Colleges and Universities as well as other government
Agencies for record purposes
8
RAINFALL AS BASIS FOR
CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION
●
The Philippines have two climate classifications in use:
– Modified Koppen Climate Classification
– Modified Corona Climate Classification
●
The Koppen Climate Classification is widely used
around the world and it is based from the type of
plants and species of trees that are suited to that
particular climate.
●
The Corona climate classification was developed for
Philippine setting in 1920 by Fr. Jose Corona SJ. and
it is based on the amount of rainfall.
9
RAINFALL AS BASIS FOR
CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION
●
According to the Corona climate classification method,
a month is considered a dry month if it has 50mm or
less of rainfall for the whole month.
●
Likewise, even if a month has seen a total of 100mm
of rainfall but it was preceded by three or more dry
months then it is still considered dry.

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RAINFALL AS BASIS FOR
CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION
●
Type 1
Two defined season, dry from November
to May and rainy during the rest of the
year
●
Type 2
No dry season
●
Type 3
Similar to Type 1 except that the dry
season lasts for about three to four
months only
●
Type 4
Similar to type 2 except that the amount
of rainfall is generally less than that of
Type 2
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MEASUREMENT OF
RAINFALL DATA
RAINFALL MEASUREMENT
●
Rainfall is measured using
– Rain Gauges
– Radars
●
Rain Gauges can be:
– Recording
– Non-Recording

13
RAINFALL MEASUREMENT
●
Radar measurement can measure rainfall amount in
real time.
●
The reliability depends on the quality of the radar and
the power of the radar itself.
●
Radar and Satellite data are use for forecasting
rainfall.
●
For observed rainfall, rain gauges will give the data.
●
These will be calibrated together in order to develop
and enhance the global precipitation model.
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RAINFALL MEASUREMENT

15
RAINFALL MEASUREMENT
●
In the Philippines rain gauge stations are classified as
follows:
– Synoptic Station
– Agromet Station
●
Synoptic stations measures not only rainfall but also
other meteorological parameters such as temperature,
humidity and wind speed. It measures rainfall on a
three hour basis
●
Agromet station measures rainfall in total at 8am and
2pm.
16
MISSING RAINFALL
●
There are instances in which rainfall data are lost or
got missing due to the following:
– Theft
– Storm Damage
●
There are three methods that can be done to
determine the missing rainfall
– Arithmetic mean
– Normal Ratio
– Inverse Distance Method
17
MISSING RAINFALL
●
Arithmetic mean method is the simplest but it is also
demanding with respect to the constraint it impose.
●
The following conditions must be satisfied for
Arithmetic mean to be use
– There must be at least three surrounding stations
– The data of the surrounding stations must be at
least 30 years.
– The annual average of the surrounding stations and
that of the station with the missing data must not be
more than ±10%
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EXAMPLE

19
EXAMPLE

67+72+68
P A= =69mm
3

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MISSING RAINFALL
●
The Normal Ratio Method is also quite simple but it
is less rigid than the arithmetic mean.
●
It does not require the annual average to be taken
from 30 years of data
●
The working equation for Normal Ratio Method is
given to be

21
EXAMPLE

22
EXAMPLE

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MISSING RAINFALL
●
The Inverse Distance Method is a semi graphical
method for determining the missing rainfall.
●
This is done by plotting the location of the missing
station and the surrounding rain gauges on a map.
●
With the missing station at the center of the cartesian
coordinate system and then plotting the distance of the
surrounding stations.

24
MISSING RAINFALL

25
EXAMPLE:

26
EXAMPLE:

27
EXAMPLE:

28
EXAMPLE:

29
EXAMPLE:

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AREAL AVERAGE
●
Rainfall data as measured by Rain Gauges are point
rainfall data.
●
To determine the area basin rainfall, there are three
processes that can be done.
– Arithmetic Mean
– Thiessen Polygon
– Isohyetal Method

31
AREAL AVERAGE
●
Arithmetic mean is simply the average of the rain
gauge data located inside a basin.
●
It is the simplest method for determining areal rainfall
but it can only be applied on small drainage basins
●
This method is not much applicable in the Philippines
since rainfall stations are located quite far from each
other.

32
AREAL AVERAGE

P AVE =
∑ P
n

33
AREAL AVERAGE
●
Thiessen Polygon is another graphical technique
which calculates station weights based on the relative
areas of each measurement station.
●
The individual weights are multiplied by the station
observation and the values are summed to obtain the
areal average precipitation.

34
AREAL AVERAGE

35
AREAL AVERAGE
●
Isohyetal method is a graphical technique which
involves drawing estimated lines of equal rainfall over
an area based on point measurements.
●
The magnitude and extent of the resultant rainfall
areas of coverage are then considered versus the
area in question in order to estimate the areal
precipitation value.
●
If done correctly, Isohyetal method will accurately take
into account the effect of terrain with respect to the
rainfall

36
AREAL AVERAGE
●
The working equation for this method is given to be:

37
STATISTICAL
PARAMETER
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
Rainfall data can be measured in terms of hours or
days.
●
Since there are numerous events that occurs it would
be best to determine the corresponding return period
that a particular rainfall occurs.
●
In hydrology, the use of frequency analysis is
important in order to ascertain the magnitude of
events.
●
It is important in drainage design and flood control
structures
39
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
Most hydrologic model are deterministic and
stochastic
●
Before making any analysis it is important to know the
various statistical parameter that will be needed.
These are as follows:
– Central tendency
– Dispersion Characteristics
– Skewness
– Kurtosis
40
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
Central tendency is the parameter that represents the
concentration of data about the central value.
●
The following parameters are representative of the
central tendency:
– Mean
– Median
– Mode

41
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
Dispersion characteristics describes the variability of
data It is described mathematically by the following:
– Variance
– Standard Deviation
– Coefficient of Variance

42
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
Dispersion characteristics describes the variability of
data It is described mathematically by the following:
– Variance
– Standard Deviation
– Coefficient of Variance
●
The equation of variance for discrete and continuous
variables are given below:

43
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
For grouped data, the variance are taken as follows:

44
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
The standard deviation σ is obtained by taking the
square root of the variance σ2

●
For continuous data, the standard deviation is given to
be as follows

45
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
The coefficient of variance Cv measures the variability
and is represented as the ratio of the standard
deviation to the mean of the sample.
●
Mathematically this is obtained by the equation:

46
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
Skewness represents the symmetry of the distribution
of data about the mean
●
Skewness is graphically represented as follows:

47
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
The formula for skewness are given to be as follows:

●
For grouped data:

48
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
The coefficient of skewness Cs is obtained by the
equation

49
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
Kurtosis represents the congestion of grouping of data
at a central place.
●
The equation of kurtosis for discrete variables are
given below:

50
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
For grouped data, the equtions for kurtosis are given
below

●
The coefficient of Kurtosis β2 is given to be:

51
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
●
Statistical parameters are used to describe the
statistical distribution characteristics of a sample.
●
A hydrologist must be in a position to predict highly
random events such as flooding and precipitation.
●
In hydrology, probability distribution can either be
– Discrete
– Continuous.

53
PROBABILITY DISTRIBTION
●
For Discrete Distribution, the following methods are
used:
– Binomial Distribution
– Poisson Distribution
●
The probability of occurrence of an event X is
determined by the Binomial Distribution to be

54
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
●
For Discrete Distribution, the following methods are
used:
– Binomial Distribution
– Poisson Distribution
●
The probability of occurrence of an event X is
determined by the Binomial Distribution to be

55
FREQUENCY
ANALYSIS
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
●
Rainfall data can be measured in terms of hours or
days.
●
Since there are numerous events that occurs it would
be best to determine the corresponding return period
that a particular rainfall occurs.
●
In hydrology, the use of frequency analysis is
important in order to ascertain the magnitude of
events.
●
It is important for rain water harvesting, green roof and
infiltration system capacity
57
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
●
There are several equations that can be use for
frequency analysis:
– Normal Distribution
– Pearson Type 3
– Log Pearson Type 3
– Gumbel Extreme Value type II
●
The most common among these are Log Pearson T3
and Gumbel Method.

58
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
●
The output of these frequency equations are graphs
called Intensity Duration Frequency Curve and Depth
Duration Frequency Curve.

59
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
●
Log Pearson Type 3 is applied to skewed data (Cs not
equal to or near zero).
●
This technique is useful for extrapolating or predicting
the magnitude of flooding beyond the observed
events.
●
The procedures for conducting frequency analysis
using Log Pearson Type 3 is enumerated in the
following slide

60
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
●
Compute the mean, standard deviation and skewness of
the sample
● (
Multiply the factor
1+
8.5
)
N ¿ to the coefficient of skewness
Cs to overcome the difficulties of data length. N is the
number of sample considered. If the data is more than
100 years, the factor is not needed.
●
To compute the flood or rainfall for any desired return
period, read the frequency factor k from the standard k-
T table for pearson type 3 distribution table
●
Compute the flood or rainfall of the desired return period
from Chow’s general equation
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FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

62
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
●
Gumbel’s distribution is perhaps the most widely used
distribution for the determination of extreme value
(highest possible) event.
●
If the number of data is more than 100 samples, the
value of frequency factor k is determined to be:

●
If the sample to be used is less than 100, then the
value of k using gumbel’s method is taken from the
table in the next slide
63
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

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THANK YOU