GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

VALSAD
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND

HYDROLOGY LAB MANUAL
Subject Code: - 3160610
Name: -
Enrollment No.: -
Batch: -

Academic Year: - 2021-22

 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALSAD
VALSAD – 396001

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms.___________________________________

of ___________________________ Class, Roll No. ________________

Exam No. ___________________ has satisfactorily completed his / her

term work in __________________________________________________

for the term ending _______________ in 20___ / 20___.

Date:

Sign of the Faculty Head of the Department

 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
VALSAD
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INDEX

SUBJECT: WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND HYDROLOGY (3160610)

SR.
TITLE GRADE DATE SIGN OF FACULTY
NO.
1 Introduction
To determine rate of infiltration and
2 infiltration capacity using double ring
infiltrometer
3 Measurement of rainfall
Problems of optimum no. of rain gauges
4
missing rainfall and double mass curve.
Mean and depth of rainfall over basin
5 DAD curve and IDF curve Ø index and
w-Index.
6 Statistical and probability analysis of
rainfall.
7 Runoff estimation methods rational
method, unit hydrograph method.
8 Estimation of flood using unit
hydrograph.
9 S-hydrograph and Snyder’s hydrograph.
10 Computation of live and dead storage
capacity of reservoir.
11 Flood routing of reservoir and channel.
12 Flood routing of reservoir and channel.
13 Calculation of dependable flow.
14 Determination of capacity of well.

15 Calculation of power of a hydro-power

plant.
 [WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND HYDROLOGY (3160610) MANUAL]
PRACTICAL NO. : 1 – INTRODUCTION

Q-1
Define following terms in short: 1] Hydrology 2] Precipitation 3] Hyetograph 4] Mass rainfall
curve 5] Evapo-transpiration 6] Infiltration.

Q-2 Explain hydrological cycle with neat sketch.

Q-3 Describe recording and non-recording type rain gauges.

Q-4 Explain with neat sketch the working of most commonly used non recording type rain gauge.

Q-5 Explain with neat sketch the working of most commonly used non recording type rain gauge
Q-6 Explain the phenomenon of infiltration and briefly write the factors affecting it.
Q-7 Briefly describe the methods for measurement of infiltration
Q-8 Explain in detail the Green-Ampt method of measuring infiltration.
Q-9 Explain Penman-Monteith method of measuring evaporation.
Q-10 Discuss the factors affecting evaporation and methods used to measure its rate.
Q-11 Discuss Evapo-transpiration.
Q-12 Explain Ф index, w index and wmin index in detail.
Q-13 Discuss the various methods of predicting missing rainfall data

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PRACTICAL NO. : 2 - To determine rate of infiltration and infiltration

capacity using double ring infiltrometer
OBJECTIVES

After completing this practical exercise, you will be able to:

• understand .infiltration phenomenon; and

• determine the infiltration of a given soil.

INTRODUCTION:
Infiltration is one of the most important characteristics of soils and influences irrigation and other
parameters of water balance such as runoff and groundwater. Water through irrigation/rainfall infiltrates
into the soil surface and is stored for use by plants. It refers to the downward entry of water into the soil.
The rate at which water enters the soil is called the infiltration rate usually measured in cmlhr. This is
called the initial infiltration rate. As more water replaces the air in the pores, the water from the soil
surface infiltrates more slowly and eventually reaches a steady rate. This is called the basic infiltration
rate. The rate of infiltration is limited by the capacity of the soil and the rate at which water is applied to
the surface.

Date: Signature of Faculty

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 [WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND HYDROLOGY (3160610) MANUAL]
PRACTICAL NO. 3 Measurement of rainfall
AIM
After completing this practical exercise, you should be able to measure rainfall
from non-recording and recording rain gauges.

INTRODUCTION
Rainfall is an important natural resource which provides water for different usages such as
public health, industry and agriculture. Accurate measurement of rainfall helps in conserving
and managing water resources efficiently. Harvesting, conservation and utilisation of rainwater
holds 'the key for undertaking agriculture and other allied activities in order to achieve socio-
economic development of watersheds. Rainfall can be measured by non-recording and recording
type (automatic) rain gauges. Non-recording rain gauges record periodic readings of the
accumulated rainfall (24 hours). Large capacity rain gauges are used for measuring rainfall only
a few times.at the remote sites. Recording type rain gauges continuously record rainfall and thus
rainfall depth can be obtained for any period. It enables to determine rainfall characteristics such
as intensity, frequency, duration and amount of rainfall influencing rate and amount of runoff.

Requirements:

Non-recording rain gauge

Recording rain gauge

Procedure:

i) Non-recording rain gauge

The rainwater is received in a plastic bottle covered with funnel. The depth of rainfall received in 24
hours is measured by glass cylinder provided by the manufacturer. The rainfall is measured at 8 am.

Precautions:

• Rain gauge should be kept on a hard compact platform and height of rim be kept 30 cm above the
ground level;
• Ensure that rain gauge is leakproof; and
• Measuring cylinder should be kept clean and leaves and other foreign
particles should have been removed from the receiver.

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ii) Recording rain gauge

It consists of a cylinder with a funnel top, circular inner brass tube, recording mechanism of a clock
driven drum carrying the record sheet on which a pen draws the graph of rainfall against time. The clock
mechanism completes one rotation in 24 hours. The X-axis of the chart (graph) is the rainfall (mm) with
accuracy of 1mm and Y-axis represents time. The recording sheet is replaced once tin 24 hours. The
recording pen is fixed on a rod connected to a float in the inner cylinder. As the rainwater accumulates in
the cylinder, the float rises along with the pan which records the rainfall. When the cylinder is full, the
connection is established with the inner cylinder and siphon tube and the entire water gets drained and
pen drops to the zero position. The depth of rainfall recorded on the graph sheet is read for every half an
hour to determine the variation in rainfall intensity for different durations of the storms.

Precautions

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 [WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND HYDROLOGY (3160610) MANUAL]
• Change the chart every day between 8.30 - 9.00 am;

• Ensure that there is sufficient ink in the pen; and

• Instrument should be kept clean and free from leaves and other foreign particles.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

(i) Non-recording rain gauge

Amount of rainfall measured by glass cylinder provided by the manufacturer at 8 am. =

_______________________cm

(ii) Recording rain gauge

Determine the depth of rainfall for each hour =______________________ cm

Calculate the intensity of rainfall = ________________________cm/hr

RESULTS

(i) Non-recording rain gauge

Depth of rainfall =_____________________ cm

(ii) Recording rain gauge

Average depth of rainfall =_________________________ cm

Intensity of rainfall =_____________________________ cm/hr

Date: Signature of Faculty

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 [WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND HYDROLOGY (3160610) MANUAL]

PRACTICAL NO. 4 PROBLEMS OF OPTIMUM NO. OF RAIN GAUGES MISSING RAINFALL AND
DOUBLE MASS CURVE.

Q-1 In a certain river basin, there are four rain gauge stations with their normal annual precipitations
amounting to 850, 650, 540 and 480 mm respectively. Determine the optimum number of rain-
gauges in the catchment, if it is desired to limit the error in the mean value of rainfall in the
catchment to 14%.

Q-2 A rain-gauge, ‘D’ was inoperative during a specific storm. The rainfall recorded at three
surrounding stations A, B and C during that storm were 63, 89 and 60 mm respectively. If the
average rainfall of stations A, B, C and D are 525, 875, 680 and 730 mm respectively, estimate
the storm rainfall of station ‘D’.

Q-3 The excess rainfall (direct runoff) produced from a 11.0 com rainfall of storm is 7 cm. The
rainfall at each hour of the storm recorded by a rain gauge is given below. Calculate the
infiltration index of the storm
Time(h) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Incremental 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.2 2.6 2.1 1.4 0.84 0.3
rainfall, cm
Q-4 The successive hourly rains of a 10-hour storm are: 2.5, 6.3, 10, 12, 8, 5, 3, 1.5, 1 cm. Using the
supra-rain-curve technique, determine the total net rain and its time distribution for a 20-hr area
consisting of 4 ha of φ = 5 cm/hr, 10 ha of φ = 3 cm/hr and 6 ha of φ = 1 cm/hr
Q-5 The average rainfall over a basin of area 50ha during a storm was as follows:
Time in hours 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rainfall (cm) 0 6 11 34 28 12 6 0
If the volume of runoff from this storm was measured as 25000 m determine the the φ index for
3

the storm.

Q-6 A storm with 10cm of precipitation produced a direct runoff of 5.8 cm. the duration of rainfall was
16 hours and its time distribution is given below. Estimate the φ index of the storm.
Time (hr) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cumulative 0 0.4 1.3 2.8 5.1 6.9 8.5 9.5 10.0
rainfall
(cm)

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PRACTICAL NO. 5 MEAN AND DEPTH OF RAINFALL OVER BASIN

IAD CURVE AND IDF CURVE Ø INDEX AND W-INDEX.
Q-1 A Storm with a 16.0 cm precipitation produced a direct runoff of 8.9 cm. The time distribution of
the storm is as follows:
Time from start in hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Incremental rain fall in each hr in cm 0.7 1.36 2.30 3.48 2.8 2.6 2.0 0.76
Estimate the øindex of storm

Q-2 A catchment area of 30 sq.km has one recording gauge.During a storm,the following mass curve of
rainfall was recorded:
Time from start of storm (hours) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Accumulated rainfall (mm) 0 6 17 57 70 81 87 90
6 3
If the volume of runoff due to the storm measured is 1.2x10 m ,estimate the øindex of the
catchment.

Q-3 Result to determine Horton’s infiltration capacity (fct ) in the exponential from are tabulated below:
Time (hr) 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0
Fct(cm/hr) 11.0 5.60 3.20 2.10 1.50 1.20 1.10 1.0 1.0
Determine the infiltration capacity exponential equation.

Q-4 The infiltration capacities of an area of different intervals of time are indicated below. Find an
equation for the infiltration capacity in exponential form:
Time in hours 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0
Infiltration capacity (f) in cm/hr 11.0 6.0 3.7 2.4 1.7 1.38 1.2 1.0 1.0

Q-5 In a double ring infiltrometer test, a constant depth of 100 mm was restored
at every time interval the level dropped as given below:
Time (min) 0 5 10 15 25 45 60 75 90 110 130
Depth of water (mm) 100 83 87 90 85 78 85 85 85 80 80
(Q) Establish the infiltration equation of the form developed by Horton.
(ii) Obtain the equation for cumulative infiltration of the form (a) F = atn (b) F = atn + b.

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PRACTICAL NO. 6 Statistical and probability analysis of rainfall.

Q-1 For the grouped data of the annual floods in the river Ganga at Hardwar (1885-1971), find the
mean, median, and mode. Determine the coefficients of skew and the coefficient of variation.
Class interval (1000 cumec) Frequency
0-2* 0
2-4* 17
4-6 27
6-8 18
8-10 18
10-12.3 3
12-14.0 0
14-16.2 2
16-18.1 1
18-20.1 1
*from 0 to <2.
from 2 to <4, and like that.
Q-2

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 [WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND HYDROLOGY (3160610) MANUAL]

PRACTICAL NO. 7 Runoff estimation methods rational method, unit hydrograph

method.

1 Given below are observed flows(cumecs) from a storm of 6 hours duration on a stream with a
discharge area of 316 sq.km assume a constant base flow of 17 cumecs ,derive and plot a 6 hours
duration unit hydrograph.
Time(hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
Flow 17 113.2 254.5 198 150 113.2 87.7 67.9 53.8 42.5 31.1 22.64 17

2. For a river ,the estimated flood peaks for two retun period by the use of gumbel’s method are
follows:
Returns period (years) Peak flood (m3/s)
100 435
50 395
What flood discharge in this river will have a return period of 1000 years?

3 The following inflow and outflow hydrographs were observed in the river reach.estimate the values
of K and x applicable to this reach for use in Muskingum equation.
Time(h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
3
Inflow(m /s) 5 20 50 50 32 22 15 10 7 5 5 5
outflow(m3/s) 5 6 12 29 38 35 29 23 17 13 9 7

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PRACTICAL NO. 8 Estimation of flood using unit hydrograph

1) Define unit hydrograph and its applications.

2) Derive the ordinates of unit hydrograph given the flood hydrograph ordinates. Assume
constant base flow of 12 cumecs. The catchment area is 100 km2.
Time (hr) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Flood 12 34 56 78 65 45 32 28 12
Hydrograph
Ordinates
(Cumecs)

3) The ordinates of storm hydrograph of a river draining a catchment area of 770 km2 due to 6-
hour isolated storm. Derive the ordinates of a 6-h unit hydrograph for the catchment.
Time from 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
Start(hr)
Discharge 40 65 215 360 400 350 270 205 145 100 70 50 42
(Cumecs)
4) Discuss the factors affecting runoff in a catchment area.
5) Define unit hydrograph? How it is constructed? Write assumptions and limitations of the unit
hydrograph.

6) A rain gauge recorded the following accumulated rainfall during storm. Draw the mass rainfall
curve and the hyetograph.
Time 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45 12:00
(AM)
Accumulated 0.0 8.5 16.0 27.0 37.0 48.0 62.0 80.0 90.0
Rain Fall
(Cumecs)

7) The ordinates of 4-hour unit hydrograph are given in the table. Compute the ordinate of 8-hour
unit hydrograph.
Time 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
(hr)
Unit 0 20 50 150 120 90 70 50 30 20 10 0
Hydrograph
(Cumecs)

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PRACTICAL NO. 9 S-hydrograph and Snyder’s hydrograph.

1 Find out the ordinates of storm hydrograph resulting from 3 hours with rainfall of 2.0 ,6.75 and 3.75
cm during subsequent 3 hours intervals. The ordinates of unit hydrograph are
Hr 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

OUH(cumecs) 0 110 365 500 390 310 250 235 175 130 95 65 40 22 10 0

Assume an initial loss of 5 mm ,infiltration index of 2.5 mm/hr and base flow of 10 cumecs.

2 Two catchments A and B are considered meteorologically similar.their catchment characteristics are
given below
Catchment A Catchment B
L =30km L=45 km
Lca =15 km Lca =25 km
A= 250 km2 A= 400 km2
For catchment A,a 2-h unit hydrograph was developed and was found to have a peak discharge of 50
m3/s. The time to peak from the beginning of the rainfall excess in this unit hydrograph was 9.0
h.Using Snyder’s method ,develop a unit hydrograph for catchment B

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PRACTICAL NO. 10 Computation of live and dead storage capacity of reservoir

1 A reservoir has the following elevation,discharge and storage discharge and storage relationships:
Elevation (m) Storage (106 m3) Outflow
discharge(m3/s)

100 3.350 0
100.50 3.472 10
101 3.380 26
101.50 4.383 46
102 4.882 72
102.50 5.370 100
102.75 5.527 116
103 5.826 130
When the reservoir was at 100.50 m , the following hydrograph entered the reservoir.

Time(h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
Discharge 10 20 55 80 73 58 46 36 55 20 15 13 11
(m3/s)
Route the flood and obtain
(i) The outflow hydrograph and
(ii) The reservoir elevation vs time curve during the passage of the flood wave.
2 Route the following flood hydrograph through the reservoir of example no 1 by Goodrich method :
Time(h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
Inflow 10 30 85 140 125 96 75 60 46 35 25 20
3
(m /s)
The initial condition are when t= 0 ,the reservoir elevation is 100.60m.

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PRACTICAL NO. 11 Flood routing of reservoir and channel

1. Show that in level pool during the peak of the outflow hydrograph must intersect the inflow
hydrograph
2. Route the following flood hydrograph through a river reach for which K=12.0 h and x = 0.20 .At the
start of inflow flood ,the outflow discharge is 10 m3/s
Time(h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
Inflow(m3/s) 10 20 50 80 55 45 35 27 20 15
3. For a reservoir with constant gate openings for the sluices and spillway, pool elevation vs storage
and discharge (outflow) curves are shown in Fig. 9.1. The inflow hydrograph
into the reservoir is given below:
Time(h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90
Inflow 50 70 160 300 460 540 510 440 330 250 190 150 120 90 80 70
(cumec)
Pool elevation at the commencement = 110 m
Discharge at the commencement = 124 cumec

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PRACTICAL NO. 12 Flood routing of reservoir and channel

1 A reservoir has the following areas enclosed by contours at various elevation. Determine the
Solution.
Elevation 200 220 240 260 280 300
(m)
Area of 150 175 210 270 320 400
contours
(km2 )

2 The monthly run-off volume (in Mm3) for a period of two water years recorded at a stream
gauging site are 3,6,16,30,18,15,10,8,6,4,3,1,2,5,17,28,20,15,12,7,5,4,3 and 2.determine the size of
the reservoir proposed at the gauging site ,if is to maintain an assured supply of 8.33 Mm3/month
.the water year may be taken as June to May and assume each month of 30 days.
If the reservoir is half-full at beginning of the year, locate the periods of excess flow and depletion
in the reservoir.

3. The following is a record of the mean monthly discharges of a river in a dry year. The available
fall is 80 m. Determine
(i) the minimum capacity of a reservoir if the entire annual inflow is to be drawn off at a
uniform rate (with no flow going into waste over the spillway).
(ii) the amount of water which must be initially stored to maintain the uniform draw off.
(iii) the uniform power output assuming a plant efficiency of 70%.
(iv) If the amount of water initially stored is 125 Mm3, the maximum possible draw off rate
and the amount of water wasted over the spillway (assuming the same reservoir
capacity determined in (i) above.
(v) if the largest reservoir that can be economically constructed is of capacity 125 Mm3,
the maximum possible output and the amount of water wasted over the spillway.
(vi) the capacity of the reservoir to produce 22.5 megawatts continuously throughout the
year.
Month Mean flow Month Mean flow
(cumec) (cumec)
Jan 29.7 July 68.0
Feb 75.3 Aug 50.2
March 66.8 Sept 74.5
April 57.2 Oct 66.8
May 23.2 Nov 40.5
June 26.3 Dec 26.3

<

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PRACTICAL NO. 13 calculation of dependable flow

1. The yearly yearly rainfall data for the the catchment of a proposed reservoir site for 35 years is
given in table .compute from this data,the values of dependable rainfall for 60 % and 75%
dependability percentage.
Year Rainfall in cm Year Rainfall in cm
1956 98 1974 88
1957 100 1975 94
1958 101 1976 107
1959 99 1977 110
1960 85 1978 208
1961 112 1979 114
1962 116 1980 104
1963 78 1981 120
1964 160 1982 108
1965 66 1983 102
1966 184 1984 80
1967 90 1985 109
1968 76 1986 122
1969 118 1987 115
1970 86 1988 140
1971 92 1989 138
1972 96 1990 60
1973 93

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PRACTICAL NO. 14 Determination of capacity of well.

1. A well penetrates into an unconfined aquifer having a saturated depth of 100 meters. The discharge
is 250 liters per minute at 12 meters drawdown. Assuming equilibrium flow conditions and
homogeneous aquifer, estimate the discharge at 18 m drawdown. The distance from the well where
the drawdown influences are not appreciable may be taken to be equal for both the case

2. A 30cm diameter well penetrates 25 m below the static water table. After 24 hours of pumping @
5400 liters/minutes ,the water level in a test well at 90m is lowered by 0.53m, and in a well 30 m
away the drawdown is 1.11 m
(a) what is the transmissibility of aquifer?
(b) Also determine the drawdown in the main well
(c)
3 A 20-cm well penetrates 30 m below static water level (GWT). After a long period of pumping at a
rate of 1800 lpm, the drawdowns in the observation wells at 12 m and 36 m from the pumped well
are 1.2 m and 0.5 m, respectively. Determine:
(i) the transmissibility of the aquifer.
(ii) the drawdown in the pumped well assuming R = 300 m.
(iii) the specific capacity of the well.

4. A tube well taps an artesian aquifer. Find its yield in litres per hour for a drawdown of 3 m when
the diameter of the well is 20 cm and the thickness of the aquifer is 30 m. Assume the coefficient
of permeability to be 35 m/day. If the diameter of the well is doubled find the percentage increase
in the yield, the other conditions remaining the same. Assume the radius of influence as 300 m in
both cases.

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PRACTICAL NO. 15 Calculation of power of a hydro-power plant.

1. What are the principal components of a hydro electrical scheme? Discuss the utility of each
component
2. Define following terms :
1) Firm power
2) Installed capacity
3) Plant factor
3 Give detail classification of hydro power plants and explain ,clearly ,low medium and high head
plants.
4 Discuss the relative merits and demerits of hydro power units as compared to other power sources.

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