GM Institute of Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

Davangere – 577 006
THIRD INTERNAL ASSESMENT QMP 7.5 R/C – 5 REV.0
Semester 6th Section VI Sem
Subject Hydrology and Irrigation Engineering Subject Code 18CV63
Date 05-07-2022 Time 9.30 AM to 11.00 AM
AY 2021 - 22 (Odd Semester) Max. Marks 50
(Note: Answer any Five Questions of the following)
Q.
No. QUESTIONS Marks CO Level

Define the term irrigation. Briefly describe the factors which necessitate irrigation. L4
1 10 3

Explain various irrigation efficiencies. L4

2 10 3

3 With neat sketches explain Bhandhara irrigation. List its advantages and disadvantages. 10 3 L4

4 Write a note on channel classification 10 3 L3

5 With a neat sketch explain different types of irrigation. 10 3 L4

6 What are the different methods adopted to improve duty of water. 10 3 L3

Define the following

a. Gross command area
7 b. Cultural command area 10 4 L3
c. Crop factor
d. Time factor.
Compute the ordinate of 2-h hydrograph and S –Curve from the following 4-h unit
hydrographs ordinate.
Time h 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 18 20 22 24
4 L4
8 10
6
4-hUH 0 30 105 16 195 175 115 75 3 25 11 6.5 0
5 5

Dr. S.L.ArunKumar Mr. Varun BK Dr. Bharathraj Etigi

Staff In-charge DQAC Coordinator HOD
1. An infiltrometer is a device used to measure the rate of water infiltration into soil or other porous media.[1] Commonly
used infiltrometers are single-ring and double-ring infiltrometers, and also disc permeameters.

2. A double ring infiltrometer requires two rings: an inner and outer ring. The purpose is to create a one-dimensional flow
of water from the inner ring, as the analysis of data is simplified. If water is flowing in one-dimension at steady state
condition, and a unit gradient is present in the underlying soil, the infiltration rate is approximately equal to the
saturated hydraulic conductivity.
An inner ring is driven into the ground, and a second bigger ring around that to help control the flow of water through
the first ring. Water is supplied either with a constant or falling head condition, and the operator records how much
water infiltrates from the inner ring into the soil over a given time period. The ASTM standard method[2] specifies inner
and outer rings of 30 and 60 cm diameters, respectively.

1. Mass curve of rainfall Hyetograph and ordinate form

a. Mass curve of rainfall is a plot of the accumulated precipitation against time, plotted in chronological order sorted
by time. Records of float type and weighing bucket type at of this form.
b. It is plot of the intensity of rainfall against the time interval. The hyetograph is derived from the mass curve and is
usually represented a bar chart.
c. It is presenting the rainfall data in the form of ordinate for a particular time year.

2. With a neat sketch, explain an engineering representation of a hydrological cycle. (Horton’s)

He analyzed and separated the water cycle into the processes of infiltration, evaporation, interception, transpiration,
overland flow, etc. Horton was the first to demarcate and label these now-familiar stages of the cycle. Horton is well
known for his study of maximum runoff and flood generation

3. Determine the optimum number of rain gauges stations required to install in the watershed of 500 sqkms, if
the normal annual rainfall recorded at different stations as given as under
Station A B C D E F
Rainfall (cm) 800 1040 780 350 450 350

station Rainfall X-X¯ (X- X¯)2

A 800 171.67 29470.58
B 1040 411.67 169472.18
C 780 151.67 23003.78
 D 350 -278.33 77467.58
E 450 -178.33 31801.58
F 350 -278.33 77467.58
3770 408983.28
21rain gauges

X¯=3770\6 =628.33
4. Explain practical applications of hydrology
Calculates rainfall, surface runoff, and precipitation. It determines the water balance for a particular region. It mitigates
and predicts flood, landslide and drought risk in the region. It estimates the water resource potential of the river basins.
Development and management of water resources, Concern over groundwater quantity and quality,Studying the
causes of droughts and other climatic patterns

5. Define rain gauge. Describe with a neat sketch, the principal of working of Symons’s non- recording gauge
and its demerits

• This is one of the most common type of non recording rain gauge. It consists of a cylindrical
vessel of 12.7 cm in diameter, funnel of exactly 12.7 cm internal. Diameter and receiving bottle.
On the top of the cylindrical vessel the funnel is kept in such a way that its shank above the
mouth of the receiving bottle.
• The whole parts are covered with cylindrical metal casing and is fixed vertically on the masonry
foundation 30.5 cm above the ground surface. The capacity for receiving bottle is being sufficient
to collect the rainfall amount likely to be occurred in 24 hours period.
• The water collected in the receiving bottle is measured by a graduated measuring jar with an
accuracy of 0.1 ml. the rainfall is measured every day at 8:30 am IST and hence this rain gauge
gives only depth of rainfall for previous 24 hours. During heavy rains, measurement is done 3 to
4 times a day.
 It has the following demerits
 It does not give the intensity and duration of rainfall.
 It does not provide the information on start and end of the rainfall
 The non recording type raingauge are unable to give the accurate measurement that can be
compared with the rainfall amounts, measured by other type of rain gauges.
6. The normal annual rainfalls of stations A, B, C and D in a catchment are 809.7, 675.9, 762.8, 920.1 mm respectively. In
the year 2016, the station D was inoperative when station A, B, C recorded annual rainfall of 911.1, 722.3, 798.9 mm
respectively. Estimate the missing rainfall at D in the year 2016 mm Normal ratio Method.
Rain gauge stations A B C D
Normal Annual Rainfall 809.7 675.9 762.8 920.1
Annual Rainfall 911.1 722.3 798.9 987.5

Px=Nx/3 { Pa/Na+pb/Nb+Pc/Nc}
920.1/3{911.1/809.7+722.3/675.9 +798.9/762.8}
306.7{1.12+1.06+1.04}
306.7*3.22 =987.5
7. Define precipitation, Explain different forms of Precipitation.
It is defined as the return of atmospheric moisture to the ground in the form of solids or liquids.
 Glaze : This is frozen precipitation and is generally occurred when drizzle or rain drops come in contact with the cold
objects lying over the ground surface and get freezed.
 Sleet : sleets are frozen rain drops occurred when rain drops are falling through the air existing at sub freezing
temperature.
 Snow : it occurs in irregular form of ice crystals such as branched, hexagonal, stars etc.,
 Snow Flake : it is the ice crystal fused together during snowfall
 Hail: is the small lump of ice ranging from 5 to 10 mm or more in diameter. Hails are generally formed by alternate
freezing of and melting process, when they are passing out down and down by rapidly blowing turbulent air currents.
 Dew: is the condensed moisture on the cold objects
 Frost: is the weather deposit of ice formed by dew
 Fog: A thin form of cloud of varying size formed on the earths surface by condensation of atmospheric moisture.
 Mist: it is in the form of thin Fog
8. Types of precipitation and add a note on Orographic precipitation in detail
1. Convective precipitation
2. Orographic precipitation
3. Frontal precipitation
4. Cyclonic precipitation

• Orographic precipitation
Rain,  produced when moist air is lifted as it moves over a mountain range. As the air rises and cools, Orographic
clouds form and serve as the source of the precipitation, most of which falls upwind of the mountain ridge. (Wind
Ward Side) Some also falls a short distance downwind of the ridge and is sometimes called spillover. On the (lee
Ward side) of the mountain range, rainfall is usually low, and the area is said to be in a rain shadow. Very heavy
precipitation typically occurs upwind of a prominent mountain range that is oriented across a prevailing wind