See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/340768491

CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles
of Different Lengths and Positions on the Vertical Opposite Walls

Preprint · April 2020

CITATIONS READS

0 228

5 authors, including:

Nasr A. Jabbar Luay Alansari

University Of Kufa University Of Kufa
19 PUBLICATIONS 37 CITATIONS 62 PUBLICATIONS 240 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Nasr A. Jabbar on 08 October 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments
ISSN: 1024-1752
CODEN: JERDFO
Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 174-185
Published Year 2020

CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two

Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the Vertical
Opposite Walls
Nasr A. Jabbar†*, Sarmad A. Abdul Hussein‡, Kadhim Al- Chlaihawi††, Qusay S. Al-
anssari‡‡, & Luay S. Al-Ansari†
†
Mechanical Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering – University of Kufa, Iraq
‡
Mechanical Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering – University of Baghdad, Iraq
††
Mechanical Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering – University of Al-
Qadisiyah, Ad̓ Diwaniyah, Iraq
‡‡
Electricity Distribution Branch in Najaf Governorate, General Electricity Distribution Company Iraq

*Email: nasra.hamood@uokufa.edu.iq

ABSTRACT: The natural convection in a square cavity partially heated which is created by adiabatic and
isothermal for the horizontal and vertical boundaries respectively. Two isolated baffles linked to vertical walls
with different arrangements is studied numerically in this article. The length and location of the baffle are the
important parameters affected by natural convection, therefore, these parameters have been investigated for
different Rayleigh numbers. The total length of baffles is assumed to be constant (i.e. the sum length of baffles on
hot and cold walls equals the length of the square cavity). The results of this study show that the position and
length of baffles have a significant effect on the flow characteristics and heat transfer of the enclosure. When the
Rayleigh number increases, the average Nusselt number increases too. Also, the directly proportional governs the
relationship between Nu increasing and increases in the length of the obstacle in all cases. The positions for the
baffle have feature effectiveness on the transfer of heat, which is bigger in position 1 from position 2.

KEYWORDS: CFD, natural convection, square cavity, Baffles.

INTRODUCTION

Convection heat transfer (Natural and/or Forced) and fluid flow are important issues in engineering applications
such as building air-conditioning applications, cooling of electronic equipment, renewable energy sources, heat
exchangers and computer technologies [1]. In many engineering applications, several researchers studied the
Natural convection inside cavities for different aspect ratios, boundary conditions and Rayleigh numbers [2-4]. In
recent literature, the researchers found that the position and size of the baffle(s) have a significant effect on the
flow characteristics of the fluid and heat transfer process [5-18]. Ambarita et al. [19] interested in studying a square
cavity that is differentially heated by horizontal adiabatic sides and vertical isothermal sides using a numerical
method. They assumed that there are two idealistic insolated baffles linked to horizontal walls at the symmetrical
location. They also, supposed in their study:

1-Rayleigh number covers the range: (104-108).

2-Non-dimensional length of skinny baffles (Lb) is: (0.6-0.8).

3-Non-dimensional location of baffles (Sb) is: (0.2-0.8).

They noted that (Nu) is a diminishing function for obstruction length and strongly depends on S b and an increasing
one of (Ra). Xu [20] used direct numerical simulations in order to investigate the unsteady natural convection for
a partly heated cavity with a thin fin. various lengths used on sidewall when the Raleigh number is 3.8 × 10 9. He
realized that the length of fin Significantly affects transit thermal flux about the fin. And in the quasi-steady stage,
the oscillations of the thermal flow around the fin are highly sensitive to the fin length. Having studied the laminar
and turbulent convection in enclosures with partial sections by Bilgen [21]. He assumed that horizontal and vertical

174
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

boundaries are adiabatic and isothermal respectively. He considered Boussinesq approximation in order to solve
equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy using the simpler method. He studied the effect of
partition position, a height of the partitions and aspect ratio. He varied the Rayleigh number from 104 to 1011. He
displayed the consequences in the expression of the normalized Nusselt number as a function of the Rayleigh
number and another non-dimensional geometrical parameter. The isotherms and streamlines are generated for
diverse Rayleigh numbers and geometrical conditions. To overcome the problems of practical design he derived
heat transfer correlations. A numerical study for differentially heated square cavities has been carried out by
Himsar [22]. He assumed square cavities with vertical isothermal sides and horizontal adiabatic sides in addition
to a thin fin tied on the active wall. He solved equations of mass, momentum, and energy for studying natural
convection heat transfer process in square cavities. He considered Rayleigh number, dimensionless thin fin length
and dimensionless conductivity ratio of the thin fin as effected parameters in his study. He changed Rayleigh
number limits from 104 to 109 and changed dimensionless length limits of the thin fin from 0.1 to 0.9. While he
changed limits of dimensionless thin fin site from 0 to 0.9 and dimensionless limits of conductivity ratio for thin
fin from 0 (typical isolating) to 60. He took notice that Nusselt number growing more with high of Rayleigh
number. While Nusselt number is a diminishing function of fin length and relative conductivity ratio. He found an
ideal fin location, which is oftentimes at the center or close center for the cavity when the minimum natural
convection heat transfer happens. Oztop and Dagtekin [23] studied natural convection heat transfer in a square
cavity and he used a heated plate built-in horizontally and vertically. In order to obtain finite difference equations,
transport and energy equations were integrated based on a finite control volume with TDMA using SIMPLE
algorithm iteratively. He assumed Rayleigh number, aspect ratios and position of the heated plate as an affected
parameter. He changed the value of the Rayleigh number from 10 4 to 106. He chose air as a working fluid. He
studied the impact of the aspect ratio and position of the hot plate on heat transfer and he found that the mean
Nusselt number at horizontal and vertical location position increased when Raylieh number increased. Further,
when the plate is located vertically heat transfer is enhanced about 20% more than for horizontal located position
at higher Ra numbers. Shi and Khodadadi [24] studied steady laminar natural convection of a differentially heated
square cavity using finite-volume-based computational study. They used extremely conductive thin fins for lengths
equalize to 50, 35 and 20 percent for the side and the fin is placed in seven different sites on the warm left wall.
They changed the Rayleigh number as 5*104, 105, 106, and 107. They discussed both competing mechanisms which
are in charge of the flow and thermal modifications. One of them is further add heating of the fluid that is
accommodated by the fin, whereas the other one is due to the blockage effect of the fin and this is enhanced by
increasing the length of the fin. They proposed a correlation among the mean Nu, Ra, length, and position of a fin.
Nardini et.al [25] studied natural convection heat transfer in a square cavity filled with air is numerically and
experimentally. They used a Plexiglas cavity for all four walls and both the two baffles which linked to vertical
sides to purpose research the baffle length influence. They presented results for Rayleigh numbers from 10 4 to 105
and dimensionless baffle lengths Lb= 0.2 and 0.4. They observed an eloquent influence on the transfer of the heat
and characteristics of the fluid flow due to the various lengths of a baffle. They observed that the flow resorted to
circulating as a throttled vortex by the baffles when Lb= 0.2, and when Lb= 0.4 the flow resorted to the secession
into two distinct vortices. The Nusselt number increases directly with increasing Rayliegh number and baffle
length at the down sources while it decreases at higher sources. Sankar et.al [26] carried out the natural convection
heat transfer in the enclosure which it was the cylindrical annular shape and fitted by a thin baffle linked to the
inner wall. The higher and lower temperatures are maintained respectively at the inner and outer walls of the
annulus. While the upper and lower walls are thermally isolated. They used an implicit finite difference technique
in order to study the effects of baffle location and size on natural convection. They assumed different radius ratios
and Rayleigh numbers when the Prandtl number is 0.707. They realized that the location and size of baffle change
the flow manner and rate of heat transfer in the conducts which be totally different. Also, when baffle position,
Rayleigh number, radius ratio increase, the average heat transfer rate be higher. but the average heat transfer rate
decreases when the length of baffle increases. Finally, they observed that the flow circulation and heat transfer
rates can be enhanced by choosing the suitable location and size of baffle a proper choice and suitable Rayleigh
number. The essential objective of the current paper is to institute an efficient tactic to assess natural convection
in enclosures by using two baffles different in positions and the lengths. Each baffle is on one of facing vertical
walls , so one is in upper half and other in half bottom. Also, different lengths of baffle are present, so that one
increases and the second decreases and sum of both their length equal to enclosure length.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL

Problem description

175
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

The study domain is the two-dimensional square enclosure for dimensions (L2=0.3*0.3 m2) with partial partitions.
It is an enclosure confined by isothermal sides on both left and right directions. The adiabatic surfaces are at the
two horizontal directions. The square cavity is partly heated, the right and the left isothermal walls are at Th and
TC Respectively, while horizontal walls isolated. Thinly insulated baffles are attached to the sidewalls at a height
h from horizontal walls. A horizontal baffle with length l is linked to different locations h on the isothermal walls,
as shown in Fig. (1).

Figure 1. (a) Geometry and (b) Schematic of the Square Cavity, the Coordinate System, and Boundary
Conditions

Two different baffle configurations are considered. In the first state, the baffle in the hot side is the higher position
from baffle in cold side, and position of the upper baffle from the ceiling enclosure and lower location of the baffle
from the bottom enclosure is the same. In the other configuration, the cold wall contained the top baffle. Another
parameter worthwhile is the length of the baffles see Table (1). The length of baffles on hot and cold walls are
reversed so that it increases in the hot side and decreases on the opposite side to have a total length equal to the
length of the square enclosure. The working fluid is air.

Table 1. Basic Dimension of the Baffles and Range of Temperatures Used in Present Work

Models arrangement

Position 1 Position 2

Thickness of Baffles 0.3mm 0.3mm

h 12 mm 12 mm

5L/6=0.25m
lposition1 (L=l+ 𝑙 )̅ L/6=0.05mm 2L/6=0.1mm 3L/6=0.15mm 4L/6=0.2mm
m

5L/6=0.25m
lposition2 (L=l+ 𝑙 )̅ L/6=0.05mm 2L/6=0.1mm 3L/6=0.15mm 4L/6=0.2mm
m

176
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

Th (313, 333, 353, 373) K

Tc 300 K

Ra (3.004×106, 6.741×106, 9.635×106, 1.1875×107 )

Mathematical Model

In this work, several assumptions are put so as to simplified the problem and these assumptions are:

1-The flow is steady state two-dimensional.

2-The compressibility, dissipations, and radiation are negligible.

3- Only the density in the buoyancy force is not constant, while other thermal properties are so.

4-To modeling the buoyancy force, the Boussinesq approximation is employed [27].

The two- dimensional Navier Stokes and also energy equations have governed this problem which can Be
Formulating as [28].
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0 .........(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
+𝑢 +𝑣 =− + 𝑣( + ) …….. (2)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
+𝑢 +𝑣 =− +𝑣( + ) + 𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) …….. (3)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
+𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝑘( + ) …….. (4)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

Where:

T is the temperature. p is the pressure, T 0 is the initial mean temperature, v is the velocity in the y-direction, u is
the velocity in the x-direction, g is the acceleration due to gravity, ρ is the density, k is the thermal diffusivity, β is
the coefficient of thermal expansion, and v is the kinematic viscosity.

NUMERICAL PROCEDURE

The geometry and the gird were generated using GAMBIT the pre-processing module of the FLUENT 6.3.26 code.
The geometry and the grid for square cubic and baffles are created using GAMBIT and then using FLUENT to
solve the problem. The number of grid nodes was taken as (15849) with regularly spaced mesh in both X and Y
directions as shown in Fig. (2). Algorithm settings requirements to get solution sequential are steady state
(independent of time) calculation, implicit formulation, energy equation, and viscous laminar model. SIMPLE to
be the pressure-velocity coupling method and first - Order Upwind scheme for both momentum and energy
equations as well as default limits for under-relaxation factors and convergence criterion [29].

177
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

Figure 2. Grid of the Square Enclosure with Baffles

VALIDATION OF THE NUMERICAL MODEL

A validation test was conducted to make certain that without error in the developed codes. A Compression is with
experimental research [30], Calculations for the cavity filled by air and contain two baffles were investigated
experimentally. The baffles were linked to the isothermal vertical sides at symmetric positions while the remaining
walls are adiabatic. The isothermal walls were at different temperatures. Three baffles of aluminum which have
(15 cm, 18 cm, and 21cm) length were manufacturing. Also, changing material of the baffles was taken into
consideration, so copper and brass baffles with length (18 cm) were used. The baffles thickness and width were
(0.03 cm) and (30 cm), respectively. Fig. (3) presents the average Nusselt number from the earlier work [30] and
present study at different Rayleigh numbers. The figure reveals that the numerical simulation follows the same
behavior as the experimental results, with a mean difference of 4.135%.

Figure 3. Comparison of Experimental Average Nusselt Number Profile with Numerical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

so as to comprehend the flow fields, heat transfer and temperature features of the perfect cavity was considered a
total of 40 cases. The analysis of the field of flow, temperature and heat transfer in the cavity.

Flow and Temperature Field

At position when the upper baffle is linked to a hot wall (see fig. (4) to fig. (7)). The free convection currents
manifest a primary cell consisting of three regions according to intensity, which leads to circulatory movement of
the fluid resulting from buoyancy effects and it extending throughout the partitioned enclosure. These rise of flow
inasmuch heating on the left-handed wall and consequent downfall of the fluid on the oath wall. The stagnation
zones are at the end of baffles, but they are different in intensity, and which it is inversely proportional with a
length of a baffle. At (l=0.05m ) of the baffle on a hot wall, the strong vortex started between the baffles and

178
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

shafted to the upper portion of the enclosure. As the length of the obstruction increases (l=0.1m) the vortex begins
to descend downward. In the area amidst each baffle and adiabatic wall, the strength of convection increases as
the size of this area increases, therefore it resorts to compose vortexes. While at (l=0.15m ) the vortex takes the
same shape and dimension, where it gives an interpolated image within the space to distribute the streamlines.
Then the strong vortex descends downward as the length of the obstacle fastened in the hot wall increases from
(l=0.2m) to (l=0.25m). As a result of the strength of convection decreases between two baffles but it increases
between baffles and adiabatic walls. The difference in zone space of the Confined fluid and the utmost value of
absolute stream task to be with increasing Rayleigh number, that it the internal roll inside the vortex evolves and
earns strength and will be deformed. When Ra increases, the streamline is more effective towards the horizontal
walls, this proposition that the flow moves quicker as more intensified for the natural convection.

Figure 4. Streamlines at Ra=3.004×106 Figure 5. Streamlines at Ra=6.741×106

Figure 6. Streamlines at Ra=9.635×106 Figure 7. Streamlines at Ra=1.1875×107

Fig. (8) to Fig. (11) represents the isotherms, the low heat transfer areas are the low isotherms concentration regions
(epitome the region lower both two baffles at the bottom of enclosure). It is also noticed that as the length of baffle
attached to hot wall increases versus decrease the barrier length tied to the cold rib, in the top portion along the top

179
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

wall, isotherms are dense that mentions high transfer rate of heat at this zone. This can observe highly for different
length from (0.05) m to (0.25) m, also isotherm be more congested and the thermal boundary layer becomes more
intensive along the middle zone, and also in the bottom area below the baffles. An else trait of this temperature
style is that the streamlines become more crowded nearer to the side wall when the rising of Ra for both l values,
since the intensity of the natural convection increases.

Figure 8. Temperature Field at Ra=3.004×106 Figure 9. Temperature Field at Ra=6.741×106

Figure 10.Temperature Field at Ra=9.635×106 Figure 11. Temperature Field at Ra=1.1875×107

The results obtained by of the second position, which the upper baffle attached on cold wall and lower baffle
attached on the hot wall are given in Fig. (12) to Fig. (15). It observed that separation the fluid into twain distinct
vortexes and both baffles make a fluid incarcerating phenomena in the bore, the bottom confined fluid and top
confined fluid. The zone which includes the bottom trapped fluid be between the baffle on the hot side and lower
wall and upper trapped fluid subsists between the baffle on the cold side and upper wall. These confined fluids
make two vortices in order to satisfy the continuity, one turned in the direction the upper wall over the baffles and
then other one turned direction the lower cavity side, down the baffles. It is due to natural convection is extra
powerful in the top and bottom portions of the bore. The detach of two vortices by the confined fluids that are
stagnant between both baffles. For smaller hot wall baffle length (l=0.05 m) the outermost streamlines are
asymmetrical, which the vortex in the lower portion is greater from the vortex in upper portion resulting from the
area under cold wall baffle large comparison to it above.

180
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

Figure 12. Streamlines at Ra=3.004×106 Figure 13. Streamlines at Ra=6.741×106

Figure 14. Streamlines at Ra=9.635×106 Figure 15. Streamlines at Ra=1.1875×107

The same behavior for length (l=0.1 m), but the stagnation zone is sizeable as a result of confined fluid bigger.
Because the length of baffles is equal (l=0.15 m), the vortexes are symmetrical in the dimension above and below
the baffles and by opposite direction, the trapped fluid is huge in the center. As for the length of baffle increases,
the movement area of the fluid increases below the upper wall, the huge vortex is in above while the smaller is in
lower. The stagnation region becomes less and shifted toward the left side wall. At low Ra, a weak vortex is created
and by increasing Ra this vortexes will be reinforced.

181
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

Figure 16. Temperature Field at Ra=3.004×106 Figure 17. Temperature Field at Ra=6.741×106

Figure 18.Temperature Field at Ra=9.635×106 Figure 19.Temperature Field at Ra=1.1875×107

Fig.(16) to Fig. (19) shows the contour of the temperature distribution illustrates three regions, where increase
distribution of temperature coincide with increasing length of baffle attached to hot wall and with a decrease in
the baffle on the cold wall in the areas at the top and bottom of the cavity. This is due to natural convection is more
powerful in the supreme and under most parts of the cavity. While the region confined between two baffles is
inversely proportional, due to the Confined fluids prevent the convection heat transfer from hot side to cold side
and conduction heat transfer are only take into account.

HEAT TRANSFER

For realize the influence length and position of baffles, the average Nusselt numbers will be debated. Fig. (20)
represents the variation of the average Nusselt numbers, which are evaluated for various baffle lengths and by
different the Rayleigh number. The figures illustrated that when the length increases for baffle on hot wall and
decreases for baffle on a cold wall the average Nusselt number increases too. This demeanor suggests that
lengths of baffle have an eloquent influence on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics. To comparison
between position 1 - the baffle on a hot wall is above- and position 2 - the baffle on the cold wall is above-, it
was represented the Nusselt number with the different lengths of

182
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

Figure 20. Variation of the Average Nusselt Numbers with Length of Baffles in Two Positions for Different
Rayleigh Numbers

The baffle on the right side as in Fig. (21). It has been found that the rate of heat transfer attained maximum value
when the baffle is positioned 2. It is because the baffle can impound the flow nearby the baffle and horizontal
walls also raise the corresponding convection in that area.

Figure 21. Variation of the Average Nusselt Numbers for Different Rayleigh Numbers

CONCLUSION

A numerical study has been carried out of natural convection for the two baffles in a square enclosure. The study
displays that the baffle position and length has an important influence on heat transfer and flow characteristics in
the square enclosure. The average Nusselt number increases with increasing the Rayleigh number. And when the
length of baffles l increases the average Nusselt number will increase in all cases. With the change of baffle
positions within the enclosure, the behavior of fluid flow and the distribution of heat transfer change, so can split
the flow domain into two manners, the first manner is separated flow produces the fundamental vortex in
intermediate part while another manner is the flow be composed of two vortexes discrete which above and under

183
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

the baffles. The positions of the baffle have important effect on heat transfer, which is bigger in position 1 than
position 2.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Barik, A. Khaled A., “Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Baffle Inclination Angle on Nano fluid
Natural Convection Heat Transfer in A Square Enclosure,” Al- Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences.
vol.12, pp. 061–071, 2019.

[2] Review of the baffle effects on natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure filled with nanofluid,” Journal
of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences. vol. 27, No.4. 2019.

[3] S. Basma, A. Huda, A. Manal, “Natural convection in a square enclosure with a conducting rectangular shape
positioned at different horizontal locations,” Heat and Mass Transfer and Physical Gasdynamics, vol. 57, pp.
539–546, 2019.

[4] Y.F. Rouhollah, M. Amirhoushang, J. Mehdi, “How a conductive baffle improves melting characteristic and
heat transfer in a rectangular cavity filled with gallium,” Thermal Science and Engineering progress, vol.
16, 2020.

[5] V. Yasin, F.O. Hakan, O. Filiz, K. Ahmet, “Experimental and numerical study on laminar natural convection
in a cavity heated from the bottom due to an inclined fin,” Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 48, pp. 61-70, 2012.

[6] D.A. Kaminski, C. Prakash, “Conjugate natural convection in a square enclosure: effect of conduction in one
of the vertical walls,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 29, pp. 1979-1988, 1986.

[7] S. Ostrach, “Natural convection in enclosures,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, vol. 110, pp.1175-1190, 1988.
[8] A. Liaqat, A.C. Baytas, “Conjugate natural convection in a square enclosure containing volumetric sources,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 44, pp. 3273-3280, 2001.

[9] Z.G. Du, E. Bilgen, “Coupling of wall conduction with natural convection in a rectangular enclosure,” Int. J.
Heat Mass Transf., vol. 35, pp. 1969-1975, 1992.

[10] D.M. Kim, R. Viskanta, “Heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation across a rectangular
cellular structure,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 5, pp. 205-213, 1984.

[11] A. Ben-Nakhi, A.M. Mohamed, “Conjugate natural convection in the roof cavity of heavy construction
building during summer,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 27, pp.287-298, 2007.

[12] B. Calcagni, F. Marsili, M. Paroncini, “Natural convective heat transfer in square enclosures heated from
below,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 25, pp.2522-2531, 2005.

[13] A. Orhan, U. Ahmet, A. Teoman, “Natural convection in a rectangular enclosure heated from one side
and cooled from the ceiling,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 42, pp. 2345-2355, 1999.

[14] V.J. Mandar, U.N. Gaitonde, K.M. Sushanta, “Analytical study of natural convection in a cavity with
volumetric heat generation,” ASME J. Heat Transf., vol.128, pp.176-182, 2006.

[15] A. Kumar, A.K. Singh, “Effect of induced magnetic field on natural convection in vertical concentric
annuli heated/cool asymmetrically,” Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, vol. 6, pp. 15-26, 2013.

[16] M. Patil, P.G. Hegde, K.N. Seetharamu, “Effects of radiation and cold wall temperature boundary
conditions on natural convection in a vertical annular porous medium,” Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics,
vol. 6, pp. 177-189, 2013.

[17] M. Sankar, B. Jang, Y. Do, “Numerical study of non-Darcy natural convection from two discrete heat
sources in a vertical annulus,” Journal of Porous Media, vol. 17, pp. 373-390, 2014.

184
 CFD Analysis of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Two Thin Baffles of Different Lengths and Positions on the
Vertical Opposite Walls

[18] P. Bhattacharya, S.A. Das, “Study on steady natural convective heat transfer inside a square cavity for
different values of rayleigh and Nusselt numbers, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, vol.8, pp. 635- 640,
2015.

[19] G. Nardini, M. Paroncini, R. Vitali, Natural convection in enclosures “Natural convection in a square
cavity with two baffles on the vertical walls: experimental and numerical investigation, International Journal
of Mechanics, vol. 9, pp. 120-127, 2015.

[20] H. Ambarta, K. Kishinami, M. Daimaruya, T. Saitoh, H. Takahashi, and J. Suzuki, “Laminar natural
convection heat transfer in an air-filled square cavity with two insulated baffles attached to its horizontal walls,
J.Thermal Science and Eng., vol. 14, pp. 34-46, 2006.

[21] F. Xu, J.C. Patterson, C., Lei, “Transient natural convection in a differentially heated cavity with a thin
fin of different lengths on a sidewall, School of Engineering, 16th Australasian, Fluid Mechanics Conference
Crown Plaza, Australia, 2007.

[22] E. Bilgen, “Natural convection in enclosures with partial partitions, University of Montreal, Canada,
Renewable Energy, vol. 26, pp. 257–270, 2002.

[23] A. Himsar, K. Kishinami, M. Daimaruya, T. Saitoh, H. Takahashi, J. Suzuki, “Laminar natural convection
heat transfer in an air filled square cavity with two insulated baffles attached to its horizontal walls, Thermal
Science & Engineering vol. 14, p.p 23-46, 2006.

[24] H.F. Oztop, I. Dagtekin, “Laminar natural convection heat transfer in an air filled square cavity with two
insulated baffles attached to its horizontal walls, int. comm. Heat mass transfer, vol. 31, pp. 121-132, 2004.

[25] X. Shi, J.M. Khodadadi, “Laminar natural convection heat transfer in a differentially heated square cavity
due to a thin fin on the hot wall, Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of the ASME, vol. 125, August 2003.

[26] G. Nardini, M. Paroncini, and R. Vitali, “Natural convection in a square cavity with two baffles on the
vertical walls: experimental and numerical investigation, International Journal of Mechanics, vol. 9, 2015.

[27] M. Sankar, B.V. Pushpa, B.M.R. Prasanna, Y. Do, “Influence of Size and Location of a Thin Baffle on
Natural Convection in a Vertical Annular Enclosure, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, vol. 9, pp. 2671-
2684, 2016.

[28] F. Xu, J.C. Patterson, and C. Lei, “Natural convection adjacent to a sidewall with three fins in a
differentially heated cavity, Anziam J., vol 48, pp.C806-C819, 2007.

[29] D.S. Sami, H.K. Abdul Amir, S.T. Mohd, M. Abu Bakar, “CFD analysis of Heat transfer and friction
factor characteristics in a circular tube fitted with Parabolic-cut twisted tape inserts, Australian Journal of
Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 7, p.p 69-76, 2013.

[30] B.M. Muhannad, “Experimental study of natural convection in a tilted enclosure with two conducting
baffles attached to its isothermal walls, University of Technology, MSC Thesis, Mechanical Engineering
Department, Iraq, 2010.

185

View publication stats