2024 the 15th International Conference on

Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing

Technologies (ICMIMT 2024)

2024 10th International Conference on Information Management

and Industrial Engineering (ICII 2024)

Cape Town, South Africa | May 17-19, 2024

(UTC+2)

Co-Sponsored by

Hosted by

Patrons

Venue: Radisson RED Cape Town V&A Waterfront

Add.: Silo 6, Silo Square, South Arm Road, V&A Waterfront, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa
Web: https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/hotels/radisson-red-cape-town-va-waterfront
Tel: +27 87 086 1578

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Welcome Message ................................................................................................................. 03
Conference Committee........................................................................................................... 04
General Information .............................................................................................................. 06
Agenda Overview .................................................................................................................. 07
Introduction of Keynote Speaker ............................................................................................. 09
Day 2, May 18 (Saturday) Onsite
Oral Session 1: Material Mechanical Performance Analysis and Experiment ................................. 12
Oral Session 2: Modern Electronics and Manufacturing System .................................................. 17
Day 2, May 19 (Sunday) Online
Online Session 1: Modern Machinery and Processing Technology ............................................... 23
Online Session 2: Structural Design and Performance Analysis of Engineering Materials............... 27
Online Session 3: Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems .......................................................... 31
Online Session 4: Fault Analysis and Computational Models in Complex Systems. ....................... 34
Note ..................................................................................................................................... 37

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 WELCOME MESSAGE
Dear all, we are delighted to welcome you to these conferences 2024 the 15th International
Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT 2024), along with
the workshop 2024 10th International Conference on Information Management and Industrial
Engineering (ICII 2024) to be held in Cape Town, South Africa, during May 17-19, 2024. The
conference is co-sponsored by India International Congress on Computational Intelligence (IICCI)
and IEEE, hosted by the University of Cape Town (South Africa), with patrons from Nelson Mandela
Metropolitan University (South Africa), University of Johannesburg (South Africa), and other
institutions.

The objective of the conference is to provide a premium platform to bring together researchers,
scientists, engineers, academics and graduate students to share up-to-date research results. We are
confident that during this time you will get the theoretical grounding, practical knowledge, and
personal contacts that will help you build a long term, profitable and sustainable communication
among researchers and practitioners in the related scientific areas.

This year's program is composed of 3 keynote speeches delivered respectively by Prof. Makoto
Iwasaki (Dr. Eng., IEEE Fellow, IEE Japan Fellow), from Department of Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan; Prof. Andrew Kusiak (Fellow of the Institute of
Industrial and Systems Engineers and the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Intelligent
Manufacturing), from The University of Iowa, USA and Assoc. Prof. Thorsten Becker, from
University of Cape Town, South Africa; 2 onsite oral sessions and 4 online oral sessions. We would
like to express our gratitude to all the speakers in these conferences. Special thanks to all of our
committee members, all the reviewers, the attendees for your active participation. We hope the
conferences will be proved to be intellectually stimulating to us all. Finally, we wish you very
successful conferences!

Conference Organizing Committee

ICMIMT 2024 ICII 2024

Ms. Nina Lee Ms. Miya Hu
Email: icmimt_conf@126.com Email: icii_conf@vip.163.com

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 CONFERENCE COMMITTEE (in no particular order)

Advisory Committee
Makoto Iwasaki (Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan) (Fellow, IEEE)
Andrew Kusiak (The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA) (Life Member, IEEE)

Conference Co-Chairs
Ramesh Kuppuswamy (University of Cape Town, South Africa) (Member, IEEE)
Khaled Abou-El-Hossein (Vaal University of Technology, South Africa)

Program Chairs
Riaan Stopforth (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) (Senior Member, IEEE)
Tien-Chien Jen (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) (Member, IEEE)
Hong-Seok Park (University of Ulsan, South Korea)

Conference General Co-Chairs

MardéHelbig (Griffith University, Australia) (Senior Member, IEEE)
Daniel Madyira (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) (Member, IEEE)
Sampath Jayalath (University of Cape Town, South Africa) (Member, IEEE)

Publication Chairs
Thato Dlamini (University of Cape Town, South Africa)
Nancy Hwang (India International Congress on Computational Intelligence, India)

Conference Program Chairs

Prof. Masaru Fukushi, Yamaguchi University, Japan
Prof. Chih-Peng Fan, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
Prof. Ke-Lin Du, Concordia University, Canada

Treasurer
Nguyen Dinh Ngoc (Saigon University, Vietnam)

Local Organizing Committees

Simon Winberg (University of Cape Town, South Africa) (Member, IEEE)
Duncan Mhacure (University of Cape Town, South Africa)
Patrick Mubiayi (University of South Africa, South Africa)

Technical Program Committees

Kedong Zhou (Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China)
Ing. Luca Gualtieri (Free University of Bolzano, Italy)
MOTHIBELI PITA (University of South Africa, South Africa)
Irina Neaga (University of Wales Trinity St David, UK)
Zwelinzima Mkoko (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa)
TJ Kunene (University of Johannesburg, South Africa)
Topside Ehleketani Mathonsi (Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa)
Vusumuzi Malele (Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa)

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Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos (National Technical University of Athens, Greece)
Charnnarong Saikaew (Khon Kaen University, Thailand)
Dickson K.W. Chiu (the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)
Alireza Heidari (California South University (CSU), USA & American International Standards Institute
(AISI), USA)
Mohamed A. Elkhouli (Sadat Academy for Management Science, Egypt)
V. Sivaraman (EGS Pillay Engineering College, India)
Philip Farrugia (University of Malta, Malta)
Pierre Vella (University of Malta, Malta)
Galina Ilieva (University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, Bulgaria)
Kangaraj (Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai, India)
Paul Refalo (University of Malta, Malta)
Padmakumar Muthuswamy (Kennametal Inc., Bangalore, India)
Pavlo Maruschak (Ternopil Ivan Pul’uj National Technical University, Ukraine)
Safwan Altarazi (Applied Priviate Science University, Jordan)
Jose Antonio Velasquez Costa (Universidad Continental, Peru)

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 GENERAL INFORMATION
A Conference Venue
Venue: Radisson RED Cape Town V&A Waterfront
Add.: Silo 6, Silo Square, South Arm Road, V&A Waterfront, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa
Web: https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/hotels/radisson-red-cape-town-va-waterfront
Tel: +27 87 086 1578
B On-site Registration

Registration desk→ Inform the staff of your paper ID→ Sign-in→ Claim your conference kits.
C Devices Provided by the Organizer

Laptops (with MS-Office & Adobe Reader) / Projectors & Screen / Laser Sticks
D Materials Provided by the Presenter

Oral Session: Slides (pptx or pdf version). Format 16:9 is preferred.

Presentation Language: English only.
E Duration of Each Presentation
Keynote Speech: 45min, including 5 min Q&A. Oral Session: 15min, including 3 min Q&A.
F Notice

※ Please wear your delegate badge (name tag) for all the conference activities. Lending your
badge to others is not allowed.
※ Please take good care of your valuables at any time during the conferences. The conference
organizer does not assume any responsibility for the loss of personal belongings of the participants
during conference day.
G Zoom Meeting
Room Meeting ID Link
A 844 7712 9935 https://us02web.zoom.us/j/84477129935

 ICMIMT Banner
 Zoom Background
B 811 3388 1897 https://us02web.zoom.us/j/81133881897

Note:
1. We recommend to install the Zoom platform beforehand. New users can login the Zoom meeting without registration.
2. Please set your display name before joining the online meeting. For instance,

Author/Presenter: Paper ID_Name < AT001_Miya Hu >

Delegate: Delegate_Name < Delegate__Miya Hu >
H No-Show Policy
Papers unpresented at the conference, without prior written approval by the Conference
Technical Program Chair, will be removed from the final conference proceedings before uploading
to IEEE Xplore. No refund will be approved to authors of those papers.

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 AGENDA OVERVIEW
Session Time Friday, May 17, 2024 | Pre-Test/Registration Venue

Lobby of Radisson RED Cape Town

14:00-17:00 On-site Registration
V&A Waterfront

14:00-16:00 Zoom Pre-test, See below:

AT016, AT046, AT1009 & AT1024, AT044 & AT045,

14:00-14:30
AT048, AT027, AT058
Room A: 844 7712 9935
AT039 & AT041, AT1019 & AT1020 & AT1021, AT1010,
14:30-15:00
AT005, AT032, AT038, AT047
AT1023, AT001, AT004, AT008, AT023, AT061, AT1008,
15:00-15:30
AT1025
For other online participants, includes but not limited to keynote speakers, session chairs,
15:30-16:00
committee members, delegates, etc.
Presenters are required to join the rehearsal in Zoom on Friday, May 17, 2024. Duration: 2~3min apiece.
Feel free to leave after you finish the test.

Saturday, May 18, 2024 (UTC+2)

Keynote Speech (Onsite & Online) Conference Room: Vinyl <ground floor > l Room A: 844 7712 9935

Host: TBA

09:00-09:10 Opening Speech: TBA

Keynote Speech I: Evolution of Digital Manufacturing

09:10-09:55 Prof. Andrew Kusiak, (Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers and the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Intelligent
Manufacturing), The University of Iowa, USA (Online)

Keynote Speech II: GA-Based Optimization in Mechatronic Systems: System Identification and Controller Design

09:55-10:40
Prof. Makoto Iwasaki, (Dr. Eng., IEEE Fellow, IEE Japan Fellow), Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya
Institute of Technology, Japan (Online)

10:40-11:10 Group Photo & Coffee Break

Keynote Speech III: Structural Integrity of Additively Manufactured Titanium Alloys

11:10-11:55
Assoc. Prof. Thorsten Becker, University of Cape Town, South Africa

12:00-13:30 Lunch: Ouibar Restaurant, ground floor

Saturday, May 18, 2024 (UTC+2) | Parallel Session (Onsite)

Onsite Session 1: Material Mechanical Performance Analysis and Experiment

13:30-16:00
AT012, AT030, AT013, AT042, AT014, AT051, AT6001, AT052, AT043, AT029
16:00-16:15 Break Time
Onsite Session 2: Modern Electronics and Manufacturing System
16:15-18:45
AT5001, AT002, AT018, AT065, AT019, AT1006, AT007, AT1015, AT1016, AT1022
19:00-21:00 Dinner Ouibar Restaurant, ground floor

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 Sunday, May 19, 2024 (UTC+2) | Parallel Session (Online)

Room A: Room B:
844 7712 9935 811 3388 1897
09:30-11:15
Online Session 1 Online Session 2
Modern Machinery and Processing Technology Structural Design and Performance Analysis of Engineering
Materials

AT016, AT046, AT044, AT1009, AT045, AT048, AT027 AT058, AT039, AT1019, AT041, AT1020, AT1010, AT1021
13:00-14:45
Online Session 3 Online Session 4
Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Fault Analysis and Computational Models in Complex Systems

AT1024, AT032, AT038, AT047, AT1023, AT005 AT008, AT023, AT061, AT1008, AT1025, AT001, AT004

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 INTRODUCTION OF KEYNOTE SPEAKER

Prof. Andrew Kusiak

The University of Iowa, USA

Evolution of Digital Manufacturing

Abstract: The manufacturing and service industry evolves over time. Different stages of this evolutionary process
are discussed, for example, open manufacturing and universal manufacturing. Key enablers of the manufacturing
evolution are presented. These enablers form properties of digitization manufacturing. An instance of evolved
manufacturing is a universal manufacturing enterprise. Such an enterprise is formed based on the models of
distributed manufacturing facilities. The emerging standards for interoperability of systems needed for universal
enterprises are introduced. The need for data and modeling standards is articulated. Though no global standard for
representation of digital manufacturing models in a cloud has been widely adopted, the existing systems
engineering methodologies and languages may support the solution needed. The modeling approach followed in
this paper is a bottom-up rather than the top-down usually presented in the literature on digital manufacturing.

Biography: Dr. Andrew Kusiak is a Professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at The
University of Iowa, Iowa City. He has chaired two departments, Industrial Engineering, and Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering. His current research interests include applications of computational intelligence and big data
in manufacturing, automation, renewable energy, sustainability, and healthcare. He has authored or coauthored
numerous books and hundreds of technical papers published in journals sponsored by professional societies, such
as the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and other societies.
He speaks frequently at international meetings, conducts professional seminars, and consults for industrial
corporations. Dr. Kusiak has served in elected professional society positions as well as editorial boards of over fifty
journals, including editor positions of five different IEEE Transactions.
Professor Kusiak is a Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers and the Editor-in-Chief of the
Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing.

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 INTRODUCTION OF KEYNOTE SPEAKER

Prof. Makoto Iwasaki

Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of

Technology, Japan

GA-Based Optimization in Mechatronic Systems: System

Identification and Controller Design

Abstract: Fast-response and high-precision motion control is one of indispensable techniques in a wide variety
of high performance mechatronic systems including micro and/or nano scale motion, such as data storage
devices, machine tools, manufacturing tools for electronics components, and industrial robots, from the
standpoints of high productivity, high quality of products, and total cost reduction. In those applications, the
required specifications in the motion performance, e.g. response/settling time, trajectory/settling accuracy,
etc., should be sufficiently achieved. In addition, the robustness against disturbances and/or uncertainties, the
mechanical vibration suppression, and the adaptation capability against variations in mechanisms should be
essential properties to be provided in the performance.
The keynote speech presents practical optimization techniques based on a genetic algorithm (GA) for
mechatronic systems, especially focusing on auto-tuning approaches in system identification and motion
controller design. Comparing to conventional manual tuning techniques, the auto-tuning technique can save
the time and cost of controller tuning by skilled engineers, can reduce performance deviation among products,
and can achieve higher control performance. The technique consists of two main processes: one is an
autonomous system identification process, involving in the use of actual motion profiles of system. The other
is, on the other hand, an autonomous control gain tuning process in the frequency and time domains, involving
in the use of GA, which satisfies the required tuning control specifications, e.g., control performance, execution
time, stability, and practical applicability in industries. The proposed technique has been practically evaluated
through experiments performed, by giving examples in industrial applications to a galvano scanner in laser
drilling manufacturing and an actual six-axis industrial robot.

Biography: Makoto Iwasaki received the B.S., M.S., and Dr. Eng. degrees in electrical and computer
engineering from Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan, in 1986, 1988, and 1991, respectively. He is
currently a Professor at the Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of
Technology.
As professional contributions of the IEEE, he has participated in various organizing services, such as, a Co-
Editors-in-Chief for IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics from 2016 to 2022, a Vice President for
Planning and Development in term of 2018 to 2021, etc. He is IEEE fellow class 2015 for "contributions to fast
and precise positioning in motion controller design". He has received many academic, foundation, and
government awards, like the Best Paper and Technical Awards of IEE Japan, the Nagamori Award, the
Ichimura Prize, and the Commendation for Science and Technology by the Japanese Minister of Education,
respectively. He is also a fellow of IEE Japan, and a member of Science Council of Japan. His current research
interests are the applications of control theories to linear/nonlinear modeling and precision positioning, through
various collaborative research activities with industries.

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 INTRODUCTION OF KEYNOTE SPEAKER

Assoc. Prof. Thorsten Becker

University of Cape Town, South Africa

Some Recent Development of Compressed Air Energy Storage

Technologies

Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys offers several technological advantages, such as
near-net shape forming, flexible and on-demand manufacturing and near-zero material loss during
fabrication. These advantages complement titanium's renowned high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent
corrosion resistance. However, despite these benefits, the widespread adoption of AM titanium components
is still hindered by a significant challenge - the need for sound fatigue property characterisation to reliably
meet safety-critical standards. Process-specific attributes such as distinctive meso- and microstructural
features, porosity, high residual stresses, and an inherently rough surface finish can adversely affect fatigue
resistance in these alloys. As such, the importance of the unique process’s attributes and how these
influence plasticity, fracture, and crack growth behaviour is discussed. Damage-tolerant approaches are
introduced to offer an attractive avenue to alleviate the need for extensive process-specific testing and
potentially lead to the creation of components that meet structural integrity requirements. This avenue
shows promise for future research and development, particularly in the widespread adoption of AM-
produced titanium alloys.

Biography: Thorsten Becker is appointed as Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical

Engineering while holding the role of the director for the Centre of Materials Engineering at the University of
Cape Town, while holding an extraordinary position in the Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering
department at Stellenbosch University. His research interest is in structural integrity: fatigue, fracture, and
creep. His work aims to use advanced techniques such as digital image and volume correlation, high-
resolution microscopy, and finite element modelling to measure and extract engineering parameters for
structural integrity assessments. One of his keen interests lies in the additive manufacturing of metals and
high-temperature applications. His work closely collaborates with local and international institutions to
develop a better understanding of the inherent attributes of the process and its link with the structural
performance of the material. He also acts on various professional bodies and consultants to industry,
particularly in the field of Fracture Mechanics.

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 ONSITE SESSION 1

Saturday, May 18, 2024 <13:30~16:00>

Onsite Session 1: Material Mechanical Performance Analysis and Vinyl
Experiment <Ground Floor>
Chairperson:

13:30-13:45 The Experimental Investigation of the Effect of TiC Nanoparticles on the Thermal
AT012 Behavior and Specific Strength of LDPE and HDPE
Ronny Thapelo Tebeta, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— To assess the influence of Titanium Carbide (TiC) nanoparticles on the thermal
stability and the specific strength of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High-Density
Polyethylene (HDPE), the 2 % weight fraction of TiC was added into LDPE and HDPE
matrices. The thermal stability, rheological behavior, and specific strength of the pure
LDPE, pure HDPE, LDPE/2wt% TiC, and HDPE/2wt% TiC samples were studied through
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), rheology, and tensile testing. The results obtained
show that the 2 wt% of TiC nanoparticles are not good reinforcing agents in terms of
improving the thermal stability of pure LDPE and pure HDPE. The rheology results
demonstrated an improvement in the storage modulus and the complex viscosity of LDPE
compared to HDPE reinforced with TiC. However, TiC nanofiller proved to influence the
mechanical properties of LDPE and HDPE. The 2 % weight fraction of TiC increased the
specific strength of pure LDPE by 4 % and pure HDPE by 11 %. The tensile strength of
the pure LDPE and pure HDPE improved by 9 % and 15 % with the addition of 2 wt% of
TiC. The obtained results showed that TiC can enhance the mechanical properties of
LDPE and HDPE.

13:45~14:00 Investigation of cooling media on wet tribology behavior of mild steel treated at various
AT030 temperatures
Lebogang Lebea, Central university of technology, South Africa

Abstract— In the design of tools, gears, machines, and other engineering applications, it
is important to understand the principles of tribology. This manuscript investigates the
effect of cooling media (water, oil and air) and compare the wear rate and coefficient of
friction of a mild steel treated at 500 and 900 0C with the aim of selecting the best
heating and cooling media. ASTM G99 test standard was followed for wet tribology. It
was observed that parent sample exhibited lower wear rate of 4.999E-9 mm3/N/m and
the higher wear rate was noticed under water cooling media heated at 500 0C. During
900 0C heat treatment, the best media was found to be air during 10 N and oil during 20
N load.

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14:00~14:15 Experimental Investigation of the Candelabra Tree’s Milky Latex Thermal and Mechanical
AT013 Performance for Adhesive Application
Ronny Thapelo Tebeta, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— The growing demand for natural organic adhesives has attracted the attention
of many researchers worldwide. This is due to their advantages over inorganic adhesives
in terms of environmental impacts over a long period. This work is based on the
investigation of the thermal and mechanical properties of the organic adhesive produced
from the milky latex of the candelabra tree. The adhesive was produced according to the
traditional African technique of heating/boiling at 180 oC, 215 oC, and 250 oC to
polymerize milky latex until it became sticky. The sticky latex produced at various
temperatures was analyzed for thermal stability and bonding strength through
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and lap shear test respectively. The thermogravimetric
results exhibit a 36 % weight loss as the temperature increased from 28 oC to 110 oC at
a rate of 10 oC/min for raw latex. The thermal stability of the latex was achieved at
temperatures between 110 oC and roughly 260 oC before decomposing at above 300 oC
due to roughly 85 % weight loss. The same behavior was displayed by the latex
processed at 180 oC, 215 oC, and 250 oC. The lap shear results show that a bonding
force of 147 N, 58 N, and 196 N are achieved in the latex polymerized at 180 oC, 215 oC,
and 250 oC respectively. Overall, the bonding strength of the produced adhesive
improves with an increase in polymerizing temperature, however, limited to 300 oC.

14:15~14:30 Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Polystyrene by Fiberglass, LR 30

AT042 Epoxy and Hardner for Solar Car Material
T Gaonnwe, UNISA, South Africa

Abstract— Polystyrene sheets are a common sight in many different environments. From
protective packaging for in-home deliveries of more delicate items to hygienic packaging
for fast food or insulation on construction sites. The paper presents the investigation of
the mechanical properties of reinforced polystyrene by fibreglass, epoxy, and hardener.
Three samples were developed and differ on the number of fibre layers used on both
sides of polystyrene (1 layer, 2 layers and 3 layers). Compression, impact, weight, and
bending tests were performed on all samples following ASTM D3574, ASTM D6110, and
ASTM E290 standards. The results show that the material weight gradually increased
from 120 to 324 grams as three layers were added. Compressive strength increased by
33% from one layer on both sides to two layers and by 23,82% with three layers. The
modulus of elasticity of the material increased by 39,55 % from one layer to two layers.
The energy absorption increases by 50% from one layer of fibreglass on both sides to the
second layer of fibre and by 40% from two layers on both sides to the third layer. The
maximum bending stress decreased by 14.47% when the second layer of fibreglass was
added to reinforce the material on both surfaces, and it decreased to 15.81% when the
third layer of fibreglass and matrix was applied.

13
14:30~14:45 The Experimental Investigation of the Effect of CNFs on the Thermal and Mechanical
AT014 Properties of LDPE and HDPE
Ronny Thapelo Tebeta, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— The impact of inserting various nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal,

chemical, and other properties of polymers is widely investigated to attain optimal
properties for several industrial applications such as in automotive, aerospace, pipelines,
and others. This study investigates the effect of adding a 2 % weight fraction of Carbon
Nanofibers (NCFs) on the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of Low-Density
Polyethylene (LDPE) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) processed through
compression molding. The produced polymer nanocomposite samples were prepared for
the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), rheology analysis, and tensile test. The
thermogravimetric results obtained showed that CNF has no major influence on the
thermal stability of LDPE and HDPE. Although the rheological properties of LDPE and
HDPE improved with the addition of 2 wt% CNF in terms of storage modulus, loss
modulus, and complex viscosity at various angular frequencies. The tensile test results
obtained showed that 2 wt% of CNF can improve the tensile strength of LDPE by 36 %
and HDPE by 22 % as well as their specific strength by 33 % and 13 % respectively. The
CNF proved to be a good reinforcing agent for mechanical and rheological properties of
the polymer nanocomposites however not for their thermal stability improvement.

14:45~15:00 Mechanical and Corrosion Performance of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L
AT051 Asma Perveen, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan

Abstract— Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies provide innovative design solutions.

However, microstructure, defect types, and surface characteristics in AM materials and
components differ significantly from those produced by traditional processing methods.
Therefore, evaluating the long-term durability of AM materials and components is crucial.
SLM offers flexibility in printing conditions that can significantly impact the corrosion
resistance of printed parts. 316L stainless steel is commonly used in critical applications
requiring mechanical strength and corrosion resistance in biomedical, aerospace, and
automotive industries. This study aims to analyze printed parts' mechanical performance
and corrosion resistance, emphasizing their ability to withstand general and localized
corrosion. To investigate this, Steel 316L samples were printed at a 45-degree angle
using SLM and subjected to mechanical testing, followed by analysis in two different
concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution to evaluate their corrosion behavior.
Our study found that the mechanical performance of printed stainless-steel parts is more
robust and exhibits better properties than those produced by traditional fabrication
methods. Furthermore, in investigating the corrosion behavior of AISI 316L specimens,
printed at a 45-degree angle were found to be corrosion-resistant due to the formation of
a passive film in a 0.9%wt NaCl solution.

14
15:00~15:15 Significance of initial/stock Material Thickness in convolution forming explored using
AT6001 three-dimensional scanning and dimensional analysis
Agraja Magesh, Purdue University, USA

Abstract— This study examines thickness variations arising from press tool operations
during the production of SS 304 U-shaped profiles. Recognizing the potential impact of
thickness variations on the fatigue life of the formed metal profile, the investigation
focuses on post-forming thickness variations and profile precision, correlating these
aspects with the specified stock thickness. The approach for fabricating such profiles
typically involves either rolling and welding a sheet to create a tube or initiating the
process with an existing tube that is then subjected to forming. This experiment adopts
the rolled and welded approach, known for its comparatively higher cyclic durability. This
report presents the methodology and outcomes of laser 3D scanning, emphasizing the
critical consideration of raw material thickness in these manufacturing operations.

15:15~15:30 Tensile properties of the mono-material and multi-material PLA and ABS sandwich
AT052 structures
Asma Perveen, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan

Abstract— The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile performance of the mono-
material and multi-material specimens printed using Fused Filament Fabrication. PLA and
ABS were used to print the solid and sandwich structures with a cellular core for the
mono-material samples. For the sandwich structures, the multi-material combinations
ABS-PLA-ABS and PLA-ABS-PLA were printed. Three different cellular core designs—
Honeycomb, Rectangular Longitudinal, and Rectangular Transverse—were selected. The
Transverse structure for both PLA and ABS demonstrated the highest strength among the
mono-material sandwich specimens, In PLA-ABS-PLA samples, the Transverse structure
demonstrated the highest ultimate tensile strength, whereas the Longitudinal structure
performed best for ABS-PLA-ABS samples. The Rectangular core samples exhibited higher
stiffness than the Honeycomb in the mono-material and multi-material specimens.

15:30~15:45 Investigating the Effect of Various Forge Forces on the Mechanical Properties of
AT043 Aluminium 6082 T6 Joined by Friction Stir Welding Process
T Gaonnwe, UNISA, South Africa

Abstract — An optimal axial force is critical for achieving favourable weld joints during
FSW. This study investigates the effect of various axial forces with increments of 1000 N
on the weld quality of aluminium 6082 plates. Two aluminium 6082 T6 plates were joined
using the same parameters, except for the downward forging force of 1, 2, and 3 kN. A
scanning electron microscope was used to examine the microstructural recrystallisation
on the welded zone. Tensile and hardness tests were conducted according to E8/E8m-
13a and ASTM E384. Tensile tests show that the tensile properties increase significantly
from 1 kN to 2 kN and slightly at 3 kN forge force. As the downward forge force
increases, the average material hardness increases on a weld zone.

15
15:45~16:00 Numerical modelling and simulation of micro Electro-discharge machining: prediction of
AT029 crater size
Asma Perveen, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan

Abstract— This paper introduces an analytical model rooted in electro-thermal theory to

estimate the size of micro-craters in micro-electrical discharge machining (μ-EDM).
Addressing the challenge of the stochastic nature of the μ-EDM process, the model
incorporates voltage and capacitance to predict crater size on the workpiece caused by
individual discharges in micro-EDM. The simulation involved using COMSOL Multiphysics
5.6 software to simulate a single discharge in the μ-EDM process. This simulation
accounted for the phase change material properties and the expansion of the plasma
channel radius over time. The study further developed a numerical analysis to assess
how input parameters (capacitance and voltage) influence the efficiency of the plasma
channel in removing molten material. A regression model for plasma flushing efficiency
(PFE%) based on experimental and numerical results was introduced to predict the actual
crater size. The findings indicate contrasting effects of capacitance and voltage on
plasma flushing efficiency. Specifically, an increase in capacitance contributes to an
increase in plasma flushing efficiency.

16
 ONSITE SESSION 2

Saturday, May 18, 2024 <16:15~18:45>

Vinyl
Onsite Session 2: Modern Electronics and Manufacturing System
<Ground Floor>
Chairperson:

16:15~16:30 An Approach for Evaluating Topic Models for Knowledge Management

AT5001 Ashley Sumpter, New Mexico State University (NMSU), USA

Abstract— Over time, organizations develop an informal history of what works and what
does not. Developing a formal history of documented problems is known as a lesson
learned. A lesson learned is the process of successfully learning from past mistakes by
applying knowledge (gained from experiences) in the present and future. Lessons
learned is a subset of knowledge management, which is the process of applying a
systematic approach to the gathering, documenting, managing, and communicating of
knowledge throughout an organization. A sustained lessons learned implementation
process includes the capturing, structuring, management, and dissemination of
knowledge. Organizations that implement a sustained knowledge management system
or a lessons learned database allowing staff access to the previous lessons documented
have an advantage in learning from previous mistakes and avoiding reinventing the
wheel. This paper describes an approach using topic models to address the lack of an
automatic knowledge management/lessons learned system/database option that
removes the need for users to perform manual searching while providing highly
relevant results.
Topic models are machine learning algorithms created to detect the underlying
semantic structures of corpora using Bayesian hierarchical modeling. This research
describes the process of evaluating topic models in the information retrieval space to
improve relevancy in lessons learned query searches within knowledge
management/lessons learned systems/databases. Widely used topic models such as the
Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) in addition to topic
models applied to short text are investigated.

17
16:30~16:45 Performance Assessment of a maintenance strategy in a Turbine and Boiler
AT002 Maintenance Workshop using Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Olasumbo Makinde, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— Equipment availability and reliability have been an important subject matter
for many organisations especially in Turbine and Boiler Maintenance Workshops. In light
of this, this study intends to assess the performance of the crane maintenance strategy
currently used at a Turbine and Boiler Maintenance Workshop using Failure Modes and
Effects Analysis (FMEA) approach. In order to achieve this, the potential failure modes
experienced by a crane machine, and the corresponding failure effects were
brainstormed by overhead crane maintenance experts. The crane failure occurrence
and severity rating and the crane failure detection rating using the current crane
maintenance strategy were ascertained. Thereafter, the Risk Priority Score associated
with deploying the current crane maintenance strategy was obtained. The result of the
FMEA analysis for the crane maintenance revealed that brake failure, oil leak from
gearbox, noisy bearings, tripping of auxiliary hoist, main hoist crack, emergency switch
failure and power supply trip are the failure modes experienced by the crane considered
in this study. Furthermore, the FMEA result revealed an average crane component
failure occurrence and severity rating scores of 5.36 and 6.93 respectively while the
crane components failure detection rating using the current maintenance strategy
averaged to a value of 5.86.

16:45~17:00 Investigating Torsional Vibration Monitoring Using Optical Sensors and Encoder Wheels
AT018 Daniel Makundwaneyi Madyira, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— Torsional vibrations are unwanted phenomena induced by varying torque in

power transmission systems. This study investigated torsional vibration measurements
using optical sensors and encoder wheels. To achieve this, a test rig was built utilizing a
motor, a gearbox with varying speed, a shaft, two bearings, an encoder wheel mounted
onto the shaft, an optical sensor, and an Arduino Uno to power the optical sensor and a
sensor mount. A National Instruments Data Acquisition System was also used to obtain
voltage signals from the optical sensor. These signals were measured at 25, 50, and 75
rpm shaft speeds. The measurements showed a peak at the frequency of the running
speeds of 0.42 Hz, 0.83 Hz, 1.25 Hz, and an anomalous signal of 610 Hz. Dividing the
610 Hz signal by the input motor speed of 22 Hz, gave a value of 27, which
corresponded to the number of teeth of the gear in the gearbox. Therefore, the 610 Hz
signal was caused by gear meshing in the gearbox. Common sources of error induced
are Analog-to-Digital conversion errors, encoder wheel defects, or low sensor
sensitivity. However, optical sensors and encoder wheels successfully measured
torsional vibration signals. This method can be improved by using a higher sensitivity
sensor, a high-quality encoder wheel, and a machine learning model to reduce
inaccuracies in the data.

18
17:00~17:15 Real Time OEE Monitoring for Intelligent Manufacture Technology
AT065 Priskila Christine Rahayu, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia

Abstract— To meet the quality management requirements of ISO 9001:2015, products

must have quality in accordance with standards set by customers. Therefore,
management is expected to set quality targets, including utility and efficiency with
targets for improvement every year. One of the improvement steps taken is to focus on
increasing productivity. Production equipment needs to be equipped to be able to send
and receive data in real-time, then process and display the results to monitor the
condition and performance of the equipment. By directly monitoring production results,
staff can immediately investigate if there is a decrease in operator productivity. This
action is expected to help achieve the productivity targets set by management. This
research takes a case study on the JY 1100 Auto Gluing machine. The Overall
Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) concept can be developed for real-time monitoring
purposes in decision making if there is a decrease in utilization and efficiency results on
the JY 1100 Auto Gluing machine. The OEE concept involves measuring availability
( utility), performance (efficiency) and quality. The design of the real time OEE
monitoring system on the JY 1100 Auto Gluing machine was carried out using the
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method in prototype form through 5 stages:
planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing. The design results are in the
form of a mini conveyor prototype and monitoring system equipped with an ERP
module. The mini conveyor prototype is designed according to the workings of the JY
1100 Auto Gluing machine. The prototype is equipped with sensors for collecting data,
then the data is displayed on the dashboard. This real time machine monitoring design
uses 4 Raspberry Pi Pico W microcontrollers, 4 photoelectric sensors, along with trigger
relays to obtain counter, machine start, production machine and reject data. The
monitoring system dashboard was added to an ERP module which was created to be
close to the ERP system currently running in the company. This is a test that the
designed system can be integrated with the company's system. Once this system is
installed on the company server, it will be accessible anywhere. Thus, this system can
be applied as an intelligent manufacturing technology.

17:15~17:30 Review of Torsional Vibration Measurement Methods

AT019 Daniel Makundwaneyi Madyira, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— Torsional vibrations are unwanted phenomena induced by varying torque in

power transmission systems. This paper reviewed the various types of torsional
vibration measurement systems, that being strain gauges, accelerometers, Laser
Doppler Vibrometers (LDV), optical sensors, and its forms of signal generation using
zebra tapes and encoder disks to chart the current state of technology available for
torsional vibration measurement. The advantages and disadvantages of each method
were discussed to promote further research in the unexplored gaps of these
measurement systems and to indicate the viability of each method for practical
industrial applications.

19
17:30~17:45 Optimizing Leak Detection and Location in Water Distribution Networks using SVM-RF
AT1006 Giresse M Komba, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa

Abstract— Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) suffer significant water losses from
pipeline leaks, impacting both the economy and global water scarcity concerns. This
study seeks to enhance the precision of leak detection and identify leakage locations in
WDNs, addressing challenges posed by background leakage. Existing techniques for
leak detection in WDNs have limitations, particularly in detecting background leakage,
leading to resource-intensive and time-consuming processes with potential inaccuracies.
To minimize the loss of water, it is of utmost importance to identify and decrease
excessive pressure in specific areas of the WDN. This paper proposes the SVM-RF
algorithm, an ensemble supervised Machine Learning approach merging Support Vector
Machines (SVM) and Random Forest (RF). The SVM-RF model, leveraging automatic
feature extraction and dual classifiers, offers more accurate leak assessments based on
flow rate, pressure, and temperature data. A combined probability scheme enhances
efficiency by integrating diverse classifier models with distinct prediction outputs. The
performance of different algorithms in leak detection accuracy was assessed using the
EPANET software. Among the algorithms evaluated, the SVM-RF algorithm
demonstrated superior performance, achieving an impressive average leak detection
accuracy of 97%. In comparison, the RF algorithm achieved an accuracy of 83%, while
the SVM algorithm achieved 77% accuracy.

17:45~18:00 Conceptual Optimal Selection of an E-Maintenance Autonomous Strategy in CNC

AT007 Machining: A Case Study
Moses Oluwafemi, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa

Abstract— This research aims to provide valuable insights into the selection and
development of an effective maintenance strategy tailored to the specific needs and
demands of the Innocentti Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine within a
manufacturing plant setting. Given the critical role of the machine in the overall
operational success of a factory, this study examines maintenance approaches that
encompass autonomy by shifting from Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) involving
corrective actions, and a run-to-failure strategy. The primary focus of this research lies
in the realm of historical data collection and analysis, highlighting three critical
component-level failures of paramount importance for closely monitoring of the
performance of the CNC machine. In the quest for an optimal maintenance strategy,
the study assesses the viability of three distinct approaches: Preventive Maintenance,
Predictive Maintenance, and EMaintenance (Autonomous). To ensure the sustained
health and efficiency of the case machine production line, the research employs Pugh's
elimination matrix table as an evaluation tool.

20
18:00~18:15 PRISMA Approach for Assessing Fingerprint Classification Models based on ASI
AT1015 Alrasheed Mustafa, Durban University of Technology, South Africa

Abstract— The aim of this research paper focused on using PRISMA to reveal most
artificial intelligence techniques that were used for fingerprint classification. Biometric
technology such as fingerprints plays a key role in authenticating and identifying
people’s identities. Therefore, with the increasing number of population and the usage
of biometrics for authentication, fingerprint classification systems are becoming
important and indispensable for recognizing and authenticating individuals. Therefore,
Artificial Super-Intelligence (ASI) techniques such as bioinspired algorithm, deep
learning and machine learning were used to improve fingerprint classification accuracy.
The proposed method aimed to assess fingerprint classification models based on ASI.
The researchers employed PRISMA approach, which is based on systematic analysis and
is used to select, evaluate and analyze journals. Although IEEEXplore and Web of
Science were utilized to extract journal articles from 2019 to 2023. As a result, 1350
articles were found in both databases. Furthermore, a total of 35 publications were
assessed to determine their eligibility and 19 articles were eliminated with reasons and
16 matched the requirements for a meta-analysis. Our findings demonstrate and
highlight the need for developing a new approach for improving fingerprint classification
accuracy.

18:15~18:30 Personalized adaptive Learning Management System based on bioinspired algorithm: A

AT1016 Systematic review
Feziwe Lindiwe Yvonne Khomo, Durban University of Technology, South Africa

Abstract— It is possible to address learning challenges in a way that is unique to the

needs and preferences of students through adaptive learning environments. With the
use of these platforms, learning content can be personalized to reflect a user's interest,
past knowledge, present abilities, and strengths and limitations. Conversely, the
efficiency of adaptive learning systems depends on the techniques adopted to classify
and present the content according to students’ needs and preference. Artificial
Intelligence (AI) techniques have been applied in personalized adaptive education
systems recently to address content delivery-related learning challenges. However, not
much is known about content adaptation based on bioinspired optimization algorithm.
This study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the literature on personalized adaptive
learning Management system based on bioinspired optimization algorithm. The study
examined conference proceedings and journal papers published in Scopus, Web of
Science, and IEEE databases between 2013 and 2023. Nevertheless, Web of Science
yielded no papers that were connected to this investigation. Web of Science was thus
left out of the research. 5442 were screened in total, 303 were evaluated, and 6 were
deemed eligible for the systematic review. Our findings suggest that there have been a
limited number of research or personalized adaptive learning systems based on
bioinspired algorithms.

21
18:30~18:45 Dynamic Performance of the Nature Inspired Optimization Algorith
AT1022 Nkululeko Luthuli, University of South Africa, South Africa

Abstract— The paper below looks at the dynamic performance of the optimization
artificial intelligence algorithms. The paper introduces the aim and problem statement
of the research and furthermore reviews literature of the studied algorithms to
understand the background and formation of the algorithms. Different methodologies
are discussed to test the algorithms and lastly a critical discussion is done to interpret
The paper below looks at the dynamic performance of the optimization artificial
intelligence algorithms. The paper introduces the aim and problem statement of the
research and, furthermore, reviews the literature on the studied algorithms to
understand their background and formation. Different methodologies are discussed to
test the algorithms, and lastly, a critical discussion is done to interpret the dynamic
performance test results of the nature-inspired optimization algorithms. The dynamic
performance test results of the nature inspire optimization algorithms.

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 ONLINE SESSION 1

Sunday, May 19, 2024 <09:30~11:15>

Online Session 1: Modern Machinery and Processing Technology
Room A: 844 7712 9935
Chairperson:

09:30~09:45 Multi-Response Analysis And Optimization during the Dry Turning of Aluminium 7075
AT016 Philly Previledge Maposa, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— When machining components, it is crucial to identify appropriate parameters

that enhance production efficiency while upholding quality. Recent studies into the
optimum parameters of turning aluminium 7075 (Al 7075) have revolved around four or
fewer critical responses, including surface roughness, tool wear, material removal rate,
cutting force, cylindricity and circularity error. This study delved into the analysis and
optimization of the turning process for Al 7075 alloys, seeking the finest combination of
surface roughness, tool wear, circularity error, cylindricity error, and material removal
rate. The optimization process employed the Taguchi method, with a specific emphasis
on three input parameters selected for experimental design: spindle speed, feed rate,
and depth of cut, each set at three evenly spaced levels. The Taguchi method analysis
determined that the optimum conditions for dry turning Al 7075 are a speed of 1950
RPM, a feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 2 mm. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was then utilized to determine the impact of the turning parameters on the
output responses. The results highlight that the spindle speed exerts the greatest
influence on the flank wear at 45.3% while feed rate significantly impacts surface
roughness at 64.9%. MRR, on the other hand, was mostly affected by the depth of cut
at 62.9%. Cylindricity error and circularity error were both predominantly influenced by
feed rate, with contributions of 30% and 32.8% respectively. When considering the
combined optimized output response which encompasses minimizing surface
roughness, flank wear, circularity and cylindricity error, while maximizing MRR, spindle
speed exerted the most influence at 54.5%, followed by the depth of cut at 24.3%, and
the feed rate at 13.7%. The residual error of the analysis was determined to be 7.5%

23
09:45~10:00 The Effects of Wire Electro Discharge Machining (WEDM) on Machining of AISI D2 Tool
AT046 Steel
Nkhangweleni Magari, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— The paper presents a systematic examination of the material removal rate
and surface roughness, considering variations in input power, pulse frequency, pulse-on
time, and servo voltage. Each of these parameters is systematically varied within an
experimental matrix designed using the Taguchi L27 orthogonal array. For each
experimental trial, a specimen measuring 20×10×2 mm is extracted from a rectangular
block. The Taguchi utility-based approach and Analysis of Variance serve as the
analytical tools applied to scrutinize and interpret the experimental results. The findings
of the analysis revealed that among the considered process parameters, input power,
and pulse frequency exert the most significant influence on material removal rate.
Additionally, the investigation highlights that input power and pulse-on-time play pivotal
roles as the most influential factors affecting surface roughness. This study contributes
valuable insights into the intricate relationship between WEDM process parameters and
the machining performance of D2 tool steel. The results not only facilitate a nuanced
understanding of the key factors impacting material removal rate and surface
roughness but also pave the way for informed parametric optimization strategies, in the
pursuit of enhanced machining outcomes.

10:00~10:15 Applying Mechanistic AI for Accessing the Production Technology Flexibility Potential
AT044 Ngaka Mosia, University of South Africa, South Africa

Abstract— Machine control systems have undergone a significant transformation,

transitioning from centralized computer numeric control to automatic control. One of
the key challenges in this evolution stems from the complex and varied nature of many
manufacturing systems, characterized by multiscale, Multiphysics, dynamic, and
stochastic elements. This complexity has spurred numerous innovations at the
convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics, and manufacturing sciences.
Consequently, the question of how the manufacturing industry can leverage the
technology flexibility available is addressed through the inherent adaptive capabilities of
AI. This research aims to articulate and establish a process for imbuing flexibility into
manufacturing processes, leveraging the technology of the manufacturing system with
the integration of AI. The objective is to harness the adaptive potential of technology-
based flexibility using AI, employing a combination of AI methods, mechanism-driven
principles, and engineering technology. In this context, flexibility denotes a
manufacturing process's ability to respond effectively to new system requirements,
whether planned or unforeseen. The paper asserts that the value of system flexibility is
an intrinsic advantage of manufacturing system technology. A qualitative research
approach is employed to investigate and elucidate how the manufacturing system can
be modeled to unlock its flexibility potential, utilizing Mechanistic AI applications.

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10:15~10:30 Design of A New Hydraulic Split-Type Material Ropeway Traction Machine
AT1009 Liu Chen, China Electric Power Research Institute, China

Abstract— This paper presents a new hydraulic split-type material ropeway traction
machine, aimed at improving safety and efficiency in the construction of material
ropeway transportation for transmission line. It determines the main technical
parameters of this new hydraulic ropeway traction machine, along with the design of a
closed hydraulic circuit control system. Additionally, this paper provides technologies for
adjusting the load and operational speed of the material ropeway traction machine. The
selection process for devices that measure traction load and speed is also completed. It
highlights the achievement of coordinated control over both the traction force and
speed of the ropeway traction machine.

10:30~10:45 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Maintenance Production for Productivity

AT045 Improvement
Ngaka Mosia, University of South Africa, South Africa

Abstract— The intricate nature of the combinatorial complexity of manufacturing

operations stems from the distinctive characteristics of engineering synthesis and
analysis. In the scientific domain, investigations typically focus on natural systems
where inputs are controllable or measurable, outputs are observable, and the primary
objective is to discern the inherent laws governing these systems. In stark contrast,
engineering synthesis entails a different set of objectives. With knowledge of the
natural laws, a partial specification of input and output requirements, and adherence to
the experimental principles of sound engineering synthesis, engineers are tasked with
crafting an artificial system that adheres to all specified constraints, ensuring
manufacturability. The research paper explores the transformative impact of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) on maintenance production processes and its consequential effect on
overall productivity improvement. In the contemporary industrial landscape, the
demand for increased efficiency has prompted a paradigm shift towards integrating AI
technologies in maintenance practices. The research adopts a qualitative research
approach to explore and explain the integration of AI into existing maintenance
frameworks, workforce upskilling, and organizational readiness for embracing AI-driven
solutions. This research highlights AI as a pivotal tool for enhancing maintenance
production practices, leading to substantial improvements in productivity, resource
utilization, and operational efficiency.

10:45~11:00 Design and Fabrication of Rotary Dryer with Octagonal Bin for Rice Paddy
AT048 Jasper Anthony A. Cuevas, Mapua University, Philippines

Abstract— Rice production relies heavily on drying. It is highly labor-intensive, energy-

intensive, and the most wasteful process in rice production. While traditional sun drying
is still the least expensive method, its most prominent challenge is being climate
dependent. Likewise, it requires a great deal of labor supply to intermittently mix/stir
the rice paddy while depending on someone's experience/skill to evaluate the quality of
dryness. A rotary dryer is designed and fabricated to guarantee uniform drying by
exposing the rice paddy to hot air while being mixed/stirred continuously. The
octagonal bin was employed to easily mix/stir the rice paddy and reduce human
intervention. The difference in moisture content of rice paddy that was measured at
different locations during operation was almost identical proving the effectiveness of
rotary dryer in drying rice paddy. The drying curve of the rotary dryer shows a similarity
to the drying curve of the rice paddy.

25
11:00~11:15 Research on fluid flow characteristics and jet dynamics for needle-free injection process
AT027 Faisal Aziz, Southeast University, China

Abstract— There are different problems with hypodermic needle injections, such as skin
induration at the injecting area, difficult to dispose the waste of the injections and
needles, and people’s desire for needle-free jet injectors is increasing day by day.
recently the needle-free jet injectors have been constantly improved, and the injection
effect has been widely improved. At present, the most representative needle-free jet
injectors in the world were Intraject designed by the British Weston Medical Company
and Injex of the American Equidyne company. Baxter and Mitragotri studied the
relationship between penetration of the drug into the subcutaneous and jet velocity and
diameter of needle-free jet injectors, and the results show that the performance of
injection completely depends on the jet diameter and the jet velocity. Needle-free jet
injection is a fantastic alternative to conventional injection; it also reduces patients’ fear
of the needle, anxiety of the needle, and needle injury, reducing the chances of cross-
contamination by a considerable number. It is highly appropriate for small doses of
medicines, such as insulin and vaccines. The structural design of the needle-free jet
injector nozzle determines the performance and properties of nozzle to create the jet,
and the optimized nozzle can improve injection performance and penetration. This
study used the realizable Laminar flow model to study the effects of different nozzle
structural designs and different nozzles diameters on the injection effect. The maximum
jet velocity and penetration distance were selected as the primary research parameters.
In this research we designed different nozzle structure, with further analysis;
simulations were performed to verify the accuracy of the Nozzle jet effects. The
simulations are carried out of the three nozzles with different tip diameters, Nozzle with
a smaller tip diameter has higher jet velocity and deeper penetration into the air
cylinder. The simulation results proved that the nozzle with a smaller tip diameter has
the highest jet velocity with higher penetration at 0.1 microsecond. The effect of the
nozzle length on peak stagnation pressure is limited and shows no apparent law. At the
same time, the impact on the turbulence intensity is evident and can be seen in the
simulation results. The longer the nozzle length, the less turbulence intensity in the jet
flow. The results show that the simulation results are highly consistent in comparison
with other experiments conducted on the needle-free jet injector development, which
verifies the accuracy of the CFD model. The results provide ideas for optimizing the
nozzle structure of commercial needle-free jet injectors and help realize efficient drug
delivery. This complete injection process of fluid can be defined as two phases of
penetration and diffusion. The dispersion characteristics of fluid in different phases
could be controlled by an effective combination of the different nozzles and different
nozzle diameters. Overall, the obtained conclusions provide a provident support for
understanding the operation of the needle-free injector. even though some clinical
studies have been conducted to understand the mechanism involved in these practices,
an extensive study from an engineering point of view has not yet been conducted.
Here, we aim to identify the key parameters in the needle-free injection process and
study their effects on microjet characteristics.

26
 ONLINE SESSION 2

Sunday, May 19, 2024 <09:30~11:15>

Online Session 2: Structural Design and Performance Analysis of
Engineering Materials Room B: 811 3388 1897
Chairperson:

09:30~09:45 Raman-based study of microstructural evolution in the neck of isotactic polypropylene

AT058 at different stretching temperatures
Lu Yang, Southeast University, China

Abstract— Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is widely used in various industries due to its
favorable mechanical properties, chemical durability, and cost-effectiveness. In this
research, polarized and unpolarized Raman spectra were used to investigate the effect
of different stretching temperatures on the microstructural evolution in the neck of
isotactic polypropylene fibers. The molecular orientation and crystallinity of the fiber
neck region were analyzed through characteristic peaks in the 780 to 860 cm-1 range of
both polarized and non-polarized Raman spectra, revealing the trends in orientation and
crystallinity with varying stretching temperatures. Both molecular orientation and
crystallinity characterized by Raman were found to show a decreasing trend with
increasing stretching temperature. Meanwhile, the crystallinity measured by differential
scanning calorimetry showed the same trend as the Raman results.

09:45~10:00 Investigation on hardness, surface roughness and wear behavior of reinforced recycled
AT039 aluminimum cans by leadwood particles.
Lovemore Mugwagwa, University of South Africa, South Africa

Abstract— Tribology is a scientific and technical discipline that investigates the

fundamental concepts of wear, lubrication, as well as friction between materials that
are in motion with respect to each other. The emergence of novel materials and coating
techniques has created a demand for the invention of lubricating systems that are both
biologically and environmentally benign. This research paper investigated the
mechanical properties (hardness), surface roughness and wear behavior of reinforced
recycled Aluminium cans by leadwood particles. Aluminium was smelted and reinforced
with leadwood at different weight ratios to produce two composite materials. Hardness,
Surface roughness, hardness, and tribology tests were performed on all samples and
ASTM E384 and ASTM G99 standard were followed. The results indicated a successful
reinforcement of Aluminium by Leadwood particles. Aluminium reinforced with 2%
pulverized leadwood resulted in 53.7% improvement in surface roughness, 10.6%
improvement in hardness and 57.7% improvement in wear rate. Aluminium reinforced
with 3% pulverized leadwood resulted in 14.2% increase in surface roughness, 5.4%
improvement in hardness and 17.3% improvement in wear rate.

27
10:00~10:15 The Effect of Reinforcements Addition at High Temperatures on the Microstructural
AT1019 Changes of Icosahedral Al-Cu-Fe Coatings
Olawale Samuel Fatoba, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— Bulk and surface qualities affect engineering materials in service operations.
Surface characteristics, atmosphere, and contact region strongly affect material
behavior. This study examines the microstructural evolution of hybrid coatings Al-Cu-Fe
on grade five titanium alloy utilizing direct laser metal deposition (DLMD) and copper
and iron additions. The coatings were made using a 3-kW continuous-wave ytterbium
laser system (YLS) coupled to a KUKA robot that controls the cladding process.
Different laser processing conditions were used to study titanium-cladded surfaces.
Samples were examined for microstructural evolution. SEM/EDX was used to examine
coating morphology, and XRD was used to detect phases. Due to laser-material
interaction, reinforcing additives and laser process settings greatly affected the
geometrical attributes of coatings and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of each sample.
Reinforcement reduces dilution. Meanwhile, powder efficiency was the opposite.
Intermetallic phases Al0.4Ti0.6, Al2Ti, Fe0.975Ti0.025, Al0.9Fe3.1Ti2, Al0.5Ti0.5V, and
AlCu2Ti also affected microstructures.

10:15~10:30 Investigation on the corrosion behavior of reinforced recycled aluminimum cans by

AT041 leadwood particles.
Lovemore Mugwagwa, University of South Africa, South Africa

Abstract— Corrosion refers to the deterioration of both metal and non-metal objects
caused by their electrochemical reactions with the environment around them. The
objective of this study work is to investigate the corrosion characteristics of Aluminium
that has been strengthened with leadwood particles. Aluminium and organic leadwood
particles were combined through the process of smelting and stir-casting, using various
weight ratios. Linear politization method was used to determine the corrosion rate.
Taffel plots were used to determine the polarization potential and the corrosion current.
The results indicated that Leadwood can be successfully used to reinforce and enhance
the corrosion resistance of Aluminium. 2% leadwood reinforced sample was corroding
at a rate of 1.3366mm/yr, an improvement of 37.5% to the parent Aluminium sample
(2.1416mm/yr), while the 3% pulverized leadwood reinforce sample’s corrosion rate
was 1.9053mm/yr (10.9% corrosion improvement).

28
10:30~10:45 Thermal Gradient and Dilution Effects on the Microstructural Development of Laser-
AT1020 Cladded Titanium Alloy
Olawale Samuel Fatoba, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— Industries continuously develop laser-based advanced coatings to meet the

required standards and performance levels of materials. Making tough, highly wear-
resistant coatings that can shield the bulk substrate from surface deterioration is one
method to achieve the desired qualities. Using surface modification techniques can be a
practical way to get beyond these restrictions related to titanium and its alloy. With this
study, we look at what happens to a grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) when a hybrid
Ti-Cu-Al coating is applied using the laser metal deposition (LMD) process and different
laser process parameters. Utilizing laser metal deposition, a Ti-Cu-Al layer was created
on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The elemental and phase content of coatings, as well as their
microstructure, were examined. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) with energy dispersive microscopy (EDS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used
to study Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-Cu-Al composites. The SEM images showed that the addition of Cu
and Ti to Ti-Cu-Al coatings was spread out evenly. This was seen at 900 and 1000 W of
laser power and 0.8 and 1.0 m/min scanning speeds. For certain samples, there was a
strong metallurgical link with tiny pores and fissures between the coating and the
substrate, whereas for other samples, there were none. The microstructure showed
signs of grain refinement as the grains expanded in a dendritic and columnar pattern in
the opposite direction of the heat flow. The coatings were also found to have an
amorphous phase, as indicated by XRD analysis. Ultimately, it was found that the low
dilution rate of 42.99% and fine dendritic microstructure were produced by the rapid
cooling rate (at 1.0 m/min). Because the previously deposited layer had less energy
density when the scanning speed was raised, the resulting longer but finer grains
resulted in a decrease in layer thickness. The interaction of laser power, scanning
speed, powder feed rate, and melt pool size affected the coatings' shape. At scanning
rates of 1.0 and 0.8 m/min, Ti-6Cu-10Al had the least amount of dilution, at 42.99 and
50.90%, respectively.

10:45~11:00 Study on the Influence of Laying Mode of Transmission Line Material Ropeway Feeding
AT1010 Guide Rail on the Stationarity of Material Transportation by Rail Car
Wang Fei, China Electric Power Research Institute, China

Abstract— In order to solve the problem that the material ropeway cannot carry out the
whole process of material transportation in the complex terrain of the transmission line,
a material ropeway material feeding system equipment was designed to cooperate with
the material ropeway for material transportation. The material ropeway material feeding
system equipment is composed of a set of feeding guide rail and two feeding rail cars.
By installing both ends of the feeding guide rail respectively at the material stacking
point and the ropeway loading point, the two feeding rail cars are placed on the feeding
guide rail to complete the transportation of materials from the material stacking point to
the ropeway loading point, and then transported to the project site through the
material ropeway. Since the laying method of the guiding rail directly determines the
stationarity of the feeding rail car, and the construction ground of the project site is not
an ideal rock foundation, in order to reduce the difficulty of construction, the laying
method of the guiding rail is selected to simplify the connection and support mode, and
the feasibility of the laying method of the guiding rail is verified by finite element
analysis.

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11:00~11:15 The Impact of Residual Stresses and Porosity on the Performance of Laser Metal
AT1021 Additive Manufactured (MAM) Components: A Review
Olawale Samuel Fatoba, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract-Rapid heating, cooling rates, and melt-back—the simultaneous melting of the

top material layer and the remelting of underlying, previously hardened layers—are
characteristics of the special thermal cycle of metal AM. This particular thermal cycle in
metal AM results in strong residual stress gradients, which pose a major problem for
the created components. Because residual stresses cause part deformations and/or
microcracks, they severely restrict the practical usage of the parts that are produced.
Furthermore, compared to a stress-free state, significant residual strains may restrict
the parts' ability to withstand loads. Every production process introduces some residual
tension. Nonetheless, various production methods introduce significant differences in
the amount of residual stress. Because laser-based techniques naturally include
substantial heat gradients, it is known that these methods can produce significant
residual stress.

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 ONLINE SESSION 3

Sunday, May 19, 2024 <13:00~14:45>

Online Session 3: Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems
Room A: 844 7712 9935
Chairperson:

13:00-13:15 Research on the Design of Automatically Lifting Running Car of Material Ropeway
AT1024 Liu Chen, China Electric Power Research Institute, China

Abstract—In order to solve the problem of loading and unloading difficulties of large
materials and supplies such as long steel member of tower of the material ropeway of
the transmission line, a design scheme of automatically lifting running car of material
ropeway is proposed. The equipment includes lifting devices, load measurement and
alarm devices, hooks, etc., which can realize the automatic lifting and loading and
unloading of large materials and supplies of transmission line construction, and realize
the overload alarm function. The finite element method is used to analyze the structural
strength of the automatically lifting running car of material ropeway, which meets the
strength requirements. The automatically lifting running car of material ropeway can be
used for the loading, unloading and lifting of large materials and supplies in UHV
projects, effectively reducing the construction intensity and improving the automation of
material ropeway equipment of transmission line.

13:15~13:30 Hydrodynamic Performance Investigation of High-efficiency Integrated Contra-rotating

AT032 Propeller for Underwater Vehicle
Shukuan Zhang, Dalian Maritime University, China

Abstract—In contra-rotating propeller systems, the rear propeller can use the eddy
current generated by the front propeller to convert it into useful power, thus improving
the energy efficiency of underwater vehicles and ships. The rotating propeller can
effectively avoid the roll phenomenon of the vehicle and reduce the running noise. This
paper investigates the hydrodynamic performance of high-efficiency contra-rotating
propeller by computational fluid mechanics. The parameterized model establishment
method of contra-rotating propeller is proposed. The fluid field distribution, total
pressure, velocity distribution and wall shear of three cases with different dimension
combinations of front and rear propellers are comparatively studied. Some useful
conclusions are obtained to help to design the contra-rotating propeller system.

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13:30~13:45 A Review of Waste Heat Recovery Methods using Thermoelectric Devices
AT038 John Kevin C. Gavica, Mapúa University, Philippines

Abstract— Thermoelectric devices are developed for recovering waste heat and
converting it to electrical energy. The conversion occurs when a temperature difference
across a specific location in semiconductors generate a voltage potential. This review of
waste heat recovery methods using thermoelectric devices addresses energy
challenges, air pollution, and global warming. This study aims to discuss the various
traditional and novel waste heat recovery methods known today. After review, it has
been found that alternative models and different configurations of thermoelectric
modules are feasible for use. Heat pipes and thermoelectric generators are effective for
heat recovery and energy generation of energy recovery systems.

13:45~14:00 Assessment of Thermoelectric Cooling Applications to Improve Gas Turbine

AT047 Performance
William A. Galibut, Mapúa University, Philippines

Abstract— Much has been written about thermoelectric devices that are gaining
widespread application at home and in industries. They have the advantage of no
moving parts and are readily coupled to other devices that either require electricity
(direct current), or some measure of cooling. The idea of combining a thermoelectric
generator that generates a DC voltage and a thermoelectric cooler as the load has been
around for some time. In this paper, the possibility of employing the concept in a gas
turbine generator setting wherein the waste heat found on the exhaust frame of the
gas turbine is an attractive source of heat for the thermoelectric generator (TEG), which
can potentially power thermoelectric coolers (TEC) to cool the inlet air to the
compressor to maintain peak efficiency during summer when the ambient temperature
rises to 30°C or more in some places, reducing the efficiency and power output of the
turbine. In this study, it is found that it is feasible to utilize TECs in a reconfigured
multi-branch inlet duct. However, due to space limitations on the turbine exhaust
frame, there is currently no available surface area to install the large number of
thermoelectric generators (TEG) required to power the TECs.

14:00~14:15 Research on Load Swing and Rotation Control Techniques during transmission line
AT1023 tower erection
Feikai Zhang, China Electric Power Research Institute, China

Abstract— In order to address significant risks and low accuracy associated with manual
control over load swing and rotation during transmission line tower lifting for erection,
research was undertaken on the load swing and rotation control techniques. Through
the systematic design of assisted lifting equipment tailored to tower erection, both the
hardware composition and the control system for swing and rotation control during
lifting operation were proposed. Coupled with a mechanical equilibrium analysis of the
lifting system, tension calculation methods applicable to lifting with single and double
control ropes were introduced. Upgrading from manual dragging control ropes to
automatically controlled traction units for precise tension adjustments of control ropes
facilitated automatic control over load swing and rotation, which not only reduces the
labor intensity of workers but also lowers construction safety risks.

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14:15~14:30 Desing and manufacturing of a Potato Sorting Machine for the Blanca Yungay variety in
AT005 the Juní
n Region - Perú
Yahir Piero Garcia Gonzales, Universidad Continental, Peru

Abstract— This project is aimed at the agricultural sector, especially small and medium-
sized tuber traders. Worldwide Peru ranks as the fourteenth producer of the Andean
tuber, where potato production is the highest contributor to the economy of the
agricultural sector due to the intense activity of about 330 thousand hectares of
cultivation, distributed in 19 regions having the Juní n Region as one of the largest
contributors in the production of this tuber. For the marketing of the potato the most
important part is its classification. That's why it has to be catalogued according to its
dimensional and quality characteristics to establish a certain price for the product.
That's why we designed a machine that performs the function of sorting by size in a
much shorter time to minimize the labor employed. The prototype was designed
through the fulfillment of a list of requirements and structure of functions divided within
a morphological matrix in order to find various solution concepts, which were evaluated
technically and economically for the ideal choice of the final prototype.

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 ONLINE SESSION 4

Sunday, May 19, 2024 <13:00~15:00>

Online Session 4: Fault Analysis and Computational Models in Complex
Systems Room B: 811 3388 1897
Chairperson:

13:00-13:15 Multi-level fault diagnosis of gearbox based on knowledge graph and deep learning
AT008 Xinchen Xu, Southeast University, China

Abstract— The fault diagnosis of gearbox plays an important role in ensuring the safe
and stable operation of machinery. To address the problems caused by the imbalanced
distribution of gearbox fault samples and complex noise components in signal, a fault
diagnosis method that combines knowledge graph and attention and dilation based
one-dimensional convolutional neural network (KG-AD-1DCNN) is proposed. Firstly,
entity extraction from equipment information and preprocessing such as data
augmentation and denoising of fault signals are carried out based on knowledge graph.
Subsequently, the preprocessed one-dimensional signal is input into the deep learning
model for fault classification. The model utilizes several parallel dilated convolutional
layers to extract multi-dimensional features, and adaptively weights important features
through the attention module. Finally, the noisy PHM2009 gearbox dataset is used to
evaluate the model. The experimental results show that the proposed method can
effectively achieve multi-level fault diagnosis of gearbox, and the testing accuracy is
higher than that of traditional deep learning methods.

13:15~13:30 Effective Water Management System for Boreholes

AT023 Nhlanhla Malinga, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract— In many rural areas of South Africa, clean running water remains
inaccessible for most communities. As a result, residents frequently turn to alternative
water sources, such as boreholes, in the absence of sustainable water options.
However, the utilization of boreholes sometimes poses a risk of waterborne diseases for
those who consume the water, as occasional contamination may occur due to
geological conditions within the boreholes. This paper focuses on implementing a water
management system for boreholes to provide clean drinkable water. The primary
objective of this project is to develop a solar-powered, efficient water management
system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The paper also discusses the design
process, from generating ideas/concepts to selecting the final system development. A
comparison with existing designs demonstrates that the proposed concepts outperform
in terms of specified criteria, including affordability, ease of assembly, disassembly, and
maintainability.

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13:30~13:45 Development of a Surface Defect Severeness Classification on Deep Drawing Simulation
AT061 Results
Christoph Babel, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany

Abstract— This paper presents a data generation and neural network approach for
video classification of cosmetic defects on simulated automobile outer surface parts.
Cosmetic defects occur in the deep drawing process, where high forces are applied to a
sheet metal. The deformation process at the deep drawing can be simulated and the
results can be used for further investigation. This work presents a specific mesh
discretization and numerical settings for a high part surface quality data generation
within a rendered virtual environment. To complement the introduced method, virtual
environment settings are investigated. The generated input data is further used for
training of a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) to predict a severeness
classification on part quality imperfections. This CRNN shows promising results with a
prediction accuracy of 86% for a conservative classification. The term conservative
classification means the detection of the correct severeness class or one severeness
class higher

13:45~14:00 Implementation of an Enhanced Data Integrity Verification Model in Cloud Computing

AT1008 Nomsa Lebogang Khumalo, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa

Abstract— Cloud computing enables users to access computing resources over the
internet, eliminating the need for significant upfront investments in hardware or
software. However, ensuring data integrity in cloud environments faces challenges such
as complexity, security issues, privacy concerns, and limited control. Current solutions
have shortcomings in addressing data verification, preventing replay attacks, and
managing computational overhead. To address these challenges, a hybrid data integrity
approach called CAPDP-MHT has been proposed. This approach combines cryptographic
accumulator provable data possession (CAPDP) with Merkle Hash Tree (MHT) to
enhance security by preventing unauthorized alterations, maintaining data accuracy,
and preventing replay attacks. Simulations and evaluations using MATLAB demonstrate
that CAPDP-MHT outperforms existing provable data possession (PDP) and RSA
algorithms in terms of data verification, replay attack prevention, and computational
efficiency. The CAPDP-MHT scheme achieves an impressive 25% average data
verification rate, surpassing PDP and RSA models with rates of 10% and 5%
respectively. It detects replay attacks within 30 seconds, outperforming PDP and RSA
algorithms, which require 45 and 70 seconds. Additionally, the CAPDP-MHT scheme
incurs only 27 seconds of computational overhead, demonstrating superior efficiency
compared to PDP and RSA alternatives (45 and 60 seconds). CAPDP-MHT not only
enhances reliability but also offers superior computational efficiency in comparison to
PDP and RSA-based schemes.

35
14:00~14:15 A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Word Sense Disambiguation Approaches to Measure
AT1025 Efficiency and Heterogeneity
Moape, Tebatso Gorgina, Durban University of Technology, China

Abstract— This study conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of Word Sense

Disambiguation (WSD) approaches, following the PRISMA framework. WSD is a
fundamental task in Natural Language Processing (NLP) that aims to identify the
appropriate sense or meaning of a word in a specific context. A total of 55 studies were
included after a thorough screening process. The random-effects model served as the
groundwork for the analysis, and study heterogeneity was determined using the
Cochrane Q statistic, τ², and I². The meta-analysis summary indicated low between-
study variability (τ² = 12.10) and low proportion of true heterogeneity to total observed
variation (I² = 10.88%, p = 0.000). The Galbraith plot further reinforced the
consistency of the findings. Subgroup analysis evaluated potential sources of
heterogeneity, categorizing studies into four groups based on WSD approaches,
supervised, unsupervised, semisupervised, and knowledge based. Supervised
approaches demonstrated the largest effect size of -18.46, while unsupervised
approaches demonstrated the smallest -11.92. Semi-supervised and knowledge-based
approaches showed intermediate effect sizes -17.04 and -12.72, respectively.

14:15~14:30 A device with artificial vision for the analysis of movements in geriatric patients
AT001 Guadalupe Valeria Gamarra Berrios, UNIVERSIDAD DE LIMA, PERU

Abstract— This article describes the design of a device that uses Deep learning and
computer vision libraries to allow the analysis of postures in geriatric patients. The
objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between posture analysis in
geriatric patients and the effect of distance, lighting, and speed in posture recognition
with the two devices used for motion capture in Short Physical Performance Battery
tests. This is an experimental type of research that contributes to a novel proposal to
improve the living conditions of the elderly population and the search for healthy aging.
It was possible to prove that the variables illumination, distance, and speed have a
direct relationship with the posture analysis obtained with a Raspberry device and a
core i7 computer, of which the core i7 computer had a better performance compared to
the Raspberry.

14:30-14:45 Ergonomic Risk Assessment with RULA and OCRA Method in a Garment Workshop. Case
AT004 Study
Khryst Espichan Araujo, UNIVERSIDAD DE LIMA, PERU

Abstract—This research focused on micro and small enterprises (MSEs) which comprise
96% of the textile industry in Peru. This sector is the most important manufacturing
activity. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) were identified with methods
such as RULA and OCRA, which evaluates upper extremities. The purpose of this
research is to reduce MSDs generated by activities performed in garment workshops by
making use of ergonomic methods for the detection of inadequate postures and
subsequently propose an improvement by applying engineering methodologies such as
workstation redesign and ergonomics. After implementing the improvements, all the
garment makers improved their score in the RULA method, reducing the risk by up to
42.9%. On the other hand, the OCRA method reduced the exposure index from a very
high risk to a medium risk.

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