Chopls 1+ Mather anc! Measurement Chemistiy + The sewmes Thot descuby matter, tt chemcal, and phy sirol ropertian, The chemical curd physical, charges That mater undergoes, ond the trarqy Shanges Hot cccrmpany These procseo Rerembor — Chomsdliy to am expontencok Stone bowed on observahmo. Themies hour. beer Uuxloped by Seaonhsle to C) explain phenomena. @) prelict phenomena Thot hase not yet hoppered How do we. chasify motes Stal of mater: Sold Aguid qao o ef ° 880 229% ne Kinetic molentor theory ~ all mater comnowsts A tony Poneto Cofome, molienles, ums.) ir Covetant motion. (above. O K. Selido’ ponhulio pacha close togctar + Urbrit in placa. Iiguide:| panheles are clase but coun peter Ta otor- (fouid) P : are : , full oe a Chormstiy to kt to be a Comply subject fo learn Fecowe re ee OF cemed poet ot nen:ubstmee: hoo set of propuida ancl Camnet he senanchedl pe ae ‘A Compound cv element are puns bse (max biter inortire. + co cnglomecitin. of pure Substances + hetrogerenno mrt : te Crock. clay, won, Wor, becleiie, gases ef.) Sugar +solt, Sond ¢ wokr You com eaoly Sea he uneven teture of makuol cows maxhie! Sobutme (Sabt on woltr » biaw-ollay,) er by physiol reams info pure Subsionee, ‘prexaneple: youcan’ bed fe west a. Salt woter Soluhn, Reousirg the Solt bebuid. ele next subslomes. 1080) of on ea el cell avtile : iio clomords ore kavion et f Some Common Elements and Their Symbols Symbol Element Symbol_—“Element_—=«Symmbol_—_—Element Ag decirpmam) Fie Ni nickel knoe sluminam iron (foram) © oxygen Ao llermm) ge Pps The. 3 boron He helium Po lead (phmium | == Ba barium Hig mercury ydergyren) Pr platinum Bi imu 1 odine S sulfur Br bromine K potassium (tion) Sb. antimony ion) © earbon Ke krypton Si sicon Ca ealeium Li fem Sein Geammam) C4 exdmium ‘Mg magnesium Se sont Gl chlorine Mn manganese Ti itanivm Go cobae Nitrogen Uranium Cr chromium Na sodium (nro) Wrungsen Wilf) Ca copper eupram) Ne neon 2m sine atom is smallest part ofan element thot Cmbino The same charocteusiis ao te clement: Comprund : stabstamee Centumira Lor mere elements in fured ratio. The Smollst porto Comprund ak nave Cvockshes o He tmetieuke — if The compound 2 held +o by covolarnt brrda © formula. wnt - i The compo hal togéltior by nic. borab. (inne locks. ropatias * chonockushoo Thatdksuibe sample of mots. ? ephysical propeddy : eel oe ebook of Saves Conposchin, + aap cole, density herds, meg pt Detling pt chucod conduchndy , mace, Ve . + dunded Unto 2 kundo exckusue — ceporls on amount of Subslues pusort gq. masa, volume undensive.- undegondhrt of amour of Swbsbreepreant : eg. Color, Femperatue, dere dl, melting paunt echumical properly : & property Tat raltir exhib ao ih Compardion, @ Mogreolum melol com react unth moloodn oxygen. physiol charge ~ occurs WAT nochange in chemical) competchin., but enugy com be releaad or abserbed . CO lesd meting - process reado heat (endo tfinmic ) heot + 1 OpRo ae” Gea @ woke fanning ~ process relanses heot (exothorme) SAL > CAEQT + het Ngind sSerid chermicoh + eCourse when (1) one a mere subsfunero ang Used = (2) ore ane moe Substewees are proud (3) eregy v release or absabed. rodanls Pecuact Low). 2Hag + Caq) 2 2H0e@) bollomess) — Conseniocon. of 88 8 3 8 MeterUnite of Meoouremont Infeanchoral Sesbin of Unc (SZ) odophe! by Noduvol Buren of Stnihrsl tnrchudes : . hn kalo lent ml ts ture seumd a ee joes timpuctung Kelson =J73+ C Amaurt of substonee smote meh ehechic cumoxt ampere A Common. prefoes Cromple. ‘ mega- M10" Mg = I x10 gromo kilo: k 10° kg = |x 10? grams dai- od 10" de = 0.1 Ret = 10OmL Conti> ot (o> coms O.01 metr milli mm \o? ing = 110% grame micwo- plo = 1X 1OF Ineden hamo- Ww 1o% ng = |*10°4 gramo Pico- Pp lo pq? 1X10? qrumo Temperodure: we uall only be woking with °C aml K absclite gro = OK= ae Volume: | cubic Cemtimeler = fom lome lem =| om? = | mL Mano vs Weght ray Wi of us of Maltin a body confine (Gevmo) bought: meauieof giauriatimal athachmn of eatk He badly Useight = Te = mano = grurtattovel, acelirctin., glength + meaowed in meters Gem, mm, ett.) Volume + rreoouud in lif @mL) Sqnftcant Figuas There one ture kundo of numbers in te vartdl exact +: there au exactly 12 eqgs ina dozen ee JO fingers ancl IO tea - no men,no less y. inexact + ee fl 83. eee He voidth of thio paper + 220 mm more precios, Alo mm 3 penn ten Pe pia + AIS. mm 4 Nol» PRECISION VS ACCURACY accuracy + refow to hew closely a meaowred value agrees wrth the comect value pittioion, + refs to how closely individual meaowenards agree uith each oer © © @. aceon net precise net Cy accuatas In ony recoureiment, the number of sigrficant figures is wmporiants the ruber of agfcant fques is the number of digi belwed to be correct oy te psn cing: tng It includes 1 estinaded digi, Lets loole at ancther example, meooww Volumes of liquide ons i Tevallabaaieey Stary dees, was rosuated pul beaker Aeylinder 3 80 wtf a Fe : 36 =, + nl Sef Ont) : BRZ* OI mL 20.2% * nl — S seh abe) ons = oon mt whim) Rule of Thumb: read meaourament to S or O.2 of the smallest division,@ Volume obbuned ffom the buret hao 4 serficant figuus - the last digit ie abet eskimate. whneas the volume meacuud fiom a beaker only hao 2 SyrRiont figuite. If person needed only a rough estimait. of volume the ‘beaker volume is Sohsfactory , otfuuiite one wold uae He groslucdkd cylunter or better yet Yhe but. Rules _for_ significant fquats : CI) leading gues ane never significant inked sores ove coe Haslung “Apres ane Significant only if the decumel point is specifica. () addrhn a subhaction + last digit rekiimed is set by the farot derbifaul digit : @) mult plicahon or dhoision. + answer cortuns no more sig. fig: Than the least accunoiely known. number as vas Mots of Scenhfe Nbbotion 3 6.82% Io? 1.074 (x 10%) Bxict 3.00 x 10* 3.000 * 10% LoL Mulhphcotion: 2.8723, (same fr) x Ie Givielen Base v 4.6 Dimensional Analysis (Ector label or units Sctor method }) This is a vow powtrfal mathemahcat tool fer soloing problms using . writ factors Co fictor in which numerator + deroininodor have, daffimad wile but reprmrent equitalent amounts ~ it isequal to uni )Rounding Off: [When rounding off numbers 40 a Cerin Kumi of significant figures — db So to the ronsst value - AS1OFXIO' — to Ssionftant fouuo 2.35 x10" L612 x 10® 2 vqnfiant fguws bb 10° [What hogpeno f thane, iss 5 » Faevanpla 2 QAKIO® 435 xI0 fo 2 sonsfiant fguate atte 2ICAIP —_ | Haas do we rund hig rads | Trt vam anbehary ra: if the number heft the Sis odd , Imund ane ete octet ~ Q.35n10% fo Asgrfiant fous — 4x10 BAS * 10" to Aegrefcant fques — 24x 10~ Ofeourse, 2.45] * 10% fiat Fess 2S * 10> anew oe io Ub ser to ASAIO” Ham 24x10™ — 2.3x10"| suggest uoing Simansional amalysio for converting units ~ but uoing only last vesoit “for. problem Sdiing— unless you are very skill af it 9 oes eat repel sein unless you ”Y Excampleo : C1) Hew many centimeter ane in 20.0 inchs (inch = 2.54 em) Jem = 20.0 ines «(e) = 508 om unit fador @) Express 6.2 gallons in mullildtio C1 qallm = 4 gts Ig = 0.9%6L ; IL = 1000 mL) ?imb= 4 guts, OF L 1000 mb vo nl 6.2 gallon x ay FA a a i = 2.3% 108 mL « R ane cea) VOCE mL. (3) Expess 6.12 *10? ont in f* ae 2 pe. Clinkd® (Lt 2 # G.12# 10" ont Gist cn? * Ut e45 tha = 659 9 Density ond _Speofic Gravity density is defined on mass per writ volume Vink Lom mane Lor 4, density = vohime Viquide amd sobide | units 7c” om ganes + wido : 2 (ql) Example? Guen a. substunte with moss of 72g wit a volume of GES on, vohat as ile density ? D (Ba)> Feats 7 485 Pent Specific qnasitty hoe no wnils. Ht is a redio “ ener | dunsity, = specie gaasityEivample: The density of water is dependint beth on Yemporodtuue and phase ose. ‘ice > water T (°C) ° o BR 20 ey chnsity (Ymt) 0.91 ~—-.9MABH]_— 1.00000 0998203 0.99566 maemo WL density NOT TO SCALE WATER, o 348 ao 30. Temporedune (°C) Not on Plasma + ancher fam of the qaseovs site. Plasma [At several thousand degrees gas molecules are traveling with such high ‘energies that on collision they drive off electrons. ‘This process may con- tinue to strip off each of the electrons of an atom until at very high ‘temperatures all of the electrons may be removed. This process produces a high concentration of high-energy charged particles that have become known as plasma, This is believed to be the condition of much of the - gaseous material in the sun, stars, and interstellar space. Electrons may also be driven off in other processes involving the absorption of great ‘deal of energy. Today the term plasma is used for a high concentration of these high-energy particles that have lost one or more electrons. ‘At very high temperatures, 10,000,000°C and higher, the plasma particles have gained so much translational energy that on collision their nuclei approach within 10-}? em of each other where the powerful nuclear attractive forces take effeot and cause nuclear fusion processes to occur. ‘These are some of the main reactions that produce the energy and the light elements in the sun and stars. ‘The fusion process will be discussed in Chap. 26. * ‘The study of plasma is one of the new and very important fields of re- search today. ‘