Chapta8: Blech Crfqumtin + Perel - Elechon Conffquration of Atoms - basis fr explaining ‘he behavior of elements in periodic table. Nomencloture: atomic orbital AL unpaited electron fh spin pasiad elechano Nata: The Pauli, Exclusion Prunciple, says that tT is iinpesible Fist Period (It houzertal row) of Pemodic Table + n=! Is Notation. Recall: Sra nuchal atom, the atomic number Ht Is" G# proton) = # elecons He TL Is* He is a vew Stable element - noble gao. n=l y level ued . Second Pericd (2 hoignial mvo)) of Rerodic Table: n=2 Is as ap Shorthand Netostion. som ot LL Is? Qs! fe a Is? Qst 5B tt Nt Is? Qs? 2p ck Ntt— Ist Qs? apt WN UM th ttn 1s? Qs Ap? or Is? 2S Ap oy! Qos! 70 wh UNED Is* as* 2p! Fo oN Mt Is Ac? Op we fh tH UNH Is* Os? 2p very ble Fe an =F wbnre enery levels We used Hunds Rule : elechons must eccupy all the orbitals fa guen Subleve! singly befre pairing begins diamagnetic + refs fo an odo in which the elechons ane all passed up ‘example: He, Be, Ne paramagnetic : refi to an aitin in which Here are unpaned elachors exampls: 5B,qF C1 wnpaned &) aN (3 umparred 5) - exhibié ponamagrettimn C002 wren ved €%) te qaakeat extent."Third Period Pera ee of Rerwde. Table s n=3 3s 3 Shorthand Notation. | Ne. tN De Lied Bs! ors ® 252 pt 36! iaMg (Ne) Me EIN} 352 oAl [Ne] th 4. ___ [Ne] 3s? 3¢ | wS [Ne] th Pot [ne] 352 3p wP (Ne] th Do DoD (We] 3s 35° wS (Wel N Mt t (Nel 35% 35! Cl [Ne] Mh NN Pfc] 3s? 3% wAr [Ne] TL Ah TL TL (Ne) 3s* 3p! very sinble Fourth, Period. ( ‘* hougon! x Row) of Rouodic Table: n=. Be 3d 4s ako [Ar] L wo | aT Se Doak ali at... =S—r—CLudAC Scr aV tt... lCUudiKLElLL ¥ a tititi ¢_s asMn Stitt it Fe wtttit ff o__ ago MPP? Mm i Nt ft MN * Cu LAMAN 4 302m NWN MON Go. Moh NM tL aCe het th fh tt asAs Nh ot % ttt Se. vit tf NN ht ft. asBr At A Tet ake het e NH8-3 What we sour wae Hat he enugy Quels file! up clffeorctly han. what we expects, One way o remember ‘the general. order is Nota: there one still exceptions tothe filing oder eq Cue Cr There two one tHe only One you: ont responsi ble irl eae Another way is 4 we Ke perodic. table. “The perwodic fable has A qrups and B qrups. (vertical. columre) (Nate: pewodic ‘able cum be diferent - use pertedic ‘able. on sheet + in textbook Penieds one horizontal rows : IStpenod cortopods fo n=! envgy level A Group: sand p arbitls are being filled, * B Group: ns orbital i filed ard (n-i)d sublevel is being filed. Evercie,: Follow the elomenk in pemotlc table inorder of incteaaing atomic number and stile what crbitole are beeng filled. ( BEE), igure 5 Example: In the fourth perod (ne¥), we fowt put eloctone in Hs ooitel, then elechona am placed in n=l = 4-1=3d sublevel in B groups. Fired dectwors ann put into 4p engy level nseH de sz pg dg sg 4S PS dg SS 3b Pb db Sb pe de se @HL do NOILWUNDIANOD SINOULOIIa Fe SSeSRee 7 THEE Body Rie [beet a eae ipet-ul oyBs Exompla: In the sivth peried (n=t), the bs orbital i filled, the Ke energy sublevels are fled in te flowing over: Hf, Sal then bp. Relotion. Bet wortwm Numbers amd Elechoruc. Recall: every election in a cfom has if own wnigue set of 4 quantuin numbers. Example: Writi a completa set of 4 quantum numbers fa each elichon in am oxygen atom, ¢O. There axa P elechmo in {05 there shrub! be 8 seb of 4 quantum hunters, one for ench elechon. va OH Oo ot db Ait as ap Elechow n ny 1 1 C&S) ° (thy S +t 2 1 ° -t 3 2 Tatat) O 4 4 2 6 ° “2 s 2 1 Gpanet) -1 +2 6 2 1 ° +E ? 2 \ + +2 g a | al -£ Nate on bookksmping : tT v spn oy - the 3 p abil om labelled "OS 2 spins +2 Exomple + Whet is an appropriate. set of 4 quantum numbre for tte loot alechon to qo into om elomut oft n Dom my n Lm ms @ No 3 O8 © FE (ed mPb © 1G) -Lo1 #2 ey Ru A dd BP EE ay Ne 5 sy ttf Penodic Ropertias The elements of a. contin Group tnd fo behave sumilaaly im chomaicol reactions because it is the OUTSIDE electons (the elachom “that on fpathest from the ruchus) that aro involved in chemical reactors These ara the cutrmost s ancl p elachon — called VALENCE elochons. The clomenite ino. Contain group all hawe The Some number of wslonce electrons. Grup TA (H, Li, Na, Ke--) have | ekctron in outermost s orbit: ns! Group TA (Be, Mg,Gio*) have Zelichons in oukrmest srbial: — ns® Goup VIA (0,S, Se have 6 electrons inoutanest sp otbibls: ns*ap! Swnmeriaing Example : (a) The not -yet ducorwred clement with, afomic number HS Ells into which periodic qroup ? (b) Hs chemical behavior woud be mest similar to which elements? Ce) Hs outer elechons would have whet shathand notetim ? How many 5 > (¢) Hs elechon configuration is what ? (uae periodic table) Ce) An acceptable set of 4 quonchum navmbers for the laot clacton be put Unto thio element to —_. ANS: @ TA (b) N,P,As — other YA eloments ©) Fs® Fp? 5 5 valence elechono (d) [Rn] SF" Gd? 752 Fp . ace ©) n=F, Lal, mecadd be -Ln Ons! , ms cold be tL a-Zz _ Chemucal Peuodicity We gust finished discuaoing “he shuchine of atoms and inhoduced o& relationship fo chumucal, periodicity» the vauaction in. the propertico of elements with Thur posthons in the perrodic fable. ed tatu) lectro presi election 55 Schrodinger a> (UICECS: configuration —S Proven’ wove like. Equation Wg, my lek des ages. Cpervodiity - ee ie The story of the powolic- table is quem in the dext .. Mendeleev amd Meyer | (tea) independently amanged tke known eluments info a. pettin based on Then | properties, thus setting Ye singe for The, [Penodic Law : “Ke proportie of the elements one pervade frctons of Pac adomic numbers (He numbas of protme in He nucleus). (Terms fi the Periodic “Table : |qrup or family & verheal. columns | the eloments have simdor chumcal amd physical properties petted + horizontal rows the dements hue poperhes hat change. pregusbively acess te table (Group A: ~repaserstative ” elements | show dtinct and rly reqular vwenvations i properties with te odomic number t “hein last electron is added tp om S or p orbital [Gwoup Br chow less dramadic changes in. properties with natasing afomic ruber \ hein. last elechon is added to am (n=!) d orbital ushick lies j lnside, the oul ns ond np eloctons | t8 - (The repusentative elements | Group TA (except 4) aa metals ns! | Soxp A aloline earth metals ns* Group VIA halogens (salt formas) ——_ns*ap® ° hobl: ns*npe | Group ble (rare) gases ena) d=hamsition elements © in B qroup Cexcept ICB) electrons are. being aclded fo d-orbitels (Note: IEB js exclucld sina hein, last €° odd 40 s orbital. Element art. 2n, Cd, Hq, but their. properfen Ox similor to d- transition elements, | I transition Serio t gSe > agli 2" tomsition seo * aa > 93 Aq 37% transition senies : 53Lo., aglly -> 34 Au 4% transition, Series: gq Ac inner tramsition elernents: locokd between IIB and IVB : electrons aro. being added to f orbitals \S* nner hamsition seniag: lan'thamides seCe —> 3, Lu Clutetium), I inner transition series > actinides goth = jog Lr Clawrencium), Lewis Dat Reprwsentations of | Re prasont Ekeinents + only the elechons shoun in the owe S + p crbitals ore shown a dots Thue cue colled VALENCE ellectronc. + pained and unpaired electrons axe shown, ote Non cn Ot ari Memorize on. deduce firm. penodic table[Penodic Properties eq A ments [The physical. and chemical. properties of elemerits recur periodéally. There one S properties we will consider in depth () odomic di. (4) tonic rock @ loniggttion entrgy (5) electronegestuvity (3) election afpnity (1) Atomic. Rodi Valuto have been dokrmuned indirectly (umids : angstroms 1A = 10m. hamomadtrs 110%, as we move fem left fo right within a. pashewlan ensagy leuel (eg n=) the atomic number inctcases. Thywrfre. foro. nuutratatom , protons a acldis fo He nuckusly Sactone ont cdc! te electren cloud in scume major envy level, There is greaker and greater attraction ; he elechon Cloud is pullad closer and closer info “the nucleo Result + the aferic rasli deouowes. Eg Li> Ber B>C>N>0>F Ne os we move fom top (n=!) 40 bottom (n=?), eleckows ons odded 4 higher amd high ereigy levels which ate coresperdingly larger ancl longer, Result + Ke atomic rodii inowases Eq Be K'@ +e TE. = M19 k5 /mol of Kop odoine : For nk or K(q) + 419 kT /mel > K%@ rem =P it est (prease repuints enungy ~ is endothermic’) we A x 2) #n_20 | i | | i For calcium + First tonigatin energy, IE, Ca.) + SORT > Clq +e Second iarisotion envy, IE, Col (g) + HS RT» GG) +e \ t TE,? TE, since it is more difficult 4o remove am elechm flan a \ pesrhuely charged specito than a nuchal one Again, IE meapunes how *hghity “he elechons are bound to He atom. As IE 1, the dypiculty in remeeng an eltchon = Geruial end im IE, of A Group Elinents with position in pertodic table. Excephme cccuns at ITA ancl VIA, “These cam be explained by quantum mechanics (see pp 126) 4 the ower He elachor is more tighity bound than amy ata (hao hihest IE.) i the outer Cs elochon is the easiest to remore (has loweet 1S,) | (Nate: Fr is ignored becauoe it is rate and radioactive) Increase Knowledge of the mlotee voluso of IE, assist in predicting which _ i ements fom covalunt bende (by sharing elochone). and. which -| = form tae tomdo. (aches ont hams fared fom. dine acon Yo | ancther),8-ll |@ Electron Affinity : the amount of energy mnvdled inthe process in | which an electron is added fo an wolakd gaseous afin. foxfrm an lon vik a. I+ change. ° © erampes: Be@ + © + BHAT > Be G@) EA Darel, A@ +e > Wa@+ WERT E,9.= ~ZH8 nel eons exothermic for BCE pe 1F es 18 (cuge of -| means | evtia eluchon) n= le or seve General herd in. elechen affritiée of A qoup Clements wi position in pertotic tabk There are many exceptions | Fit is eavier 40 add am elachon qoung fom left to rgkt or btm to top | Malogens gain elochora eanily - have more regative elechon offinitiia, (4) Tonic Redii | Most parerct otoms will react with oir atoms in order to gain a noble qas | Genfiquration., by eilRer qainung or losing electrons. ee Group TA ILA ILA} Atoms in these qroups will lese Fee es| ekchronic config” | ns! ns nstnp | electrons to farm cosions and electrons lost 1 a2 3 | _ become positively changed. Gaal change on ion | tl 42 +3 i | fin periods Qand 3, ions fram IA, ICA and ILA are ISOELECTRONIC | Chave the some total number of elections). i) Na* ag” andgAl* alt have I eluctiono and ant isoelectronic. with ‘he noble gas, pNe , rem.Fig i |In oder of ducrwosing tonic radi Not > Mgt > AIS since as more | elechons ane removed, the remaining elechons are hale! more ghtty. | Also, Na> Nat , Mg>Mg@ Rie SET Coup VA VIA. YA] Ams in “hese qrougs will PERIODIC | electronic confi’ | ns?ng? nstnp’ nsinp®] gain electrons +t have noble TABLE electrons qand | 3 2 1 ges confquracion - they form fynol charge onion | -3 -2 1 anions i | Erompla: In period 2, gN*, O” and gF abl have 10 elections ant ont isoelachonc With joe, yNat, aMg** ands Al® In ader of decmtosing ionic radii N* >O™>F™, Aselactms are acted toa reuhal atom, the elecher cloud is expanded. Therefra N? 7 N VT gunualig,: eg HO > HH 1) sumple regahwely changed imo (anims) axe always larger thon parent actom. @) sumple posstwely changed no (ations) ane always smaller ‘than parent ator, Q) within am iscelachonic. series, comic radii decease ao ocbmic, no. Incsases. Gersnral trend in ionic radi: of A Group elements with pesition in perrodic. table, 5) Electronegativity: a measure of the relacue tendency efam.otom to |. ottiract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another atom, Chese volues app ‘he periodic table in the exam) — | all Gonvol hepd im clachoragahiity, of A-Goupe E a E) 11% posite in. persed table z at = Fer EN Ct0) ono © rut haut EN (35) Fr F| |Peshoret is wed fo help anign. cudachion numbes, ‘in o Sumple bumaiy (2 clement) compound, “the mow. echo regatine element “wants” elachns more and gets” He reqative onidechen number. ‘Bvampl : no, +l -f aot -3 + Natl Now NH3 No h0 3.0 LO at BO ad Nati: cm fauration of hamsitin metal ion / i Fe [Ar[ 3d®&4s* recall Hs hao Inver eroay | Fe™ [Ar] 34° case for cadmas ob | Fe Card 3aF | So, the oder you put e° unto abitle (ad | ©; orden of Uncrtas ) | diffuact! fom hos yu temeve & rr