Lesson I: Effectiveness, Scientific Validity, and Limitations of the

Polygraph Test

Objectives of a Polygraph Examination:

The objectives of conducting a polygraph test in aid of criminal investigation include:

Ascertain truthfulness by verifying statements.

Obtain additional investigative leads.

Identify other involved persons.

Locate tools and fruits of crimes and wanted individuals.

Gather information from reluctant witnesses.

Assess loyalty in sensitive positions.

Eliminate innocent suspects.

Effectiveness of Polygraphy:

-Polygraph tests record physiological changes triggered by the fear of detection, not necessarily
guilt.

-Greater motivation to deceive increases the likelihood of detection.

-Physiological changes such as respiration, blood pressure, and pulse can be indicators of
deception.

-Polygraph tests can verify or discredit statements rapidly and accurately.

Definitions of Scientific Validity:

-Validity refers to the accuracy of detecting deception or truthfulness.

-Construct Validity: Measures if a test accurately assesses the trait it's designed for, such as
deception.

-Reliability: Refers to the consistency of a test's results across multiple instances.

-Criterion Validity: Assesses the relationship between the test outcome and the criterion of
truthfulness or deception.

False Positives and Negatives:

-False positives occur when truthful individuals are labeled as deceptive.

-False negatives occur when deceptive individuals are labeled as truthful.

-Errors can result from examiner misinterpretation or subject factors.

Factors Affecting Validity of Polygraph Tests:

Setting:

-Instrument variation and examination room conditions can influence results.

Subject:

-Gender differences, socialization level, intelligence, and ethnic identity can impact test
outcomes.

Examiner:

-Training and experience significantly affect the accuracy of test assessments.

Limitations of Polygraph:

-Polygraph is an investigative aid, not a substitute for thorough investigation.

-It's a diagnostic instrument, not a lie detector, and depends on examiner accuracy.

-Accuracy is contingent on prior investigation thoroughness and examiner proficiency.