TMC Radial Conditions Guide

RADIAL TIRE
CONDITIONS
ANALYSIS GUIDE New
Fourth
Edition!
A Comprehensive Review of
Tread Wear and Tire Conditions
ITEM # T0121
Technology & Maintenance Council

Radial Tire
conditions
analysis
guide
© Copyright 1994, 2004, 2011—Technology & Maintenance

Council of American Trucking Associations, Inc.
Printed in U.S.A.
Fourth Edition (2011)
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be

reproduced in any form without written permission of the
publisher.

DISCLAIMER
The procedures contained herein reflect the consensus of the members of the
Technology & Maintenance Council (TMC) on those items and methods that have
delivered the best performance record based on the experience of those present
at meetings of the Council. The procedures contained herein are not exclusive.
TMC cannot possibly know, evaluate, or advise the transportation industry of all
conceivable ways in which a practice may be undertaken or of the possible con-
sequences of each such practice. Other practices or methods may be as good,
or better, depending upon the particular circumstances involved.
All who use the procedures contained herein must first satisfy themselves thor-
oughly that neither the safety of their employees or agents, nor the safety or
usefulness of any products, will be jeopardized by any method selected.
The following procedures are not intended nor should they be construed as an
endorsement of any particular person, organization, or product.
The material in this manual is compiled from TMC Recommended Practices:

• RP 216C, Radial Tire Conditions Analysis Guide
• RP 219C, Radial Tire Wear Conditions and Causes: A Guide to Wear Pattern
Analysis
This 2011 edition updates the 2004 edition of TMC’s Radial Tire Conditions
Analysis Guide.
For information on obtaining additional copies of this guide, contact:

American Trucking Associaitons
950 N. Glebe Road
Arlington, VA 22303
(703) 838-1763
tmc@trucking.org
http://tmc.truckline.com
or
ATA Business Solutions

(866) 821-3468
http://www.atabusinesssolutions.com
Order Item Number T0121

TABLE OF CONTENTS
RADIAL TIRE CONDITIONS ANALYSIS GUIDE

Purpose and Scope............................................................................................. 7
Acknowledgements............................................................................................ 7
Introduction.......................................................................................................... 8
Tire Inspections................................................................................................... 9
Glossary of Terms................................................................................................ 11
Preface to the Radial Tire Conditions Analysis Guide................................... 14
I. Tire (Original Tread and Retread) Casing Conditions................. 15
A. BEAD AREA............................................................................................................ 17
Bead Damage From Rim Flange Wear............................................................. 18
Torn Beads............................................................................................................ 19
Bead Deformation............................................................................................... 20
Bead Damage Due to Overload/Underinflation.............................................. 21
Kinked/Distorted Beads..................................................................................... 22
Burned Beads...................................................................................................... 23
Bead Damage From Curbing............................................................................. 24
Reinforce/Chafer Separation............................................................................ 25
Lower Sidewall/Bead Area Flow Crack........................................................... 26
B. SIDEWALL AREA................................................................................................... 27
Spread/Damaged Cord....................................................................................... 28
Sidewall Separation............................................................................................ 29
Sidewall Separation/Damage Induced . ......................................................... 30
Sidewall Separation Due to Tread Puncture.................................................. 31
Sidewall Separation Due to Bead Damage.................................................... 32
Branding Damage............................................................................................... 33
Cuts and Snags.................................................................................................... 34
Forklift Damage.................................................................................................... 35
Damage From Object Lodged Between Duals............................................... 36
Chain Damage...................................................................................................... 37
Vehicle/Equipment Damage.............................................................................. 38
Sidewall Abrasion/Scuff Damage.................................................................... 39
Weathering/Ozone Cracking............................................................................. 40
Petroleum/Chemical Product Damage............................................................ 41
Radial Split............................................................................................................ 42
Impact Break........................................................................................................ 43
Sidewall Bumps (Blisters).................................................................................. 44
Diagonal Cracking............................................................................................... 45
Heavy Sidewall Splice........................................................................................ 46
Open Sidewall Splice.......................................................................................... 47
Sidewall Penetration.......................................................................................... 48
Crack at Edge of Retread Wing......................................................................... 49

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cracking Due to Excessive Sidewall Buff....................................................... 50

Circumferential Fatigue Rupture (Zipper)........................................................ 51
Run Flat................................................................................................................. 52
Run Flat—Only Sidewalls Remaining.............................................................. 53
C. CROWN AREA........................................................................................................ 55
Penetrations and Road Hazards....................................................................... 56
Vehicle Damage................................................................................................... 57
Brake Skid Damage............................................................................................ 58
Forklift Damage/Cuts and Snags...................................................................... 59
Wild Wire.............................................................................................................. 60
Delamination........................................................................................................ 61
Lug Base Cracking.............................................................................................. 62
Chipping/Flaking/Chunking Tread..................................................................... 63
Stone Drilling........................................................................................................ 64
Regrooving Damage........................................................................................... 65
Dynamometer Damage....................................................................................... 66
Petroleum/Chemical Product Damage............................................................ 67
Excessive Wear................................................................................................... 68
Rib Tearing............................................................................................................ 69
Defense Groove Tearing..................................................................................... 70
Groove Cracking.................................................................................................. 71
Spin Damage........................................................................................................ 72
Chain Damage...................................................................................................... 73
Electrical Discharge........................................................................................... 74
Tread Surface Porosity....................................................................................... 75
Tread Non-Fill....................................................................................................... 76
Belt Lift/Separation............................................................................................. 77
Belt Separation—Repair Related..................................................................... 78
Tread Lift/Separation.......................................................................................... 79
Retread Separation............................................................................................. 80
Retread Separation—Repair Related.............................................................. 81
Missed Puncture................................................................................................. 82
Retread Edge Lifting............................................................................................ 83
Bond Line Porosity.............................................................................................. 84
Skive Failure......................................................................................................... 85
Wing Lift................................................................................................................ 86
Misaligned Tread................................................................................................. 87
Improper Tread Width......................................................................................... 88
Tread Chunking At Splice................................................................................... 89
Open Tread Splice............................................................................................... 90
Short Tread Splice............................................................................................... 91
Buckled Tread...................................................................................................... 92
Impact Break........................................................................................................ 93
Road Tire Debris.................................................................................................. 94

TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. TIRE INTERIOR....................................................................................................... 95
Penetrating Objects............................................................................................ 96
Innerliner Split at Injury...................................................................................... 97
Foreign Object Inner Liner Damage in Tubeless Tire.................................... 98
Pinch Stock.......................................................................................................... 99
Impact Break........................................................................................................ 100
Tearing, Mount/Demount Damage................................................................... 101
Open Innerliner Splice........................................................................................ 102
Innerliner Bubbles, Blisters, & Separations................................................... 103
Innerliner Cracking............................................................................................. 104
Pulled/Loose Cords............................................................................................. 105
Thin Innerliner...................................................................................................... 106
Ply Gap.................................................................................................................. 107
Run Flat................................................................................................................. 108
II. IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS.............................................................................. 109
IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS—VARIOUS AREAS................................................ 110

Improper Bead Repair........................................................................................ 111
On-The-Wheel Repair......................................................................................... 112
Improper Spot Repair (Sidewall)...................................................................... 113
Repair Related Bulge.......................................................................................... 114
Improper Spot Repair (Interior/Sidewall)........................................................ 115
Improper Nail Hole Repair................................................................................. 116
Improperly Aligned Repair................................................................................. 117
Improper Repair Unit Placement...................................................................... 118
Bridged Repair..................................................................................................... 119
Improper Section Repair—Damage Not Removed....................................... 120
Bias Repair in Radial Tire................................................................................... 121
Unfilled Nail Hole Repair.................................................................................... 122
Repair Unit Cracking at Reinforcement........................................................... 123
Failed Innerliner Repair...................................................................................... 124
Failed Repair From Underinflation.................................................................... 125
III. RADIAL TIRE WEAR CONDITIONS AND CAUSES.......................................... 127
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 128
A. Steer Axle Tires................................................................................................ 129

Shoulder Step/Chamfer Wear........................................................................... 130
Full Shoulder Wear ............................................................................................ 131
One-Sided Wear ................................................................................................. 132
Feather Wear....................................................................................................... 133

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Erosion/River Wear............................................................................................. 134

Cupping/Scallop/Wavy Wear ........................................................................... 135
Out-Of-Round Wear ........................................................................................... 136
Overall Fast Wear................................................................................................ 137
Rib Depression/Punch Wear ............................................................................ 138
Spot Wear............................................................................................................. 139
Scrub/Thrust Angle Induced Full Shoulder Wear.......................................... 140
Toe-In Wear.......................................................................................................... 141
Toe-Out Wear ...................................................................................................... 142
B. Drive Axle Tires .............................................................................................. 143

Rapid Shoulder Wear - One Shoulder.............................................................. 144
Rapid Shoulder Wear - Both Shoulders.......................................................... 145
Heel/Toe Wear..................................................................................................... 147
Alternate Lug Wear............................................................................................. 148
Brake Skid............................................................................................................ 149
Overall Fast Wear................................................................................................ 150
C. Trailer Axle Tires ........................................................................................... 151

Brake Skid............................................................................................................ 152
Diagonal Wear..................................................................................................... 153
Multiple Flat Spot Wear...................................................................................... 154
Center Wear......................................................................................................... 155
Rapid Shoulder Wear—One Shoulder............................................................. 157
Rapid Shoulder Wear—Both Shoulders ........................................................ 158
Cupping/Scallop/Wavy Wear............................................................................ 159
Shoulder Scrubbing/Scuffing . ......................................................................... 160
Erratic Depression Wear .................................................................................. 161
One-Sided Wear ................................................................................................. 162
Erosion/River Wear ............................................................................................ 163
Rib Depression/ Punch Wear ........................................................................... 164

PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The following photographs and explanations depict common tire This guide is divided into two sections. The first deals with
failures and their causes. This guide is designed to be a reference conditions found in tubeless radial tire casings and in original
source and a training aid, and to assist users in tire grading. It ad- tires. Casing conditions that may be exhibited by retreaded tires
vises users when it may be necessary to consult with a specialist can also be found in this section. The second section addresses
(original manufacturer or retreader) for final determination of a conditions found in the tread area of retreaded and repaired
tire’s cause of failure. This guide is not designed to be the sole tires. The third section addresses radial tire wear conditions and
basis on which to base tire or retread warranty claims causes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The 2011 update to TMC’s Radial Tire Conditions Analysis Guide TMC would like to thank the following companies who partici-
was conducted by Technology & Maintenance Council’s RP pated in the development of this Guide by donating their expertise
216/219 Update Task Force under the Council’s S.2 Tire & Wheel and photographs:
Study Group. The work was performed under the leadership and • Bridgestone/Bandag Tire Solutions
guidance of S.2 Study Group Chairman Mitch Windorff, Schneider • Cooper Tire & Rubber Co.
National; RP 216/219 Update Task Force Chairman Peggy Fisher, • Continental General Tire, Inc.
TireStamp, Inc..; TMC Executive Director Carl Kirk; and TMC Tech- • Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
nical Director Robert Braswell (who served as editor and product • International Marketing, Inc.
designer on this project). • Michelin North America, Inc.
• Pressure Systems International
TMC thanks the following individuals and their companies for • Schneider National
their substantial contribution to the development of this work: • Speedco, Inc.
• Norm Ball, Michelin North America • Tech International
• Cliff Ballard, Yokohama Tire • Tire Industry Association
• Al Cohn, Pressure Systems International (PSI). • TireStamp Corporation
• Bob Collins, Continental Tire • Yokohama Tire Co.
• Les Cook, Cooper Tire
• Peggy Fisher, TireStamp, Inc.
• Doug Jones, Michelin North America
• Pat Keating, Yokohama Tire Co.
• Jim Lanham, Speedco, Inc.
• Tim Miller, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
• Randy Patterson, Bridgestone/Bandag Tire Solutions, Inc.
• Kevin Rohlwing, Tire Industry Association
• Asa Sharp, International Marketing, Inc.
• Doug Swift, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
• Guy Walenga, Bridgestone/Firestone

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Determining the causes of tires placed out of service is of vital 1. Is the tire serviceable?
importance to the fleet operator because of the substantial in- 2. Is it repairable or retreadable?
vestment that tires represent. To protect your investment in tires, 3. Could it be used in a limited service operation?
it is necessary to know what caused each tire's removal from 4. Should the tire be presented to the original manufacturer
service. This publication will lead to cost savings through provid- or retreader for warranty?
ing guidance and help in the following areas: 5. If none of the above apply, is it strictly junk?
1. Eliminating causes of failures if possible.
2. Retreading and repairing tires and placing them back into These questions must be answered before the tire is placed in
service. the scrap pile since the tire may lose its usefulness to rust while
3. Presenting tires for warranty credit when applicable. waiting in the pile to be graded. Any usable tire should be stored
4. Improving tire maintenance and tire selection if neces- in a dry covered area.
sary.
Once it is determined that a tire should be scrapped, the appropri-
Tire grading should be done prior to the tire being placed in ate information should be recorded and entered into a database
a “scrap pile.” After a tire has been demounted from the rim for further analysis. Accurate and simple records which include
and before it is rolled out the tire shop door, the tire should be causes of failure, cap numbers, tread depths, etc. are extremely
inspected with the following questions in mind: important and helpful when purchasing decisions must be made.
TIRE INSPECTIONS
Remove all foreign objects and water from the tire and examine
throughly in a well-lighted area. For inspection purposes, the tire
can be divided into seven areas (see Fig. 1):
1. Tread or Crown Area.
2-3. Upper Sidewall and Shoulder Area on each side.
4-5. Lower Sidewall and Bead Area on each side.
6-7. Interior on both sides.
Begin by inspecting the tread area. Use your hands and eyes to
check for punctures, cuts, foreign objects and any distortion in
the tread.
Move to the upper and lower sidewalls. Inspect these areas for
separation between casing components. This is usually denoted
by cracks or bulges, damage to the bead and bead wires, deterio-
ration of rubber caused by oil and grease, weather checking, cuts
and penetrations. Then examine both sides of the interior looking
for wrinkling or corrugations in the inner liner caused by running
flat or underinflated, blisters or lumps, cracks and looseness. Fig. 1
Mark all damage, punctures, and separations with a paint stick as

you find them. Rotate the tire as necessary for thorough inspec-
tions. Use a probe to determine the origin and extent of damage. of the tire, mark the final disposition based on your inspection; for
Inspect the complete tire prior to determining the cause of failure example, repair, retread, scrap, etc.
(i.e., often a separation in a tire sidewall may be caused by a nail
hole puncture in the tread or a failed repair that would only be no- Fig. 2 is a radial tire section with definitions of its various compo-
ticed by inspecting the interior of the tire). It is possible for a tire nents. Understanding the construction of the tire will make failure
to have more than one out-of-service condition. On the exterior analysis easier.

TIRE INSPECTIONS
(1) Tread—This rubber provides the interface be-

tween the tire structure and the road. Primary
purpose is to provide traction, directional changes
and wear.
(2) Belt—Belt plies, especially steel, provide strength

to the tire, stabilize the tread, and may protect the
air chamber from punctures.
(3) Radial Ply—The radial ply, together with the belt

plies, contains the air pressure of the tire. The ply
transmits all load, braking, and steering forces
between the wheel and the tire tread.
(4) Sidewall—The sidewall rubber is specially com-

pounded to withstand flexing and weathering (1)
while providing protection for the radial ply.
(5) Inner Liner—A layer of rubber in tubeless tires (2)

specially compounded for resistance to air dif-
fusion. The liner in the tubeless tire replaces the
innertube of the tube-type tire.
(4)
(6) Apexes—Rubber pieces with selected character- (3)
istics are used to fill in the bead and lower
sidewall area and provide a smooth transition (5)
from the stiff bead area to the flexible sidewall.
(7) Bead Reinforcement/Chafer—A ply laid over (6)

the radial ply turnup outside of the bead that
reinforces and stabilizes the bead-to-sidewall
transition zone.
(8) (7)
(8) GG Ring—Used as a reference for proper seating
of the bead area on the rim.
(9) Bead Bundle—Made of continuous high-tensile

wire wound to form a high-strength unit, the bead
bundle is the anchor foundation of the casing
which maintains the required tire diameter on
the rim.
(9)
Fig. 2: Cross Sectional View of Radial Tire
10
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Air Migration—The movement of air from one location to an- Bead Toe—That part of the bead that faces the inside portion of
other within a tire casing. the tire.
Assembly Out of Balance—An out-of-balance rotating as- Belt Package—Belt plies that provide strength to the tire and
sembly exists when there is an unequal distribution of weight stabilize the tread.
around the axis of rotation. Total wheel end balance consists of
the tire and wheel assembly, the brake drum, and the hub. Bond Line—See Buff Line.
Axle Deflection—The amount of bending an axle exhibits when Bonding Gum—(See Cushion).
under load.
Bonding Materials—Cushion and cement used to bond tread
Axle Misalignment—A condition that occurs when the axles or repair units to the casing.
are not perpendicular to the frame and parallel to each other.
Brake Skid—A flat spot on the tread that is a result of excessive
Bead Area—The general area from the top of the ply turn-up to braking and dragging the tread over the road surface.
the bead toe.
Buff Line—The dividing line in the cross section of a tire be-
Bead Chafing—Functional wear of the bead against the rim. tween the buffed surface of the original tire and the new retread
rubber.
Bead Flange Area—The area of the tire where the rim flange
touches the tire. Also referred to as the bead bearing area. Buffed Texture—That surface produced by buffing or rasping
the tire to remove rubber for a retread or a repair unit.
Bead Reinforcement—A fabric or wire ply laid over the radial
ply turnup outside of the bead and under the rubber chafer that Camber—The inward or outward tilt of the wheels when viewed
stabilizes the bead-to-sidewall transition zone. from the front of the vehicle. Camber is the angle that is built into
the axle during the manufacturing process.
Bead Seat—Area where bead fits the rim.
Casing—The tire structure excluding tread rubber or design.
Bead Seating—Positioning of the bead on the rim.
Fig. 3: Tubeless Tire
11
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Casing Integrity—The quality and soundness of the tire Fill Rubber—Rubber used to fill the cavity of an injury being
structure. repaired.
Casing Preparation—Procedures performed to prepare the Flex Area—The area of a tire that deforms when the tire runs
casing for retreading which include buffing, skiving, cementing through its footprint; this area normally extends from the belt edge
and build up. to the bead area.
Circumferential Break—An opening in the tire that extends Foreign Object—An object that is not part of a tire but usu-
across the plies in a circumferential direction. ally is cause for damage to the tire such as a nail, piece of metal,
chock block, etc.
Circumferential Direction—360° around the tire.
Free Rolling Axles—Axles that are not powered such as steer
Cords (Cord Material)—The strands of wire or fabric that form and trailer axles.
the plies and belt in a tire.
Full Cap—Application of new tread rubber to include not only
Crown Area—The area of a tire across the tread and between the tread area but also the shoulder area. The finished retread
the belt edges. will look like a new tire.
Crown Radius—A measurement of the buffed surface curva- GG Ring—Gravel Guard Ring located above the rim flange on
ture from shoulder to shoulder on a casing being retreaded. the tire.
Cure—The process of vulcanization of rubber by applying heat Groove (Tread Groove)—The space between two adjacent
and pressure over a period of time. tread ribs or lugs.
Cushion—A tacky natural rubber compound used for adhesion, Inner Liner—The layer or layers of rubber laminated to the
undertread repair and build up. inside of a tubeless tire to contain the inflation pressure.
Cushion Migration—The shifting of the tread bonding material Inner Liner Splice—The overlap of inner liner material inside
during vulcanization, which results in a spot of uncured tread. the tire.
Decoupling Groove—(See Defense Groove). Lateral Runout—The variation of a rotating assembly in a side-
to-side direction.
Defense Groove—A groove molded into the outside shoulder
ribs of tires for the purpose of reducing or eliminating irregular Liner—See Inner Liner.
wear.
Liner Sealer—A latex rubber solution that is painted onto the
Delamination—The separation of layers of rubber. innerliner to help prevent air migration through the liner.
Dolly Axle—The axle on a piece of equipment that has a fifth Localized Area—Isolated area; not extending through tire.
wheel to hook up a semi trailer and connect it to another semi-
trailer. Lugs (Tread Lugs)—The raised block elements in the tread
design.
DOT Number—U.S. Department of Transportation identification
number. Mold—Equipment in which a new tire is cured or equipment in
which new tread is cured to a worn tire.
Dual Position—A wheel position on a vehicle where two tires
and wheels are mated to carry the load. Mold Cured Retread—A retread that is vulcanized in a mold
usually made of aluminum or steel that contains the tread design
Dual Spacing—The distance from the center of a tire to the that is impressed into the new rubber as it cures.
center of the other tire in a dual tire arrangement. It is deter-
mined by adding two half dual spacings (disc wheels) or two rim Mold Lubricant—Material used as a mold release to facilitate
offsets plus one spacer band width (demountable rims). removal of the tire from the mold after curing.
Dynamometer—An instrument used to measure engine power Nail Hole Repair—A repair in the crown that is 3/8” or less in
involving rotating the vehicles tires on steel rollers. diameter.
Flow Crack—The separation of rubber compounds usually Non-Fill (Tread Non-Fill)—Failure of the tread rubber to prop-
found in the lower sidewall area. erly fill the mold during cure resulting in imperfectly formed tread
elements and rounded lug edges (light spots).
12
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Oxidation—The reaction of oxygen with rubber or steel, usually Scorched Rubber—Oxidation caused by excessive heat during
evidenced by a change in the appearance (discoloration) of the the buffing and skiving processes; rubber appears shiny and blu-
surface, a change in physical properties, or wire rust. ish in color and will not cure properly to other compounds.
Ozone—an unstable gas that is a form of oxygen, which is Shoulder Area—General area where the sidewall meets the
created usually by a silent electrical discharge. It is an oxidizing tread.
agent that attacks rubber.
Shoulder Groove—(See Defense Groove).
Ply—A layer of rubber coated parallel cords.
Sidewall Area—That portion of a tire between the tread and
Porosity—A rubber condition which exhibits many small pores, usu- bead area.
ally the result of lack of heat or pressure during the curing process.
Skive—An area in which damaged rubber and belt material is
Precure Tread—Tread that is vulcanized with the tread configu- removed prior to repair or retreading.
ration molded into it prior to being placed on the buffed casing.
Splice—Junction of the ends of any tire component.
Pressure Differential—The difference in pressure on the
outside of the tire and in the inside of the tire as the tread is Spread Axles—Tandem axles which are spaced far apart to
vulcanized. carry heavy loads.
Pressure Distribution Groove—(See Defense Groove). Stress Relief Groove—(See Defense Groove).
Radial Direction—From bead to bead. Thrust Angle—Rear tandem axles that are not perpendicular
to the frame but are parallel to each other and push the vehicle in
Radial Runout—The variation in the radius of the rotating as- the direction they are running.
sembly that results in an up and down direction or “hop.”
Toe Condition—The inward or outward pointing of the wheels
Reinforcing Materials—Any material, usually rubber and when viewed from the top of the vehicle; the difference between
fabric, vulcanized to a tire to add strength to the tire cord body at the centers of the front and the rear of the wheels as seen in a top
an injury; repair units. view of the truck. The wheels of a vehicle with properly adjusted
toe are traveling straight ahead when the vehicle itself is traveling
Reinforcing Platform—That part of a repair unit where rein- straight ahead.
forcement material is concentrated.
Top Cap—Only the top or tread area is buffed and a tread rubber
Repair Gum—Uncured rubber that is used to fill injuries and with abrupt shoulders is applied.
repair tires.
Tread—The rubber that provides the interface between the tire
Repair Limits—Maximum length and width dimensions of an structure and the road. Primary purpose is to provide traction and
injury in a tire that can be repaired. wear.
Repair Plug—The precured rubber material that fills the cavity Tread Skirt—That part of a full cap precure tread that covers
of an injury in a tire. the shoulder.
Repair Unit (Patch)—The reinforcing material used to Tread Grooves—Space between two adjacent tread ribs and/or
strengthen the area around an injury in a tire. lugs.
Retreaded Tire—A casing to which a new tread has been cured Tread Splice—The junction of tread ends.
to extend the usable life of the tire.
Unbalanced Brake System—A brake system condition that
Ribs (Tread Ribs)—Continuous circumferential tread elements. results in a variation in the amount of brake force that is applied
to each axle end on a vehicle.
Rubber Stem—(See Repair Plug).
Undertread—The rubber between the base of the tread groove
Section Repair—Any structural repair in the sidewall or repairs and the top belt.
exceeding a 3/8” nail hole that extend through the casing in the
crown. Weathering—Fine hairline cracks in the sidewall surface of the
tire caused by oxidation and other atmospheric effects.
Separation—Lack of adhesion or cohesion between any adja-
cent materials in a tire.
13
PREFACE TO THE RADIAL TIRE
CONDITIONS ANALYSIS GUIDE
The following photographs and explanations depict common tire Maintenance Reporting Standards— for recordkeeping purposes
failures and their causes. This RP is designed to be a reference and ease of analysis. Alpha codes are provided for those equip-
source and a training aid, and to assist users in tire grading. It ad- ment users that prefer this method of coding. The corresponding
vises users when it may be necessary to consult with a specialist numeric code employs a coding system as follows. The first digit
(original manufacturer or retreader) for final determination of a “1” denotes tires in general. The second digit denotes a particu-
tire’s cause of failure. This RP is not designed to be the sole basis lar section of a tire accordingly:
on which to base tire or retread warranty claims. 1—Bead Area
2—Sidewall Area
This RP is divided into two sections. The first deals with condi- 3—Crown Area
tions found in tubeless radial tire casings—both original and 4—Tire Interior
retreaded. The second section addresses treadwear conditions 5—Improper/Failed Repairs
affecting performance. 6—Conditions Found in More Than One Area of the Tire
7—Irregular Wear Conditions.
Each condition is designated with alpha as well as numeric
condition codes noted on each page. Readers can use these The third and fourth digits designate a particular condition.
codes—which come from Code Keys 21 and 22 in TMC’s Vehicle
14
Section I—
Tire
(Original
Tread and
Retread)
Casing
Conditions
15
CASING
Casing Conditions — Bead Area

CONDITIONS
A. BEAD AREA
17
Bead damage from rim flange wear
The heel of the bead is rough and abraded 360° around the tire and is usually evident
Appearance on both beads. In more severe conditions, the bead may be deformed and cracking may
BEAD AREA—CASING CONDITIONS
result in the bead seat area of the tire.

.
Low air pressure, incorrect rim size, rough or damaged rim flange, damage to rim flange
Probable cause on aluminum wheels, and overload.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
FW
NUMERIC
1101
Action
If body or chafer plies are visible, scrap tire. If only rubber is distorted as found in a thorough
TIRE inspection, return to service.
Inspect wheel for damage and ensure the rim width is correct for the tire. Never attempt to repair
Vehicle any wheel or rim by welding. Consult wheel manufacturer for recommendation if wheel condition
is severe.
Operations Ensure wheel flanges are inspected prior to mounting the tire assembly and ensure proper rim
width is used for tire size.
18
Torn Beads
Bead AREA—CASING CONDITIONS

Bead toe rubber is torn or cut exposing the wire or fabric.
Appearance
• Poor mounting/demounting techniques with tire tools and/or poor lubrication,

Probable cause • forklift damage, and;
• poor tire handling procedures.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TB
NUMERIC
1103
Action
If no rust on the body ply is evident, consult tire repair provider for the possibility of repair. If body
TIRE ply is rusty, gouged, kinked or broken, loose or separated, scrap tire.
None.
Vehicle
Review mounting/demounting procedures and tire tools with the tire technician. Ensure the tire
Operations beads and wheel are properly lubricated. Also check tire handling procedures.
19
Bead DEFORMATION
Circumferential indentation in the bead area on the tire.
Appearance
Rusty/corroded rims, improper bead/rim lubrication, petroleum-based lubricant, and bent

Probable cause
or damaged rims which result in improper bead seating. Also overload or underinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BD
NUMERIC
1105
Action
If body or chafer plies are visible, scrap the tire.

TIRE
None.
Vehicle
Review mounting/demounting procedures and the use of tire tools. Ensure the tire’s beads are
Operations well lubricated. Verify that tire is the correct load range and properly inflated for the operation.
20
BEAD DAMAGE DUE TO OVERLOAD/UNDERINFLATION
Severe wheel impression in the rim flange area. Distortion and deformation of the

Appearance bead in the bead seat area and lower sidewall area. In early stages would appear as
bead deformation.
Running overloaded, beyond the maximum rated load of the tire or running with
Probable cause insufficient inflation to carry the load.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BO
NUMERIC
1102
Action
Scrap the tire.

TIRE
Vehicle Inspect the wheel for damage

.
Ensure proper load distribution and avoid overloading and underinflation.

Operations
21
Kinked/Distorted Beads
Localized distortion in the bead seat area.
Appearance
• Improper use of tools or incorrect techniques used when mounting the tire, and;
Probable cause • shipping/handling damage.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
KB
NUMERIC
1104
Action
Scrap tire.
TIRE
None.
Vehicle
Review mounting/demounting procedures and tire tools with the tire technician. Ensure the tire
Operations beads and wheels are properly lubricated. Review shipping and handling procedures.
22
BURNED BEADS
Discolored, rough, brittle, and/or distorted hard surface in the bead area.

Appearance
Excessive heat exposure caused by frequent hard braking; improperly adjusted

Probable cause brakes; faulty braking system; insufficient air flow around the wheel end and overheat-
ed wheel end components. Also caused by petroleum-based lubricants.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BB
NUMERIC
1106
Action
Scrap tire.
TIRE
Vehicle Inspect vehicle braking system and wheel end lubrication.
Operations Determine the source of excessive heat and correct the condition.
23
Bead DAMAGE FROM CURBING
Localized rippling or waviness in the bead flange area with no exposed cord. Scuffs,
Appearance abrasions and snags may also be apparent in the lower sidewall.
Curbing.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CD
NUMERIC
1107
Action
Scrap tire.
TIRE
Vehicle Check alignment.
Operations Review driving procedures and vehicle operations.
24
Reinforce/Chafer Separation
Circumferential cracks above the bead flange area that exposes cord material.

Appearance
Improper bead seating, improper rim width, overload condition, underinflation, or pos-
Probable cause sible manufacturing condition.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CS
NUMERIC
1108
Action
Remove from service and consult tire manufacturer.

TIRE
None.
Vehicle
Ensure proper rim width, mounting procedures, and inflation pressures are utilized and overloaded
Operations
conditions are avoided.
25
LOWER SIDEWALL/Bead Area Flow Crack
Circumferential crack above the bead with no wire exposed.
Appearance
Probable cause Improper rubber flow during the manufacturing process.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
FC
NUMERIC
1109
Action
Remove from service and contact the tire manufacturer.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
26
CASING
Casing Conditions — SIDEWALL Area

CONDITIONS
B. SIDEWALL
AREA
27
Spread/Damaged Cord
Radial, pencil-shaped bulge in the sidewall of a radial tire.
Appearance
Sidewall Area—Casing Conditions
Wider than normal wire cord spacing. A tire with a repair may show this condition soon
Probable cause after being repaired, or the condition may arise somewhere along a body ply cord that
has been damaged — not necessarily in the repair area.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SC
NUMERIC
1201
Action
Determine the cause of the bulge. Repaired tires can often be returned to service on dual posi-
TIRE tions unless the bulge height exceeds 3/8" when inflated. If the cause of the bulge is not a repair
or damage, contact the tire manufacturer.
None.
Vehicle
Operations None.
28
Sidewall Separation
Irregular-shaped bulge in the mid/upper sidewall area; may progress to complete
Appearance

separation of sidewall rubber from the casing exposing the ply cords. No repairs,
breaks, punctures or contamination in the casing are evident.
Probable cause Loss of adhesion between the sidewall rubber and the body ply.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SS
NUMERIC
1202
Action
Remove the tire from service and contact your tire manufacturer.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
29
Sidewall Separation/Damage Induced
Irregular-shaped bulge in the mid/upper sidewall area; may progress to complete
Appearance separation of the sidewall rubber from the casing, exposing the ply cords. Breaks in the
liner, a puncture, bead damage or other damage to the casing is evident.
A puncture, impact, innerliner damage or bead cut.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SI
NUMERIC
1203
Action
Scrap tire.
TIRE
None.
Vehicle
Determine the cause and take appropriate corrective action.

Operations
30
SIDEWALL SEPARATION DUE
TO TREAD PUNCTURE
A bulge, ruptured bulge, or missing rubber in the sidewall located in the direct

Appearance proximity of a tread puncture.
Air migration from the inside of the tire through the casing to the sidewall initiated by
Probable cause the puncture.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
ST
NUMERIC
1204
Action
Scrap the tire.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
31
SIDEWALL SEPARATION DUE TO BEAD DAMAGE
A bulge or missing rubber in the sidewall usually, but not always, located directly in line
Appearance with the bead damage. The sidewall separation may be located on the opposite side of
the tire.
Air migration through the casing resulting from bead damage.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SO
NUMERIC
1205
Action
Scrap the tire.

TIRE
Inspect the wheel rim for damage.

Vehicle
Review mounting/demounting procedures and tire tools with technician. Ensure tire beads and
Operations wheel are properly lubricated. Also check tire handling procedures.
32
Branding Damage
Scorched rubber around the characters of the brand applied to the tire after manufac-

Appearance turing. The depth of the brand exceeds 2/32 nds of an inch. Stress cracks may appear
around the brand after extended use.
Caused by: branding too deep, branding in the wrong location on the tire sidewall,
Probable cause branding at too high a temperature, or branding at a sharp angle.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BM
NUMERIC
1206
Action
TIRE Tires with cracks less than 2/32" can be returned to service. If cords are exposed, scrap tire.
Vehicle None.
Operations Follow the tire manufacturer's branding recommendations.
33
Cuts And Snags
Scrapes, gouges or cuts in the sidewall.
Appearance
Probable cause Road hazard, curbing, wash rack rails, pit rails, vandalism, etc.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CU
NUMERIC
1207
Action
If damage has not exposed ply cords, tire may be run out or repaired with a spot repair. If the
TIRE cords are visible, repair the tire if damage to the cords is within repair limits and return to service;
otherwise scrap tire.
Vehicle None.
If similar damage occurs on several tires, investigate vehicle operations to determine the
Operations recurring cause of the damage.
34
Forklift Damage

Appearance Cut or impact damage on a tire.
Caused during shipping and handling by lift truck forks.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
FD
NUMERIC
1602
Action
TIRE Do not place in service. Determine responsibility for the damage.
Vehicle None.
Operations Inspect tires upon receipt and prior to mounting.
35
DAMAGE FROM OBJECT
LODGED BETWEEN DUALS
Localized damage sometimes exhibiting cuts, and abrasions. Usually found on both tires
Appearance
in a dual assembly.
Foreign object lodged between duals, such as rocks or chock blocks.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OD
NUMERIC
1208
Action
Demount both tires and thoroughly inspect for damage to determine serviceability.
TIRE
Check for proper dual spacing and inflation.

Vehicle
Eliminate the cause of the debris by reviewing the proper use of wheel chock blocks, docking
Operations procedures, and remove yard debris, etc. Review pre-trip inspection practices.
36
Chain Damage
Numerous pock marks, localized abrasions and deformation around the tire on the mid

Appearance to upper sidewall.
Chain abrasion often due to loose or improperly sized chains, extended chain use on
Probable cause dry surfaces or chains improperly mounted on the tire.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CN
NUMERIC
1603
Action
Run out the tire unless damage extends to the ply cord. If ply cords are visible, consult your tire
TIRE repair facility for the possibility of repair.
None.
Vehicle
Select the proper chain size and type. Use correct installation procedures and remove chains
Operations when conditions warrant.
37
Vehicle/Equipment Damage
Uniform scuffing or cutting on some major portion of the tire’s outer surface, usually
Appearance extending 360˚ around the tire.
Contact with vehicle components, such as loose or broken suspension components,

Probable cause
loose fenders, flap hangers and trailer wheel house molding, etc. Can also be caused by
object lodged between a vehicle component and the tire.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
VD
NUMERIC
1604
Action
Return the tire to service unless abrasion extends to the ply cords. If the cords are exposed, con-
TIRE sult your tire repair facility for the possibility of repair.
Analyze cause of the condition and correct. Ensure the tire does not come in contact with vehicle
Vehicle components.
Review pre-trip inspection programs and/or maintenance procedures.

Operations
38
Sidewall Abrasion/Scuff Damage
Abrasion on large areas of the sidewall, usually 360˚ around the tire.

Appearance
Rubbing against curb or guide rails. Most often seen in city delivery service.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
AB
NUMERIC
1209
Action
If the cords are exposed, scrap tire. Otherwise, the tire can be returned to service. If abrasion
TIRE appearance is objectionable, mount the scuffed side away from the curb.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review driving procedures.
39
Weathering/OZONE CRACKING
Numerous tiny cracks in the rubber surface, usually 360˚ around the tire.
Appearance
Normal aging condition but can be aggravated by extended periods of parking and expo-
Probable cause
sure to high concentrations of ozone. Ozone can be generated from many sources, such
as engine exhaust, mercury vapor lamps, welding, electric generators, etc.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
WE
NUMERIC
1210
Action
All tires may eventually exhibit this condition late in their service life. Tires can be run out if
TIRE weathering is light to moderate. Tires with ozone cracks deeper than 2/32" should be considered
for removal from service.
Vehicle Do not run exhaust outlet near the tires.
Tire storage should not be near any ozone generators. Consult your tire manufacturer for tire stor-
Operations age recommendations if extended periods of parking are expected.
40
Petroleum/CHEMICAL Product Damage
Sidewalls may appear swollen, soft and spongy. In extreme cases, sidewalls may be

Appearance undulated or distorted. Petroleum odor may be evident.
Contamination from oil, diesel fuel, grease, antifreeze or other chemicals.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
PD
NUMERIC
1601
Action
Attempt to clean contaminants from tire. If tire is swollen, soft or spongy, scrap it.
TIRE
Check for source of contamination.

Vehicle
Operations Identify and eliminate source of contaminant.
41
Radial Split
A vertical break through the innerliner and perhaps the sidewall occurring between
Appearance two body ply cords, that does not break the cords. Radial splits in the innerliner usually
produce a bubble or split in the sidewall but not always. External sidewall splits always
result in a split in the innerliner.
Severe impact. This situation is aggravated by overinflated and/or overloaded conditions.

Probable cause
Exterior
Interior
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RS
NUMERIC
1211
Action
Have the tire inspected by your tire repair supplier to determine repairability.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Review driving, vehicle operation, and inflation maintenance procedures.

Operations
42
Impact Break
Break in the sidewall through the casing causing immediate air loss. This condition will

Appearance usually deteriorate quickly to a runflat appearance.
Caused by a sudden impact with a road hazard or a pot hole. Aggravated by

Probable cause overinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
IM
NUMERIC
1605
Action
TIRE Scrap tire.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review driving, vehicle operation and inflation maintenance procedures.
43
Sidewall Bumps (Blisters)
Small, raised, scattered areas in the upper sidewall that can be felt when rubbing the
Appearance casing. In later stages, the sidewall may appear blistered and can lead to a sidewall
rupture.
Deterioration of internal components over time. Fatigue of casing. Accelerated by

Probable cause overload/underinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SB
NUMERIC
1212
Action
Remove the tire from service. If this condition arises during the warranty period, consult your tire
TIRE manufacturer. Otherwise scrap tire.
None.
Vehicle
None.
Operations
44
Diagonal Cracking
Diagonal cracks in the upper sidewall area of tires on drive and trailer axles.

Appearance
Frequently can be a result of torque transfer. Aggravated by underflation and severe

Probable cause cold temperatures. This condition should not be confused with cut(s) from sharp curb
edges, road hazards, etc.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
DC
NUMERIC
1213
Action
Remove from service and consult your tire manufacturer.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Review tire inflation maintenance procedures and review tire selection.

Operations
45
HEAVY SIDEWALL SPLICE
A narrow bulge usually at an angle to the bead most often seen when the tire is inflated.
Appearance
Usually found in both sidewalls opposite each other. This should not be confused with
bumps and bulges associated with potential circumferential (zipper) ruptures or spread/
damaged cords.
Probable cause A heavy overlap of the sidewall rubber splice made during the manufacturing process.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
HS
NUMERIC
1214
Action
A tire with this condition is serviceable; however, its appearance may be objectionable.
TIRE
None.
Vehicle
None.
Operations
46
Open Sidewall Splice
A smooth opening of the top layer of sidewall rubber that may appear radially or diago-

Appearance nally. Appearance is similar to a cut, however, the opening extends at a sharp angle
into the sidewall rubber. No cords are exposed.
Manufacturing process.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OZ
NUMERIC
1215
Action
Remove the tire from service. Consult your tire manufacturer.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
47
Sidewall Penetration
Appearance Any damage caused by an object that punctures the sidewall of the tire.
Probable cause Road debris and vandalism.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SP
NUMERIC
1216
Action
Have the tire inspected by your tire repair supplier to determine repairability.
TIRE
None.
Vehicle
Avoid road hazards.

Operations
48
CRACK AT EDGE OF RETREAD W
CRACK AT EDGE OF RETREAD WING
Circumferential crack at the base of the tread skirt.

Appearance
Retread process related issues. Can be aggravated by underinflation and vehicle

Probable cause application (spread axles).
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CW
NUMERIC
1217
Action
Consult your retread supplier for warranty consideration and possibility of retreading again or
TIRE continued use.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review inflation procedures and service applications.
49
Cracking Due to excessive sidewall buff
Circumferential cracks in the shoulder area originating on the outside of the tire.
Appearance
Improper buff texture, contour, or vehicle application (spread axles).

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CB
NUMERIC
1218
Action
Consult your retread supplier for warranty consideration. Otherwise, scrap the tire.
TIRE
None.
Vehicle
Review service applications.

Operations
50
Circumferential Fatigue Rupture (Zipper)
A circumferential break in the mid to upper sidewall exposing an even line of broken
Appearance

cords.
Probable cause Severe underinflation or overloading which produces casing cord fatigue.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
ZP
NUMERIC
1219
Action
Scrap tire. Review inspection procedures as detailed in TMC RP 232A, Zipper Rupture Inspection
TIRE Procedures for Truck and Bus Tires.
None.
Vehicle
Any tire operated at 80 percent or below the targeted inflation pressure should be removed from
Operations service and handled according to TMC RP 209D, Tire and Rim Safety Procedures. Thoroughly
inspect all tires prior to repair and retreading; always use a safety cage during inflation.
51
Run Flat
Initially, the tire exhibits a dark abraided stripe 360° on the upper sidewall. Sometimes,
Appearance in more advanced stages, sidewalls exhibit jagged cracks around tire. Chunks of side-
wall may be missing as well. In well advanced stages, tires will lose their tread and belt
package.
Loss of inflation pressure. Diagnosis of cause of inflation loss becomes difficult or

Probable cause
impossible as this condition progresses.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RF
NUMERIC
1606
Action
Scrap tire.
TIRE
Vehicle Inspect dual mate for conditions caused by overloading.
Operations Review tire inflation maintenance and inspection procedures. Review breakdown procedures with
drivers.
52
RUN FLAT—ONLY SIDEWALLS REMAINING
The tread and belt package are gone, leaving only the sidewalls; sometimes ply cords

Appearance are still evident in the crown area.
Running severely overloaded/underinflated or flat for an extended period of time. Diag-

Probable cause
nosis of cause of inflation loss is difficult if not impossible.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RF
NUMERIC
1606
Action
TIRE Scrap the tire remains.
Vehicle Inspect the dual mate for conditions caused by overloading.
Review tire inflation maintenance and inspection procedures. Review breakdown procedures
Operations
with drivers.
53
CASING
Casing Conditions — CROWN Area

CONDITIONS
C. CROWN
AREA
55
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Penetrations And Road Hazards
Evidence of a puncture or damage by a foreign object through the crown area;
Appearance may result in loss of air and/or separation.
Probable cause Road hazard or foreign object.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RH
NUMERIC
1607
Action
Consult your repair facility for possibility of repair. If the damage is beyond limits and/or a
TIRE separation is evident, scrap tire.
None.
Vehicle
Operations Eliminate yard debris, review pre-trip inspection procedures, and review operating environment.
56
Vehicle Damage
Crown Area—Casing Conditions

Abrasions, cutting or chipping in tread or shoulder area, usually 360˚ around tire.
Appearance
Contact with vehicle components, such as mud flap brackets, trailer wheel house
Probable cause molding, bumpers, etc.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
VD
NUMERIC
1604
Action
If cuts are not deeper than the base of the tread groove, return to a dual position. If the damage is
TIRE deeper, retread if possible. If the condition is more severe, scrap tire.
Analyze the cause of the condition and correct. Before returning to service, ensure the tire does
Vehicle not come in contact with the vehicle.
Operations Review driving procedures and pre-trip inspection practices.
57
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Brake Skid Damage
Localized spot of excessive wear across the tread face showing abrasion marks from the
Appearance tread sliding on the road surface; damage may extend into the casing.
Brake skid usually occurs on trailer and drive tires. Aggravated by new brakes (high
Probable cause friction, not worn in), unbalanced brake system, aggressive use of brakes, driver abuse
and unloaded vehicles. Frequenly associated with gravel surfaces.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BS
NUMERIC
1301
Action
If condition does not extend below 2/32" of tread, duals can be rematched to position flat spots
180˚ from each other. Since flat spotting tends to repeat in the same location, rotation should be
TIRE
performed as soon as possible. If more severe, the tire can be repaired or retreaded if damage is
not into the belts. If damage is too excessive, scrap tire.
Vehicle Check brake system components and brake balance.
Operations Review driving and maintenance procedures.
58
FORKLIFT DAMAGE/CUTS & SNAGS

Individual or multiple cuts, usually in the tread grooves in a localized area of the
Appearance crown.
Probable cause Caused during shipping and handling by lift truck forks or similar equipment.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
FD
NUMERIC
1602
Action
Do not place in service. Determine responsibility for the damage.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Inspect tires upon receipt and prior to installation.
59
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Wild Wire
Wire protruding through the exterior or interior surface of the tire.
Appearance
Loose or separated belt or body ply wire usually associated with a penetration and
Probable cause underinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
WW
NUMERIC
1302
Action
Remove the tire from service immediately. If a penetration is evident, scrap the tire. If not, consult
TIRE your tire manufacturer.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review inflation pressure maintenance.
60
Delamination

Layers of rubber in the tread are visible and peeling apart.
Appearance
Excessive mold lube, a rubber compounding problem, surface scorch of the tread rub-
Probable cause ber or poor mold fitment.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
DL
NUMERIC
1303
Action
The tread can be run out if the condition is not severe, although tread mileage may be reduced. If
TIRE preferred, consult your tire or retread supplier for possible warranty adjustment and retread the
tire again.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
61
Lug Base Cracking
One or more cracks in the tread rubber located between and at the base of lugs.
Appearance Advanced conditions may result in lug tears.
Caused by a combination of drive-axle torque, load and heat. Could also be caused by a
Probable cause
manufacturing process or can be due to tire construction or started by stone drilling and
misapplication of tread design. It is aggravated by underinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
LB
NUMERIC
1304
Action
If cracks do not extend into steel belts, continue in service with ongoing monitoring. If cracks
TIRE extend into the steel belts, consult your tire or retread supplier.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review tread design selection with the retread or tire manufacturer.
62
Chipping/Flaking/Chunking Tread

Rough, abraded tread surface with numerous small flakes or chunks of tread removed.
Appearance
Can be caused by operation of tires with over-the-road tread rubber compounds on

Probable cause gravel surfaces and haul roads; misapplication of the tire to service conditions. Ag-
gravated by high torque, underinflation, overinflation and sharp turning, especially on
drive tires. Can also be caused by tire running over curbs or rails or by severe localized
impacts.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CC
NUMERIC
1305
Action
Tires with minor chipping and flaking can be returned to service. If steel is visible, remove from
TIRE service and consult your retreader for the possibility of repair and retread.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review tire and retread selection, vehicle operation and driving procedures.
63
Stone Drilling
Damage caused by stones trapped in the tread which penetrate the tread base and
Appearance may extend into the belts.
Tread design and/or misapplication of the tire to service conditions (gravel roads/quar-
Probable cause ry operation). Aggravated by overinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
DR
NUMERIC
1306
Action
Remove remaining stones and return to service. If penetrations are into the belts, remove from
TIRE service. If unable to retread, scrap the tire.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review air pressure specification and tire selection. Consult the retreader or your tire manufacturer for
proper tire selection for the application.
64
Regrooving Damage

Exposed belts at the base of the regroove.
Appearance
Regrooving too deep.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RD
NUMERIC
1307
Action
Remove from service immediately and scrap the tire.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review the cost effectiveness of regrooving. Refer to TMC RP 203C for information on regrooving.
65
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Dynamometer Damage
Swollen, spongy area hidden inside the center rib/lug extending up to 360˚ around the
Appearance tire. Can cause a flat wear spot or may surface as a localized cavity.
Excessive heat buildup on a dynamometer, also on high speed, lightly loaded over-
Probable cause inflated applications using deep lug tires. New deep tread on/off highway tires may
develop this condition on vehicles in transit for delivery.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
DD
NUMERIC
1308
Action
Consult your retreader for the possibility of retreading.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review dynamometer procedures. Review in-transit vehicle delivery practices.
66
PETROLEUM/Chemical PRODUCT Damage

Localized spot of blistered, spongy or deteriorated rubber in tread area.
Appearance
Exposure to chemicals, which attack tread rubber.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
PD
NUMERIC
1601
Action
Scrap the tire.

TIRE
None.
Vehicle
Identify and eliminate source of contamination.

Operations
67
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Excessive Wear
Tire worn to below 2/32" or less of tread circumferentially or localized.
Appearance
Probable cause Tire run too long in service or worn brake skid left in service.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
EX
NUMERIC
1309
Action
Retread if possible; otherwise scrap tire.
TIRE
None.
Vehicle
Review maintenance practices and removal criteria.

Operations
68
Rib Tearing

Tear at the base of the main tread grooves, generally at the shoulder.
Appearance
Caused by running over curbs and rails, or by severe localized impacts, aggravated by
Probable cause spread axles, underinflation or overloading and sharp turning. Can also be caused in the
manufacturing process.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RT
NUMERIC
1310
Action
If steel is showing, remove from service and consult your tire manufacturer. If steel is not evident,
TIRE retread or return to service on a dual position.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review driving procedures and vehicle application.
69
Crown Area—Casing Conditions DEFENSE Groove Tearing
Tear at the base of the decoupling groove (also known as defense groove, stress relief
Appearance groove, shoulder groove, pressure distribution groove).
Caused by running over curbs or rails, or by severe localized impacts, aggravated by

Probable cause
sharp turning. Can also be caused in the manufacturing process and by misapplication.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
DG
NUMERIC
1311
Action
If steel is not evident, retread or return to service in a dual position. If steel is visible, remove
TIRE from service and contact your tire manufacturer.
None.
Vehicle
Operations Review tire selection and driving procedures.
70
Groove Cracking
Cracks at the base of the grooves that run circumferentially around the tire.

Appearance
This condition is caused by high side forces. It can also be caused by weathering, or
Probable cause exhaust on drive tires. Aggravated by overinflation and is common on spread axles.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
GC
NUMERIC
1312
Action
If cracking is superficial, tire may remain in service. If cracks extend to the steel, remove from
TIRE service and contact your tire/retread supplier.
Review exhaust routing.

Vehicle
Operations Review tire selection, driving procedures and operating environment.
71
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Spin Damage
Appearance Cuts or lines 360° around the tire.
Probable cause Spinning drive tires on ice, sand, gravel, etc., driver abuse or vehicle service applica-
tion; misapplication of tread design.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SD
NUMERIC
1313
Action
Place the tire back into service if the damage does not extend beyond the base of the tread
TIRE groove. If damage is deeper, retread if possible. If the condition exposes steel, remove immedi-
ately and scrap tire.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review driving procedures and/or drive tire selection.
72
CHAIN DAMAGE
Numerous pock marks evenly spaced around the tread surface.

Appearance
Chain abrasion due to loose or improperly sized chains, extended chain use on dry sur-
Probable cause faces, or chains improperly mounted on the tire.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CN
NUMERIC
1603
Action
Run out the tire on a dual position unless the damage extends to the belt package. If steel is vis-
TIRE ible, remove from service and consult your tire repair facility for the possibility of repair.
None.
Vehicle
Select the proper chain size and type. Use correct installation procedures and remove chains
Operations when conditions warrant.
73
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Electrical Discharge
Appearance Random oriented cracking on tire, sometimes associated with holes or punctures not
otherwise explained.
Probable cause Vehicle contact with electrical cables or lightning.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
ED
NUMERIC
1314
Action
Scrap the tire.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
74
Tread Surface Porosity

A spongy appearance in the surface of the tread. Portions of the tread may be missing.
Appearance
Insufficient tread rubber, improper cure, or poor mold fitment.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
PO
NUMERIC
1315
Action
The tread can be run out if the condition is not severe, although tread mileage may be reduced. If
TIRE preferred, consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment and retread the tire again.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
75
Crown Area—Casing Conditions TREAD NON-FILL
Appearance Shiny, rounded corners in the tread design.
Probable cause Tire buffed or built too small, foreign material or trapped air in the mold or insufficient
rubber.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TN
NUMERIC
1316
Action
Depending upon the severity of the condition, consult your retread or original tire supplier for war-
TIRE ranty consideration, otherwise run out the tire.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
76
Belt Lift/Separation

A bulge or crack through the upper sidewall/shoulder area. Probing will reveal the
Appearance separation. A worn spot in the tread over the separated area may be evident.
Adhesion loss within the tire at the edge of the belt package. May be associated with
Probable cause a penetration, overload, underinflation, vehicle application, or other damage.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BL
NUMERIC
1317
Action
Remove from service and consult your tire manufacturer.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review inflation maintenance practices and tire and retread selection for service application.
77
Belt Separation - Repair Related
Exterior: The tread and one or more belts is loose or missing from a portion or from the
Appearance whole tire. A repair or skive is evident in the area of the separation.
Interior: The repair unit may be sunk, dimpled, or cracked.
A faulty repair or skive. Air migrated through the injury causing separation between
Probable cause the belts.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BE
NUMERIC
1318
Action
Consult your retreader/repair supplier for possible warranty adjustment. Scrap the tire.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair techniques with your repair technician or repair supplier.
78
Tread Lift/Separation
Bulge on shoulder or tread face area may be accompanied by split through the bottom

Appearance of the tread groove. Usually localized wear in the tread above the separated area will
occur. May result in a loss of a section of tread. Belt package is intact.
Adhesion loss between the tread rubber and the tire belt package. Can be caused by
Probable cause foreign material, contamination, tread penetration and/or cut.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TS
NUMERIC
1319
Action
Remove tire from service. Consult your tire manufacturer.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
79
RETread Separation
A portion of tread rubber only has lifted and separated from the buffed surface.
Appearance
Faulty retread workmanship and/or material, missed nail hole, or a faulty repair.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RE
NUMERIC
1320
Action
TIRE Remove from service. Consult your retread/repair supplier. Retread the tire again if possible.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review retread and/or repair procedures with your supplier.
80
RETread Separation - Repair Related

A portion of the tread is separated from the buffed surface. A repair is evident in the
Appearance area of the separated tread.
Faulty repair. Air seeped through or was trapped in the injury and under the tread
Probable cause which eventually reduced adhesion between the tread and the tire and resulted in a
separation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TR
NUMERIC
1321
Action
Remove from the vehicle. Consult your retreader and/or repair supplier. Repair and retread the tire
TIRE again if possible.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair procedures with your retread/repair supplier.
81
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Missed Puncture
Appearance A portion of the tread is separated from the casing at the buff line in the area of the
unrepaired puncture. This occurs soon after retreading.
An undetected and/or unrepaired penetration.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
MP
NUMERIC
1324
Action
Remove from service. Consult your retreader. Repair and retread again if possible.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review retread/repair procedures with retread supplier.
82
RETread Edge Lifting

The retread is worn to excess on one shoulder of the tire; the edge of the tread is loose
Appearance and exhibits more wear in the area of separation.
Caused by: retread processing problems, or improper tread selection for application.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TE
NUMERIC
1322
Action
Continue in service if condition is not severe. If severe, consult your retreader for possible war-
TIRE ranty adjustment. If the tire casing is sound, retread the tire again.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review retread selection and vehicle service application.
83
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Bond Line Porosity
Large sections, if not all, of tread have separated from the casing; porosity is evident.
Appearance This appears as a sponge-like surface that is frequently tacky.
Lack of proper cure conditions (e.g., time, temperature and pressure).

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BP
NUMERIC
1323
Action
TIRE Consult your retreader. Retread and rerun.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review retread process with retread supplier.
84
Skive Failure

Excessive wear in the tread area, or missing tread at the location of a skive. The skive
Appearance may appear rusty, scorched or exhibit loose wire ends.
Probable cause Improper skive workmanship which causes poor adhesion resulting from scorching,
loose cable ends, wet cement, and/or incorrect skive fill that traps air.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SF
NUMERIC
1325
Action
Remove from service. Consult your retreader. If within limits of repair, repair the tire again and
TIRE retread.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review skive techniques with your retreader.
85
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Wing Lift
The sidewall shoulder rubber of the retread is loose.
Appearance
Lack of shoulder buff or poor mold fitment (mold cure), poor tread building, scorched
Probable cause or contaminated buffed surface and/or improper crown radius, insufficent bonding
gum.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
WL
NUMERIC
1326
Action
Consult your retreader. Retread again.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review retread process procedures with retread supplier.
86
MISALIGNED TREAD
Tread is not centered on the crown and may appear “snaked” around the tire or offset

Appearance to one side.
Poor/improper tread application.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
MT
NUMERIC
1327
Action
Consult your retread supplier at time of delivery; if on vehicle, continue in service.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Review retread process procedures with retread supplier and quality acceptance criteria with
Operations fleet personnel.
87
Improper Tread Width
Tread width too narrow: The casing shoulder extends beyond the edge of the tread.
Appearance
Tread too wide: The tread extends beyond the casing shoulder.
Probable cause Improper buff width or tread size selection during the retread building process.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
IT
NUMERIC
1328
Action
Consult your retreader.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Review retread process procedures with retread supplier and quality acceptance criteria with
Operations fleet personnel.
88
Tread Chunking At Splice

Portion(s) of tread are missing in the area of the tread splice in a pre-cured retread.
Appearance
Probable cause Improper workmanship or contamination at the splice; misapplication of tread.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TC
NUMERIC
1329
Action
If steel is exposed, remove tire from service. If no steel is evident, run out the tread in the desired
TIRE position or retread again.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review retread process with retread supplier..
89
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Open Tread Splice
A space is evident between the tread ends.
Appearance
Poor workmanship, poor tread end adhesion or the tread was cut too short.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OT
NUMERIC
1330
Action
The tire may run out its tread life and be returned to service; or consult your retreader for possible
TIRE warranty adjustment and retread again.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
90
SHORT TREAD SPLICE

A piece of precure retread rubber that is spliced into the tread and is shorter than
Appearance manufacturer recommendations or fleet specifications.
Probable cause Improper tread building procedures.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SH
NUMERIC
1331
Action
Consult your retread supplier for warranty consideration, continue in service or retread the tire
TIRE again.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
91
Crown Area—Casing Conditions Buckled Tread
Undulations are evident in the tread surface and interior of a mold cured retread.
Appearance
Probable cause The retreaded tire was too large for the mold in which it was cured, thus causing
distortion in the tire during the curing process.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BT
NUMERIC
1332
Action
Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
92
IMPACT BREAK

Localized break through the tread rubber and the casing.
Appearance
Severe, concentrated impact with a foreign object or a pothole. Aggravated by over-

Probable cause inflation and high speed.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
IM
NUMERIC
1605
Action
Scrap tire.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review vehicle operation parameters and driving procedures.
93
Crown Area—Casing Conditions ROAD TIRE DEBRIS
A section of tread with loose, exposed, frayed wires or pieces of tires, usually found
Appearance
along the side of the road.
Loss of internal adhesion due to heat buildup, resulting from operating with insufficient
Probable cause
inflation pressure to carry the load.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RF
NUMERIC
1606
Action
Scrap the tire remains.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Perform frequently scheduled air pressure checks and pretrip inspections.
94
CASING
Casing Conditions — TIRE INTERIOR

CONDITIONS
D. TIRE
INTERIOR
AREA
95
Penetrating Object
Foreign object protruding through the interior surface of the tire.
Tire Interior—Casing Conditions
Appearance
Impact with a road hazard.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RH
NUMERIC
1607
Action
Remove tire from the wheel. Remove foreign object. Inspect tire for extent of damage. Repair if
TIRE permissible according to repair limit standards. If damage exceeds repair limits, scrap tire.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
96
INNERLINER SPLIT AT INJURY
Tire interior—Casing Conditions

Appearance A split in the innerliner between the ply cords at an injury.
Probable cause Crack grown from an unrepaired or improperly repaired injury.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
LP
NUMERIC
1401
Action
Consult your tire repair supplier and repair if possible. Otherwise, scrap the tire.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Always demount a tire and inspect thoroughly prior to repair.
97
Foreign Object Inner Liner Damage
Tire Interior—Casing Conditions In Tubeless Tire
Appearance Localized abrasion in the tire interior or a series of random cuts or abrasion marks
around the circumference of the tire interior.
Probable cause A penetrating object or debris left inside the tire when mounted.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
FO
NUMERIC
1402
Action
Inspect tire for degree of damage, repair if possible; otherwise scrap the tire.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Inspect the interiors of all tires and ensure they are free of foreign objects prior to mounting.
Always demount tire and inspect thoroughly prior to repair.
98
Pinch Shock

A horizontal or crescent-shaped crease or break in the innerliner in the lower sidewall
Appearance area. A small bulge may also appear in the damaged area.
Severe impact.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
PS
NUMERIC
1403
Action
TIRE If bulge, blister or deformation is evident, scrap the tire.
Vehicle Inspect wheels and vehicle suspension components for damage and misalignment.
Operations Review vehicle operating parameters and driving procedures.
99
Tire Interior—Casing Conditions IMPACT BREAK
Crack or break in tire interior surface. May be accompanied by pulled or loose cords.
Appearance May also exhibit a torn belt package.
Severe, concentrated impact with a foreign object, curb or pothole. Aggravated by over-
Probable cause inflation and high speed. Total tire failure could be immediate or delayed depending upon
severity of the impact.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
IM
NUMERIC
1605
Action
Scrap tire.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review vehicle operating parameters and driving procedures.
100
Tearing, Mount/DEmount Damage

Tearing or cutting of bead area and possibly innerliner.
Appearance
Poor mounting/demounting techniques, lack of lubricant, and/or improper or worn tire

Probable cause mounting/demounting tools and equipment. Aggravated by brittle rubber. Can also be
caused by forklifts during shipping.
Repairable
Unrepairable
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
MD
NUMERIC
1404
Action
If radial ply cords are exposed, scrap the tire. If damage does not extend to the radial ply cords, or
TIRE only exposes the chafer, consult your tire supplier/retreader to determine tire repairability.
Vehicle None.
Review tire mounting/demounting procedures and the use of tire tools and equipment. Inspect tire
tools and equipment for serviceability. Discard inappropriate equipment. Ensure the tire beads are well
Operations lubricated and use approved bead lubricants. (See TMC RP 205B.) Review tire handling procedures for
forklift and shipping damage.
101
Tire Interior—Casing Conditions Open InnerLiner Splice
Appearance Split at the splice of the innerliner material, which may be located next to a dark band in
the liner.
Loss of adhesion at the splice due to excessive flexing from underinflation; may also be
Probable cause manufacturing related.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OL
NUMERIC
1405
Action
This condition may be repairable if ply cords are not exposed. Consult your tire retreader/repairer
TIRE for repair possibilities, or contract your tire manufacturer.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
102
InnerLiner Bubbles, Blisters
And Separations
Bubble, blister or looseness in the tire innerliner.

Appearance
Adhesion loss of innerliner to the casing.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
LS
NUMERIC
1406
Action
If blisters are small and few, the innerliner may be repaired and the tire can be placed back into
TIRE service. Contact your tire retreader/repairer for repair possibilities. Otherwise, remove tire from
service and contact your tire manufacturer.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
103
Tire Interior—Casing Conditions InnerLiner Cracking
Appearance One or more cracks in the innerliner at locations other than the inner liner splice.
Severe cold operations, underinflation, or excessive heat buildup in the tire interior. May
Probable cause
also be manufacturing related.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
LC
NUMERIC
1407
Action
Remove the tire from service and contact your tire manufacturer.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
104
Pulled/Loose Cords

Localized radial depression or elevation in the surface of the tire interior.
Appearance
Probable cause Impacts, penetrations, poor repairs and under inflation which damage ply cords. Could
also be manufacturing related.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
PC
NUMERIC
1408
Action
Remove tire from service. If caused by impact, improper repair or penetration, scrap tire. Other-
TIRE wise, contact your tire manufacturer.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
105
Tire Interior—Casing Conditions THIN INNERLINER
Visible radial ply cords in the innerliner; typically localized on the inside shoulder.
Appearance
Probable cause Thin gauge or pulled innerliner during the manufacturing process.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TI
NUMERIC
1409
Action
TIRE Consult tire manufacturer.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
106
PLY GAP

Appearance A radial indentation in the innerliner of the tire.
Probable cause Abnormal spacing or missing cable in the tire's construction.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
PG
NUMERIC
1410
Spread cord on ply gap
Action
Consult your tire supplier/retreader to determine tire repairability or consult tire manufacturer.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
107
Tire Interior—Casing Conditions Run Flat
Appearance Discoloration, blistering, wrinkling, and/or separations of the innerliner. Rubber dust may
be evident.
Probable cause Continued operation while underinflated and/or overloaded.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RF
NUMERIC
1606
Action
Scrap the tire.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review inflation pressure maintenance program and driver pretrip inspection procedures.
108
Section II—
IMPROPER/
FAILED
REPAIRS
109
IMPROPER/
IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS—VARIOUS AreaS

FAILED REPAIRS
VARIOUS
AREAS
110
IMPROPER Bead Repair
BEAD AREA—IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS

Interior: The inner liner may be separated and the bead area may exhibit exposed fab-
Appearance ric or steel, cracking, loose rubber and/or improper bead contour.
Exterior: Separation of the tire components may be evident. Separation may occur at a
site other than the site of the bead repair.
The injury exceeds repair limitation, poor workmanship, improper cure, or incorrect fill
Probable cause material.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BA
NUMERIC
1501
Action
Re-repair if possible, otherwise scrap the tire. Consult your repair supplier for possible warranty
TIRE adjustment.
Vehicle None.
Review mounting/demounting procedures to eliminate bead damage. Review repair techniques

Operations
with repair technician or repair supplier.
111
On-the-Wheel Repair
Exterior: Tire components may be separated.
Sidewall/crown/interior—IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS
Appearance Interior: A rubber-coated cord or a cured rubber plug is used to fill the hole with no
repair unit reinforcing the injury on the interior. Cracks or separation around the hole may
be evident. Further damage from penetrating objects may also be evident. Separations
may occur at a location other than the site of the initial damage.
Probable cause The tire was not demounted and properly inspected and repaired. This type of repair
does not meet industry standards.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OW
NUMERIC
1502
Action
Re-repair if possible, otherwise scrap the tire.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair techniques with your repair technician/repair supplier and/or road service vendor.
112
IMPROPER SPOT REPAIR
SIDEWALL AREA—IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS

Appearance The repair fill-rubber is missing, dimpled or loose in the sidewall or tread area and
sometimes exhibits cracks.
Probable cause Poor workmanship, contaminated buffed area, improper cementing, contaminated or
improper fill material, improper cure time or pressure, improper injury removal, too
much or too little fill rubber applied, repair no finish buff, etc.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BZ
NUMERIC
1503
Action
TIRE Re-repair if possible or scrap the tire if it is unrepairable. Consult your repair supplier/retreader for
possible warranty adjustment.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair techniques with repair technician or repair/retread supplier.
113
Repair Related Bulge
Exterior: A bulge in the mid/upper sidewall of the tire which may exhibit knots or cracks
Appearance and progress to a complete separation of the sidewall rubber from the casing. A slight
SIDEWALL AREA—IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS
bulge less than 3/8" associated with a repair is acceptable and can be run. The repair-
related bulge should be identified with a blue triangular label. See TMC RP 206B.
Interior: The exterior bulge is located directly over a repair and the repair unit may be
sunken or depressed.
.
The repair unit is too small, improperly installed, or all of the injury ws not removed
Probable cause during repair.
Acceptable
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RB
NUMERIC
1504
Action
Scrap a tire with an excessive bulge more than 3/8" above the sidewall. Consult your retreader/re-
TIRE pair supplier for possible warranty adjustment.
Vehicle None.
114
IMPROPER Spot Repair
INTERIOR/SIDEWALL—IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS
The repair fill rubber is missing or loose from a spot repair. Ply cords may be exposed.
Appearance The spot repair exhibits heavy cracking. Distortion or separation may be evident inside
the tire or the repaired area may exhibit a bulge under inflation.
Spot repairs are made to the rubber only. The injury contained damage to the cords. A
Probable cause section repair should have been made.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BZ
NUMERIC
1503
Action
Remove tire from service. Re-repair if possible or scrap the tire if it is unrepairable. consult your
TIRE repair supplier for possible warranty adjustment.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair techniques with repair technician or repair supplier.
115
Improper Nail Hole Repair
Exterior: Separation of tire components may be evident in advanced stages.
Appearance
INTERIOR/SIDEWALL—IMPROPER/FAILED RE-
Interior: A crack or split extends from the repair unit. The repair unit may be dimpled,
cracked or loose. Some signs of heat build up may be evident such as powdery or sticky
rubber.
All of the injury was not removed; the injury was too large for nail hole repair; the injury
Probable cause was not filled with rubber before installing the repair unit. An improper size and type of
repair unit was used.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
IR
NUMERIC
1506
Action
TIRE Re-repair if possible, otherwise scrap the tire. Consult your repair supplier for possible warranty
adjustment.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair techniques with your repair technician or supplier.
116
Improperly Aligned Repair
Appearance
Interior: The repair unit may be dimpled, lifted or cracked. The repair unit alignment
arrows do not point in the proper direction.
Probable cause Improperly installed repair unit. Proper repair procedures not followed.
(In this case, the bead arrows do not

point to the beads.)
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
IA
NUMERIC
1507
Action
Re-repair if possible, otherwise scrap the tire. Consult your retreader/repair supplier for possible
TIRE warranty adjustment.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair techniques with your repair technician or supplier.
117
INTERIOR/SIDEWALL—IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS IMPROPER REPAIR UNIT PLACEMENT
Appearance Cracks in innerliner adjacent to the repair unit in the flex area of the tire.
Probable cause Improper size, placement or alignment of the repair unit in the flex area inside the tire.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
IP
NUMERIC
1511
Action
TIRE adjustment.
Vehicle None.
118
Bridged Repair
Exterior: A sidewall bulge may be evident and the fill material may be cracked. Tire
components may be separated.
Appearance
Interior: The repair unit is split or torn in the tire's shoulder area and loose in the cen-
ter of the repair unit. A bulged, polished or gooey area caused by excessive heat may
be evident under the repair unit. The fill material may also be cracked.
Improper placement of the repair unit during installation which resulted in trapped air
Probable cause under the repair unit. The tire beads were probably spread during installation of the
repair unit.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BR
NUMERIC
1508
Action
TIRE Re-repair if possible, otherwise scrap the tire. Consult your repair supplier for possible warranty
adjustment.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair techniques with repair technician or repair supplier and/or road service vendor.
119
IMPROPER SECTION Repair —
DAMAGE Not Removed
Appearance Exterior: Tire components may be separated leaving rusty, loose cords.
Interior: A split/crack extends from under the repair unit. The repair unit may also be
torn loose or be missing.
Probable cause The entire injury and/or separation was not detected and repaired. Poor workmanship.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
IS
NUMERIC
1509
Action
Scrap the tire. Consult your repair supplier for possible warranty adjustment.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
120
Bias Repair in Radial Tire
Appearance
Interior: The repair unit is cracked or distorted. Bias tire repair units may be "X"-
shaped and are not labeled "Radial" (All radial, reinforced tire repair units are marked
"Radial.")
Probable cause An incorrect repair unit was installed, improper procedures followed.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BI
NUMERIC
1510
Action
TIRE adjustment.
Vehicle None.
121
INTERIOR/CROWN—IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS Unfilled Nail Hole Repair
Exterior: Rust is evident in the unfilled hole.
Appearance
Interior: The repair unit is dimpled or cracked.
The injury was not filled with a rubber stem or rubber fill material.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
UN
NUMERIC
1512
Action
Re-repair if possible, otherwise scrap the tire.Consult your repair supplier for possible warranty
TIRE adjustment.
Vehicle None.
Operations Review repair techniques with repair technician or repair supplier and road service vendor.
122
REPAIR UNIT CRACKING AT REINFORCEMENT
INTERIOR AREA—IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS

Appearance Crack extends through the repair unit at the end of the repair unit reinforcing platform.
Improper size, placement or alignment of the repair unit in the flex area inside the tire.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RC
NUMERIC
1513
Action
TIRE adjustment.
Vehicle None.
123
Failed InnerLiner Repair
Appearance
Interior: A crack extends from the repair rubber. Buff marks may be visible around the repair
rubber. The repaired area may be coated with liner sealer.
An attempt to repair inner liner blisters or an open inner liner splice failed to seal the air
Probable cause
cavity of the tire and air migrated into the tire body causing separation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
FL
NUMERIC
1514
Action
Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment. Scrap the tire.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
124
Failed Repair From Underinflation
Cracks in the repair unit, cracks emanating from the repair unit, loose edges under the

Appearance repair unit, tacky surface around the repaired area or under the repair unit.
Running the tire underinflated due to a puncture, cut, bad valve stem, lack of proper air
Probable cause pressure, etc.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RU
NUMERIC
1515
Action
Scrap the tire.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review tire inflation maintenance procedures and load conditions.
125
Section III—
RADIAL
TIRE WEAR
CONDITIONS
AND CAUSES
127
INTRODUCTION TO RADIAL TIRE WEAR
CONDITIONS AND CAUSES
To get maximum tread life from radial tires and reduce tire Tires
costs/mile, it is essential to minimize uneven tread wear and pos- • Non-uniformity in balance and/or runout
sible casing damage. This Recommended Practice (RP) provides • Inadequate tire design or construction
a reference source and training aid which will assist the user
in identifying radial tire wear patterns and determining causes Wheels/Rims/Brake Drums/Hubs
which can then be corrected to minimize irregular wear. • Non-uniformity in balance and/or runout; stud circle con-
centricity
Some common causes of the various tire wear patterns which • Improper tire/wheel assembly installation.
have been identified are as follows:
Inflation maintenance and misalignment on steer, drive, trailer
Maintenance and Operations and dolly axles are highlighted under maintenance related causes
• Misalignment on steer, drive, trailer and dolly axles of irregular wear patterns. These represent the most common
• Improper inflation maintenance causes for irregular wear and generally have the most severe im-
• Mismatching of tires, especially in dual pact on tire wear when compared with other causes. Inadequate
applications inflation maintenance is a continuous cause that is often over-
• Incorrect mounting of the tire on the rim and resulting looked. Total vehicle misalignment is probably the least under-
improper bead seating stood and often the last to be corrected. See TMC RP 642A, Total
• Non-uniformity of the rotating assembly — tire, wheel/rim, Vehicle Alignment: Recommendations for Maximizing Tire and
brake drum, hub Alignment-Related Component Life, or TMC’s stand-alone version
• Excessive imbalance and/or run-out of this document, Guidelines for Total Vehicle Alignment.
• Improper loads for the service application
• Tire misapplication - Use of an improper tire for the axle In order to troubleshoot irregular wear conditions it is best to di-
position or service condition agnose the cause of irregular wear while the tires are still on the
• Poorly maintained suspensions with looseness in compo- vehicle. If tires must be removed for servicing, then mark wheel
nents, or incorrect replacement parts position and direction of rotation on the tires along with vehicle
• Improper use of chains or other traction identification number before removal. See RP 642A for proper
assists alignment procedures.
• Poor driver practices
128
RADIAL
RADIAL TIRE WEAR — STEER AXLE TIRES

TIRE WEAR
CONDITIONS
AND CAUSES
A. STEER AXLE
TIRES
129
Shoulder Step/Chamfer Wear
Even tread wear in center with steps worn in shoulders. This is confined to the outer
Appearance portion of the shoulder rib, usually on one shoulder. If found on both shoulders, it can be
wider on one side. Usually found on tires without defense grooves.
TIRE WEAR — Steer Axle Tires
Typical of radial tires in slow wearing operations. May vary with tread design and
Probable cause
service application.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CH
NUMERIC
1701
Action
No loss in overall mileage will result provided tread depth differential is not excessive. Tires can
TIRE remain on the steer axle.
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
130
FULL SHOULDER WEAR
Excessive wear extending across entire shoulder rib to a major tread groove, usu-

Appearance ally on one shoulder of tire only.
Result of side scrubbing. Is generally caused by either improper toe condition on the steer
axle, drive axle misalignment, or trailer axle misalignment. In case of toe in, the outside
Probable cause shoulders of both steer tires will be worn, while in the case of toe out, the inside shoulders
of both steers will be worn. Drive axle misalignment wears the inside shoulder of one tire
and the outside shoulder of the other steer tire. Damaged or poorly maintained suspension
components (e.g., torque rods, springs, and spring bushings) can produce the same results.
Improperly seated beads will also result in this condition.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
FS
NUMERIC
1702
Action
TIRE Tires can be rotated to another position or retreaded.
Vehicle Diagnose misalignment, check suspension components, check bead seating, and correct as
required.
Operations None.
131
ONE-SIDED WEAR
Excessive wear on one side of tire extending from the shoulder towards the center of the
Appearance tread.
Improper camber and drive axle misalignment are primary causes of this condition. Worn
Probable cause kingpins, improper bearing adjustment, and excessive axle loads can also cause this.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OS
NUMERIC
1703
Action
Depending on severity of wear, tires may be rotated or retreaded.

TIRE
Vehicle Diagnose and correct misalignment condition as required. Inspect suspension components for
excessive wear.
Operations None.
132
FEATHER WEAR
Tread ribs are worn high to low on each rib across the tread face.

Appearance
Excessive side force scrubbing, resulting from conditions of misalignment, primarily

Probable cause
excessive toe. Drive axle misalignment, worn, missing or damaged suspension com-
ponents, bent tie rods or other chassis misalignment can also cause this condition.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
FE
NUMERIC
1704
Action
If feather wear is severe, tires can be rotated to another axle for maximum utilization of remaining
TIRE tread.
Diagnose and correct misalignment condition as required. If feather wear on both steer tires is
Vehicle identical, drive axle or other chassis misalignment is indicated. If steer tire feathers are in op-
posite directions, a toe condition is indicated.
Operations None.
133
EROSION/RIVER WEAR
Circumferential wear along rib edges next to major tread grooves may be wavy in ap-
Appearance pearance and vary in width around tire.
Characteristic of slow wear rate of radial tires on free rolling axles. May vary with
Probable cause individual tire tread design and construction. Common in line haul operations in which
turning is infrequent.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RW
NUMERIC
1705
Action
Erosion wear should not be of concern. Continue to run.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
134
CUPPING/SCALLOP/WAVY WEAR
Localized cupped-out areas of fast wear creating a scalloped appearance around tire

Appearance on the shoulder ribs. May progress to adjoining ribs.
Usually a result of moderate to severe assembly out of balance, non-concentric

Probable cause
tire/rim/wheel mounting or other assembly non-uniformity. Can also be due to lack
of shock absorber control as well as loose kingpins or improper bearing adjustment.
Underinflation can also cause this condition.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CP
NUMERIC
1706
Action
TIRE If ride or appearance complaints arise, tires may be rotated or retreaded. Check beads for
concentric seating.
Vehicle Diagnose imbalance condition, which may include wheel, rim, hub, brake drum. Inspect suspen-
sion components for excessive wear. Correct as necessary.
Operations Review tire mounting and bead lubrication practices in addition to tire/wheel installation
procedures.
135
OUT-OF-ROUND WEAR
Appearance Considerable difference in one area of the tread when compared to tread depth from
180˚ opposite.
Usually a result of excessive radial runout or other non-uniformity in the rotating assem-
Probable cause bly, including hub, stud circle, wheel/rim, tire and/or improper bead seating of tire on rim.
May also be caused by distorted brake drums. May be accompanied by, or develop into,
a vibration complaint.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OO
NUMERIC
1707
Action
Tire may be rotated or retreaded. Consult your retreader or service provider for other options.
TIRE
Vehicle Diagnose problem components/parts. Replace or correct as necessary.
procedures.
136
OVERALL FAST WEAR
Uniform wear pattern but fast rate of wear.

Appearance
Can be caused by service conditions such as mountainous terrain, frequency and

Probable cause severity of turning, abrasive road surfaces in combination with vehicle configurations
and their attributes such as heavy axle loads, sharp wheel cuts, setback axles, short
wheel base tractors, long wheel base straight trucks. Can also be caused by tire
misapplication, aggressive driving habits and overinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OF
NUMERIC
1708
Action
TIRE None.
Vehicle Consult vehicle and tire manufacturers when spec’ing equipment or replacing tires.
Operations Review driving practices and vehicle and tire application.
137
RIB DEPRESSION/PUNCH WEAR
One or more inner ribs worn below the level of the adjacent ribs circumferentally around
Appearance the tire.
Primarily caused by low air pressure. Lack of shock absorber control, binding spring
Probable cause hangers, non-uniformity such as improper bead seating, improper bearing adjustment,
and assembly out of balance can also cause this condition. Aggravated by high speed
and light loads.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
DP
NUMERIC
1709
Action
If wear is excessive, rotate or retread.

TIRE
Vehicle Diagnose mechanical problem and correct.
Operations Review tire mounting and bead lubrication practices. Improve inflation pressure maintenance.
138
SPOT WEAR
Random, localized worn areas around tire circumference. (Can progress to inner rib
Appearance

depression wear.)
Lack of shock absorber control. Improper bearing adjustment, assembly non-

Probable cause uniformity such as improper bead seating and out-of-balance. Can also be initiated by
tread cuts. Aggravated by high speed, light loads and improper inflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RP
NUMERIC
1710
Action
If wear is excessive, rotate or retread.

TIRE
Operations Review tire mounting and bead lubrication practices.
139
SCRUB/THRUST ANGLE INDUCED FULL SHOULDER WEAR
Excessive wear extending across entire shoulder rib to a major tread groove, on one
Appearance shoulder of tire only. Wear is exhibited on the inside shoulder of one tire and the outside
of the opposite tire.
Drive axle or trailer misalignment and resulting thrust angle, dry fifth wheel.
Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TA
NUMERIC
1711
Action
TIRE Depending upon the severity of the wear, tires can be rotated to another position such as the
trailer or the tires can be retreaded.
Perform a total vehicle alignment. See TMC RP 642A, Total Vehicle Alignment: Recommendations
Vehicle for Maximizing Tire and Alignment-Related Component Life.
Operations Inspect tires periodically for irregular wear and align as required.
140
TOE-IN WEAR
Shoulder wear exhibited on the outside of both steer tires. Tread ribs are worn high to

Appearance low on each rib across the tread face.
Probable cause Improper alignment, specifically toe-in.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
Left Right (CODE KEY 31) :

017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TW
NUMERIC
1712
Action
Rotate the tires to another position such as the trailer, flip the tires on the wheels/rims or retread
TIRE the tires.
Perform a total vehicle alignment. See TMC RP 642A, Total Vehicle Alignment: Recommendations
Vehicle for Maximizing Tire and Alignment-Related Component Life, or TMC’s Guidelines for Total Vehicle
Alignment.
141
TOE-OUT WEAR
Shoulder wear exhibited on the inside of both steer tires. Tread ribs are worn high to low
Appearance on each rib across the tread face.
Probable cause Improper alignment, specifically toe-out. May be aggravated by improper bearing
adjustment and/or worn steering components.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017 Left Right
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
TO
NUMERIC
1713
Action
Rotate the tires to another position such as the trailer, flip the tires on the wheels/rims or retread
TIRE the tires.
Perform a total vehicle alignment. See TMC RP 642, Total Vehicle Alignment: Recommendations
Vehicle for Maximizing Tire and Alignment-Related Component Life, or TMC’s Guidelines for Total Vehicle
Alignment.
142
RADIAL
RADIAL TIRE WEAR — DRIVE AXLE TIRES

TIRE WEAR
CONDITIONS
AND CAUSES
B. DRIVE AXLE
TIRES
143
RAPID Shoulder Wear—ONE SHOULDER
Excessive wear to inner shoulder of inner drive tires or inner shoulder of a wide,
Appearance single tire. Typically more severe on the front drive axle. May be smooth or irregular in
appearance.
TIRE WEAR — DRIVE Axle Tires
From negative camber that may be induced by axle flex under load or misadjusted bearings.
Probable cause May also be the result of non-concentric tire mounting on the wheel. Can be aggravated by air
ride suspension components, ultra deep tread depth designs, slow rate of tire wear, and uneven
inflation pressure in duals.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RO
NUMERIC
1719
Action
Tires can be rotated and run out or retreaded.

TIRE
Vehicle Diagnose camber angle under load. Check bearing adjustment. Check for concentric bead
seating to wheel. Verify correct inflation.
Operations None.
144
RAPID Shoulder Wear—BOTH SHOULDERS
Excessive wear on both shoulders of a wide-base tire.

Appearance
Overinflation. Can be aggravated by high speed, diminishing and or/light loads.

Probable cause
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RZ
NUMERIC
1721
Action
If shoulder wear is severe, remove and retread.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review tire application with tire manufacturer. Review inflation maintenance practices.
145
Shoulder Step/Chamfer Wear
Tire worn on edge of shoulder. This is confined to the outer portion of the shoulder. Can
Appearance be wider on one shoulder than the other. This condition usually appears first on the
inside shoulder of the inside dual of the front drive axle.
Typical of radial tire construction and slow rates of tread wear. May vary with tread
Probable cause design and service application. Can be aggravated by improper inflation, shifting loads,
axle deflection, road conditions, worn or damaged suspension parts, and worn or
improper bearing adjustment.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CH
NUMERIC
1701
Action
Consider rotating tire among drive axles. Does not adversely affect overall tread life.
TIRE
Vehicle Inspect for worn or damaged suspension parts.
Operations Improve inflation pressure maintenance.
146
HEEL/TOE WEAR
Each lug around tire worn high to low from front to back edge.

Appearance
Most often caused by mismatched inflation pressures or tire diameters in dual as-
Probable cause semblies. Certain conditions such as P&D operations, high torque, and mountainous
terrains aggravate this condition.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
HT
NUMERIC
1714
Action
Run out on drive axle. If severe, change direction of rotation until tread is worn to point of
TIRE removal and retread.
Vehicle None
Operations Review dual matching and inflation maintenance practices and consult tire manufacturers
when spec’ing equipment or replacing tires.
147
ALTERNATE LUG WEAR
Alternate lugs worn to different tread depths around tire circumference. May be every
Appearance second lug, every third, etc... or a combination thereof.
Mismatched inflation pressures or tire diameters in a dual assembly and certain condi-
Probable cause tions such as pick up and delivery operations and variations in loads. Aggravated by
slow rate of tire wear, air ride suspensions, and by worn or poorly maintained suspen-
sion components.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
AW
NUMERIC
1715
Action
Continue to run out to pull point then retread.

TIRE
Vehicle Check for worn or damaged components.
Consult tire manufacturers when spec’ing equipment or replacing tires. Review tire matching
Operations
and inflation maintenance practices.
148
BRAKE SKID
Flat spot on tread surface that may extend into the casing. Surface texture may show

Appearance abrasion marks from tread sliding on road surface, but surface may have since worn
smooth. Often exhibited on more than one tire position on an axle.
Aggravated by new brakes (high friction, not worn in), malfunctioning and/or
Probable cause unbalanced brake system, aggressive use of brakes and driver abuse. Sometimes
seen on new vehicle drive-aways.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BS
NUMERIC
1716
Action
If condition is not excessive, duals can be rematched to position flat spots 180° from each other.
TIRE If more severe, the tire can be repaired or retreaded if damage is not into the belts. If damage is
excessive, scrap tire.
Vehicle Check brake material, brake balance, and brake system operation.
Operations Review driving procedures and driver training program.
149
OVERALL FAST WEAR
Appearance Uniform wear pattern, but fast rate of wear.

Can be caused by improper tread design selection for the application. It can also be
Probable cause caused by service conditions such as mountainous terrain, frequency and severity of
turning, abrasive road surfaces and equipment such as single axle drive, long wheel base
straight trucks, heavy axle loads, high-horsepower/high-torque engines, or mismatched
drive train components. Can also be caused by mismatched duals; tire misapplication,
aggressive driving habits and overinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OF
NUMERIC
1708
Action
Continue to run and retread.

TIRE
Vehicle Review tire design selection. Carefully match equipment with service requirements. Consult
vehicle and tire manufacturer when spec'ing equipment or replacing tires.
Operations Review driving practices and vehicle and tire application.
150
RADIAL
RADIAL TIRE WEAR — TRAILER AXLE TIRES

TIRE WEAR
CONDITIONS
AND CAUSES
C. TRAILER
AXLE
TIRES
151
BRAKE SKID
Localized spot of excessive wear across the tread face that may extend into the
Appearance
casing. Surface texture may show circumferential abrasion marks from tread sliding
on road surface, but surface may have since worn smooth. Usually exhibited on both
TIRE WEAR — TRAILER Axle Tires
tires in a dual assembly.
Brake skid occurs most often on dolly, trailer and drive tires. Aggravated by new
Probable cause brakes (high friction, not worn in), unbalanced brake system, aggressive use of
brakes, frozen brakes and driver abuse such as the use of only trailer brakes to stop a
vehicle.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
BS
NUMERIC
1716
Action
If condition is not excessive, duals can be rematched to position flat spots 180˚ from each
TIRE other. If more severe, the tire can be repaired or retreaded. Consult your retreader. If damage
is excessive, scrap tire.
Check brake material, brake balance, and brake system operation.

Vehicle
Operations Review braking practices and driving procedures in driver training program.
152
Diagonal Wear

Localized flat spots worn diagonally across the tread at approximately 25˚-35˚
Appearance
angles often repeating around tread circumference.
Probable cause Improper bearing adjustment, toe out, mismounting of tire and wheel assembly to
trailer, mismatched duals; may start as brake skid or other irregular wear pattern.
Aggravated by high speed empty or light load hauls.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
DW
NUMERIC
1717
Action
TIRE If wear is excessive, retread.
Vehicle Diagnose cause and correct.
Operations Review dual matching and inflation maintenance practices.
153
MULTIPLE FLAT SPOT WEAR
Appearance Numerous areas worn flat around the circumference of the tread.
Uneven dual loading due to mismatched inflation pressures or tire sizes, improper
Probable cause bearing adjustment, imbalance, air suspensions with bad shocks, driver abuse of trailer
brakes; aggravated by high speed, empty or light loads.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
MF
NUMERIC
1718
Action
If not worn excessively, run tires out. If remaining tread at any worn spot is 2/32" or less, retread tire.
TIRE
Vehicle Check for worn and damaged components.
Operations Consult driver and review braking practices. Review inflation maintenance practices.
154
CENTER WEAR
Excessive wear in the center of the tread.

Appearance
Probable cause Underinflation.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CZ
NUMERIC
1723
Action
If center wear is severe, remove and retread.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review tire application with tire manufacturer. Review inflation maintenance practices.
155
SHOULDER STEP/CHAMFER WEAR
Appearance Tire worn on edge of shoulder. This is confined to the outer portion of the shoulder. Can
be wider on one shoulder than the other.
Typical of radial tire construction and slow rates of tread wear. May vary with tread
Probable cause design and service application. Can be aggravated by improper inflation, shifting loads,
axle deflection, road conditions, worn or damaged suspension parts and worn or
improper bearing adjustment.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CH
NUMERIC
1701
Action
Continue to run out. Does not adversely affect overall tread life.
TIRE
Vehicle Inspect for worn or damaged suspension parts.
Operations Improve inflation pressure maintenance.
156
RAPID SHOULDER WEAR — ONE SHOULDER
Tire worn on edge of one shoulder sometimes extending to inner ribs. Occurs

Appearance predominantly on the inside shoulder. Can progress to diagonal wear.
Excessive camber, misaligned or bent axle, or improper bearing adjustment. Can be

Probable cause aggravated by air ride suspensions.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RO
NUMERIC
1719
Action
TIRE Change direction of rotation of tire. If shoulder wear is severe, remove and retread.
Vehicle Diagnose misalignment and/or mechanical condition and correct.
Operations None.
157
RAPID SHOULDER WEAR — BOTH SHOULDERS
Appearance Excessive wear on both shoulder ribs. Frequently found on spread axles as a result of
normal service conditions. Also found on dolly axles as a result of the push/pull action
of that operation.
Overinflation and excessive scrubbing from spread axle and dolly applications. Can be
Probable cause
aggravated by high speed.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RZ
NUMERIC
1721
Action
If shoulder wear is severe, remove and retread.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Review tire application with tire manufacturer; review inflation maintenance practices.
158
CUPPING/SCALLOP/WAVY WEAR
Localized cupped-out areas of fast wear creating a scalloped appearance around tire

Appearance on the shoulder ribs. May progress to adjoining ribs.
Usually a result of moderate to severe assembly out of balance, non-concentric

Probable cause tire/rim/wheel mounting or other assembly non-uniformity. Can also be due to lack of
shock absorber control as well as improper bearing adjustment. Underinflation can
also cause this condition.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
CP
NUMERIC
1706
Action
TIRE If ride or appearance complaints arise, tires may be rotated or retreaded. Check beads for
concentric seating.
Vehicle Diagnose imbalance condition, which may include wheel, rim, hub, brake drum. Inspect
suspension components for excessive wear. Correct as necessary.
procedures.
159
SHOULDER SCRUBBING/SCUFFING
Abrasion on upper tire sidewall near tread edge. Can be accompanied by tears and
Appearance cracks in tread shoulder area.
Excessive lateral scuffing of tread, especially in tight turns when tire is hot. Most
Probable cause
common on heavily loaded, spread axle trailers. Tears at decoupling groove in these
operations could result from improper tire application.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
SZ
NUMERIC
1720
Action
Rotate tire to low scrub positions. If severe, tire removal may be required. Retread if possible.
TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations Consult tire manufacturer for tire application recommendations.
160
ERRATIC DEPRESSION WEAR
Random, wear spots around tire circumference.

Appearance
Lack of shock absorber control, mismatched tire sizes and/or inflation pressures
Probable cause between duals, improper bearing adjustment, assembly non-uniformity such as
improper bead seating and out-of-balance condition, aggravated by high-speed
light loads.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
EW
NUMERIC
1722
Action
TIRE If not worn excessively, continue to run. If wear is excessive, retread.
Operations Review tire mounting and bead lubrication practices.
161
ONE-SIDED WEAR
Appearance Excessive wear on one side of tread.

Probable cause Excessive toe, excessive axle deflection, non-parallel axles, non-uniform tire and
wheel assembly caused by improper bead seating or a bent wheel. Excessive loads
can also cause this.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
OS
NUMERIC
1703
Action
If wear is not excessive, reverse direction of rotation of the tire. If excessive, retread.
TIRE
Operations None.
162
EROSION/RIVER WEAR
Circumferential wear along rib edges next to major tread grooves which may be wavy

Appearance in appearance and vary in width around the tire.
Characteristic of slow wear rate of radial tires on free rolling axles. May vary with
Probable cause individual tire tread design and construction. Common in linehaul operations in which
turning is infrequent.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
RW
NUMERIC
1705
Action
Erosion wear should not be of concern. Continue to run.

TIRE
Vehicle None.
Operations None.
163
RIB DEPRESSION/PUNCH WEAR
One or more inner ribs worn below the level of the adjacent rib around the tire’s
Appearance circumference.
Lack of shock absorber control, mismatched tire sizes and/or inflation pressures
Probable cause between duals, underinflation, improper bearing adjustment, assembly non-uniformity
such as improper bead seating and out-of-balance condition, aggravated by high
speed empty hauls.
VMRS
SYSTEM CODE
(CODE KEY 31) :
017
VMRS
CONDITION
CODE
(CODE KEY 21) :
ALPHA
DP
NUMERIC
1709
Action
If not worn excessively, continue to run. If wear is excessive, retread.

TIRE
Operations Review tire mounting and bead lubrication practices. Improve inflation pressure maintenance.
164
New
Fourth
Edition!

950 N. Glebe Road
Arlington, VA 22203
(703) 838-1763
http://tmc.truckline.com

TMC Radial Conditions Guide

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RADIAL TIRE

Technology & Maintenance Council

© Copyright 1994, 2004, 2011—Technology & Maintenance

Fourth Edition (2011)

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be

The material in this manual is compiled from TMC Recommended Practices:

For information on obtaining additional copies of this guide, contact:

ATA Business Solutions

Order Item Number T0121

RADIAL TIRE CONDITIONS ANALYSIS GUIDE

I. Tire (Original Tread and Retread) Casing Conditions................. 15

Cracking Due to Excessive Sidewall Buff....................................................... 50

II. IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS.............................................................................. 109

IMPROPER/FAILED REPAIRS—VARIOUS AREAS................................................ 110

III. RADIAL TIRE WEAR CONDITIONS AND CAUSES.......................................... 127

A. Steer Axle Tires................................................................................................ 129

Erosion/River Wear............................................................................................. 134

B. Drive Axle Tires .............................................................................................. 143

C. Trailer Axle Tires ........................................................................................... 151

Mark all damage, punctures, and separations with a paint stick as

(1) Tread—This rubber provides the interface be-

(2) Belt—Belt plies, especially steel, provide strength

(3) Radial Ply—The radial ply, together with the belt

(4) Sidewall—The sidewall rubber is specially com-

(5) Inner Liner—A layer of rubber in tubeless tires (2)

(7) Bead Reinforcement/Chafer—A ply laid over (6)

(9) Bead Bundle—Made of continuous high-tensile

Fig. 2: Cross Sectional View of Radial Tire

Fig. 3: Tubeless Tire

Casing Conditions — Bead Area

result in the bead seat area of the tire.

Bead AREA—CASING CONDITIONS

• Poor mounting/demounting techniques with tire tools and/or poor lubrication,

Rusty/corroded rims, improper bead/rim lubrication, petroleum-based lubricant, and bent

If body or chafer plies are visible, scrap the tire.

Bead AREA—CASING CONDITIONS

Scrap the tire.

Vehicle Inspect the wheel for damage

Ensure proper load distribution and avoid overloading and underinflation.

Bead AREA—CASING CONDITIONS

Excessive heat exposure caused by frequent hard braking; improperly adjusted

Vehicle Inspect vehicle braking system and wheel end lubrication.

Vehicle Check alignment.

Operations Review driving procedures and vehicle operations.

Bead AREA—CASING CONDITIONS

Remove from service and consult tire manufacturer.

Probable cause Improper rubber flow during the manufacturing process.

Remove from service and contact the tire manufacturer.

Casing Conditions — SIDEWALL Area

Sidewall Area—Casing Conditions

liner, a puncture, bead damage or other damage to the casing is evident.

A puncture, impact, innerliner damage or bead cut.

Determine the cause and take appropriate corrective action.

Sidewall Area—Casing Conditions

Scrap the tire.

Air migration through the casing resulting from bead damage.

Scrap the tire.

Inspect the wheel rim for damage.

Sidewall Area—Casing Conditions

Operations Follow the tire manufacturer's branding recommendations.

Sidewall Area—Casing Conditions

Caused during shipping and handling by lift truck forks.

TIRE Do not place in service. Determine responsibility for the damage.

Operations Inspect tires upon receipt and prior to mounting.