The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

10/20/22, 7:58 PM Exam Automation
College Knowledge
9950308601
Worksheet Name: The Rise Of Standard: 10th Subject: Social Studies

Nationalism In Europe
Q1. When did the French Revolution start?

1. 1789
2. 1879
3. 1780
4. 1769
Ans:
1. 1789
Q2. In which year did Louis Philippe flee and the National Assembly was proclaimed a Republic?
e
1. 1846
dg
2. 1848
3. 1845
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4. 1847
Ans:
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2. 1848
Q3. Which of the following is true about elle?
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1. An elle of textile material in different regions will give different measurements of cloth.
2. Such difference in measurement was viewed as an obstacle for economic exchange. eK
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3. It was known as the measurement of cloth.
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4. All the above statements are true.
Ans:
4. All the above statements are true.
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Co
Q4. What was the Civil Code of 1804 also known as?
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1. The Administrative Code.

2. Code of Justice.
3. The Napoleonic Code.
4. The National Code.
Ans:
3. The Napoleonic Code.
Q5. Identify the three wars led by Otto van Bismarck that completed the process of German Unification.
1. Austria, Denmark and France.
2. France, Austria and England.
3. Denmark, France and England.
4. England, Austria and Denmark.
Ans:
1. Austria, Denmark and France.
Q6. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861?
Ans:
Victor Emmanuel - II was proclaimed King of United Italy in 1861.
Q7. Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Zollverein formed in 1834?
1. It abolished trade barriers.
2. It reduced the number of currencies.
3. It had most of the German states as members.
4. It abolished feudal system.
Ans:
4. It abolished feudal system.
Q8. Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified ______ as a female figure.
1. Autocracy.
2. Socialism.
bls.smartstudies.co.in/#/exam/pdf-preview/78ef731b-86ee-4732-91c5-b6524e0d1576/1 1/73
3. Liberty.
4. None of the above.
Ans:
3. Liberty.
Q9. Arrange the following events related to the Formation of Britain as a nation, in chronological order.
1. The Act of Union between England and Scotland.
2. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy.
3. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
4. Catholic revolts against British dominance.
1. iii - i – ii – iv.
2. i – ii – iii – iv.
3. iv – i – ii – iii.
4. ii – i – iv – iii.
Ans:
4. ii – i – iv – iii.
Q10. Which area was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871?
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1. Southern Europe.
2. Mid Europe.
ed
3. Balkan States.
4. Eastern States.
wl
Ans:
3. Balkan States.
no
Q11. By whom was the Estates General elected?
1. Men and women.
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2. Active citizens.
3. Women.
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4. Senior citizens.
le
Ans:
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2. Active citizens.
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Q12. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:

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1. If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
2. If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
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3. Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

4. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.
Reason (R): A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
Ans:
Q13. Why were female allegories invented by the French artists?

Ans:
Female allegories were invented by the French artists in the 19th century to de represent the nation.
Q14. In which decade, great economic hardships occurred in Europe?

1. 1820s
2. 1840s
3. 1830s
4. 1850s
Ans:
3. 1830s
Q15. The female figure that represents the Republic of France was of:
1. Germania.
2. Claudia.
3. Marianne.
4. Helen.
Ans:
3. Marianne.
Explanation:
It was of Marianne.
Q16. Who was Frederic Sorrien?

1. A French philosopher.
2. A French leader.
3. A French artist.
4. A French cartoonist.
Ans:
3. A French artist.
Q17. Who was Frederic Sorrieu?

1. A German artist.
2. A French artist.
3. A Dutch artist.
4. A British artis.
Ans:
2. A French artist.
Explanation:
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Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist.
Q18. What was the significance of the treaty of Constantinople in Greek history?
ed
Ans:
The treaty of Constantinople rec ognised Greece as an independent nation.
wl
Q19. Interpret the concept of 'liberalisation' in the field of economic sphere during the nineteenth century in Europe.
no
Ans:
The ideology of liberalism is very broad and comprehensive and it became popular in the early 19th century. The term ‘liberalism’ is
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derived from the Latin word liber, meaning free. Economically, The ideology propagated natural right to Property and stood for the
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freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
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Q20. Regional dialects were discouraged and _______ became the common language of the nation.
86
le
1. English.
2. Polish language.
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3. French.
4. Italian.
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Ans:
3. French.
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Q21. A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to pass through ________.
1. 11 customs barriers.
2. No custom barriers.
3. 6 custom barriers.
4. 3 custom barriers.
Ans:
1. 11 customs barriers.
Q22. Who supported Nationalists of Greeks in their Independence war?

Ans:
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans, who had sympathies for
ancient Greek culture.
Q23. Count Cavour was the Prime Minister of:

1. Greece.
2. Rome.
3. Italy.
4. Sardinia.
Ans:
4. Sardinia.
Explanation:
He was the Prime Minister of Sardinia.
Q24. Who said when France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold?
1. Metternich.
2. Karol Kurpinski.
3. Karl Kaspar Fritz.

Ans:
1. Metternich.
Explanation:
It was Mettemich who said these words. This emphasized the importance of France at this time.
Q25. Which idea is best expressed in this image?
1. Nationalism.
2. Romanticism.
3. Revolution.
4. Conservatism.
ge
Ans:
2. Romanticism.
ed
Q26. When was a Custom Union formed in Europe?
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1. 1810
2. 1826
no
3. 1814
4. 1834
Ans:
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01
4. 1834
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Q27. What was the result of the activities and campaigns held at the Jacobin clubs?
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1. Prepared the way for the French armies to move to different countries.
2. They brought about unrest in the society.
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3. They brought about crime and destruction.

4. There was immediate peace.
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Ans:
1. Prepared the way for the French armies to move to different countries.
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Q28. Match the Column I with column II and select the correct answer.
Column I Column II 1. i - (a) ii - (b)
(i) Crown Of Oak leaves (a) Being Freed iii - (c) iv -
(i (d).
Broken Chains (b)Heroism 2. i - (b) ii - (c)
i)
iii - (d) iv -
(ii Olive branch around the Symbol of German e
(c) (a).
i) sword mpire
3. i - (b) ii - (a)
(i Willingness to make
Breastplate with eagle (d) iii - (d) iv -
v) peace
(c).
4. i - (d) ii - (a) iii – (b) iv - (c).
Ans:
3. i - (b) ii - (a) iii - (d) iv - (c).
Q29. The weavers of Silesia led a revolt in 1845 against whom?

1. Wealthy people.
2. Contractors.
3. Social workers.
4. Farmers.
Ans:
2. Contractors.
Q30. When did Napoleon invade Italy?

1. 1777
2. 1797
3. 1787
4. 1767
Ans:
2. 1797

Assertion (A): Giuseppe Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
Reason (R): Metternich described him as “the most dangerous enemy of our social order”.
Ans:
Q32. The Treaty of Constantinople was signed in:

1. 1735
2. 1835
e
3. 1832
dg
4. 1834
Ans:
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3. 1832
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Q33. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in the year:
1. 1667
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2. 1867
3. 1567
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4. 1777
Ans:
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2. 1867
Explanation:
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In the year 1867.
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Q34. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
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Ans:
Aim of revolutionaries of Europe:
To oppose monarchial forms of government.
Q35. Find out from the following, what economic liberalism stood for.
1. Abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
2. End of autocracy and clerical privileges.
3. Freedom for the individual and equality of all.
4. Freedom of markets.
1. (i) and (ii) are correct.
2. (i) and (iii) are correct.
3. (ii) and (iv) are correct.
4. (i) and (iv) are correct.
Ans:
4. (i) and (iv) are correct.
Q36. Which new name was given to ‘The Estates General’?

Ans:
‘National Assembly’ name was given to ‘The Estates General’
Q37. The French armies moved into Holl and in the year:
1. 1590
2. 1690
3. 1790
4. 1890
Ans:
3. 1790
Explanation:
This occured in the year 1790.
Column A Column B 1. i – d; ii – b; iii
Duke Metterni – c; iv – a.
(i) (a) A member of the secret society of the Carbonari.2. i – b; ii – a; iii
ch
The Austrian chancellor who hosted the Congress – d; iv – c.
(ii) Louis Philippe (b) 3. i – b; ii – d; iii
of Vienna.
– a; iv – c.
(ii Giuseppe Maz The journalist who described the events in a Silesi
(c) 4. i – a; ii – d; iii
i) zini an village.
– b; iv – c.
(i
Wilhelm Wolff (d)Bourbon King of France.
v)
Ans:
3. i – b; ii – d; iii – a; iv – c.
Q39. The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. (True/False)
Ans:
True.
e
Q40. What mission did the revolutionaries declare as the destiny to the French people?
dg
1. To liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism - to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.
2. To make one nation-state.
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3. To become a democracy.
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4. To become sovereign.
Ans:
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1. To liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism - to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.
Q41. What did the German sword stand for?

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Ans:
The German sword stands for readiness to fight.
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Q42. Name the countries which participated in the Vienna congress of 1815.
Ans:
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Britain, France and Russia.

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Q43. Which among the following was the main reason for the weavers to revolt against contractors in Silesia, in 1845?
1. Contractors reduced their payments drastically.
2. They stopped the supply of raw materials to them.
3. They refused to place orders for finished textiles.
4. Condition of weavers was very pitiable.
Ans:
1. Contractors reduced their payments drastically.
Explanation:
In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them ordersfor finished
textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
Q44. What was Zollverein?

Ans:
Zollverein was customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
Q45. What is Suffrage?

1. Right to property.
2. Right to Justice.
3. Right to vote.
4. Right to complain.
Ans:
3. Right to vote.
Q46. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during nineteenth century?
Ans:
The strong demand of emergencies middle class in Europe was freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restructure
on the movement of goods and capital.
Q47. How many colours did the new French flag have?
1. Two.
2. Tricolour.
3. 4 colours.
4. Single colour.
Ans:
2. Tricolour.
Q48. Giuseppe Mazzini founded the secret underground society named 'Young Europe' in:
1. Brussels.
2. Marseilles.
3. Vienna.
4. Berne.
Ans:
4. Berne.
Q49. What types of conservative regimes were set up in 1815 in Europe? Choose the appropriate answer for the following:
1. Autocratic.
2. Democratic.
3. Aristocratic.
e
4. Dictatorial.
dg
Ans:
1. Autocratic.
le
Q50. The following characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and of the Republic.
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1. The red cap, The broken chain, The oak leaves.
2. The red cap, The tricolour, The cockade.
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3. The broken chain, The tricolour, The cockade.
4. The oak leaves, The cockade, The tricolour.
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Ans:
2. The red cap, The tricolour, The cockade.
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Q51. The Rays of the rising sun means:
1. Beginning of a new year.
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2. Beginning of a new period.
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3. Beginning of a new regime.

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4. Beginning of a new era.

Ans:
4. Beginning of a new era.
Explanation:
The Rays of the rising sun means beginning of a new era.
Column 1. i – d; ii – a; iii
Column B – b; iv – c.
A
La patri 2. i – c; ii – d; iii
(i) (a) Measuring a unit of cloth in Germany. – a; iv – b.
e
3. i – a; ii – b; iii
(i A customs union formed at the initiative of Prus
Elle (b) – c; iv – d.
i) sia.
4. i – d; ii – a; iii
(ii Zollvere A person who worked on a land owned by anot
(c) – c; iv - b.
i) in her person.
(i
Serf (d)The fatherland.
v)
Ans:
1. i – d; ii – a; iii – b; iv – c.
Q53. What is the national anthem of Britain?

Ans:
The national anthem of Britain is God Save Our Noble King.
Q54. Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Ans:
Otto von Bismarck was the true architect of Germany who played an important role in the unification of the country. He is known for
his policy of 'Blood and Iron'.
Q55. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional Scenario due to French Revolution in Europe?
Ans:
The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French Citizen.
Q56. Name the French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dreams of a world.
Ans:
In the year 1848, a French artist named Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of
'democratic and social Republics'.
Q57. What was the Napoleonic Code usually known as?

1. The Napoleonic Code of 1808.
2. The Civil Code of 1809.
4. None of these.
Ans:
Q58. Which of the following did the European Conservatives not believe in?
ge
1. Traditional Institutions of state policy.
2. Strengthened monarchy.
ed
3. A return to a society of pre-revolutionary days.
4. Preservation of the Church.
wl
Ans:
4. Preservation of the Church.
no
Q59. Which one of the following is true about the 'Treaty of Constantinople' of 1832?
1. It recognised Turkey as an independent nation.
2. It recognised Greeceas an independent nation. eK
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3. It recognised Germany as an independent nation.
g
4. It recognised France as an independent nation.
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le
Ans:
2. It recognised Greeceas an independent nation.
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Q60. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
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Ans:
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.
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Q61. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?

Ans:
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy, and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary
movement.
Q62. What did the Civil Code of 1804 bring about?

1. Right by birth to all facilities of state.
2. Did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
3. No right to property.
4. No right to equality.
Ans:
2. Did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

Assertion (A): There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
Reason (R): The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot
or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
Ans:
Q64. When did Industrialisation take place in France and parts of the German states?
1. 18th century.
2. Later 18th century.
3. Nineteenth century.
4. Mid 18th century.
Ans:
3. Nineteenth century.
Q65. The Nation is most often symbolized in which of the following forms?
1. History and Fiction.
2. Figures or Images.
3. Popular Prints.
4. Folklore and Songs.
Ans:
2. Figures or Images.
Q66. Who destroyed democracy in France?

1. Adolf Hitler.
2. Mussolini.
3. Napolean Bonaparte.
4. Bismarck.
ge
Ans:
3. Napolean Bonaparte.
ed
Q67. What was the political situation in France at the time?
1. Democracy.
wl
2. Republic.
no
3. Sovereign State.
4. Absolute Monarchy.
Ans:
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Q68. Choose the incorrect statement about the image given below.
g
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le
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1. This image is from English caricature of 1859.

2. In this image Garibaldi helping King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont to pull on the boot named ‘Italy.
3. The artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding on to the base of the boot.
4. The artist has portrayed King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, as holding on to the base of the boot.
Ans:
4. The artist has portrayed King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, as holding on to the base of the boot.

Assertion (A): Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
Reason (R): During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven States.
Ans:
Q70. What did Germania symbolise?

1. French nation.
2. German nation.
3. British nation.
4. None of these.
Ans:
2. German nation.
Q71. Mention the proclamation of the French Revolution.

Ans:
Proclamation of the French Revolution:

The French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism/To help other people of Europe to become nations/The
revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
Q72. Name the three revolutionaries of Italy who led the unification of the country.
Ans:
Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Q73. When was Napoleon defeated?

1. 1815
2. 1820
3. 1817
4. 1821
Ans:
1. 1815
Q74. In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to _______.
1. Property-owning men.
2. All.
ge
3. Men and women.
4. Upper class.
ed
Ans:
1. Property-owning men.
wl
Q75. The Polish writer who coined the term ‘Young Poland’ for the first time was:
no
1. Arthur Gorski.
2. Count Cavour.
3. Mazzini.
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4. Napoleon.
Ans:
g
1. Arthur Gorski.
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Explanation:
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He was Arthur Gorski.

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Q76. Who founded the secret society, ‘Young Italy’ during the 1830s?
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Ans:
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI.
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Q77. Like Germany, an another country which had a long history of political fragmentation was:
1. Prussia.
2. Italy.
3. Russia.
4. Denmark.
Ans:
2. Italy.
Explanation:
It was Italy.
Q78. What was the purpose of the Jacobin clubs?

1. To demoralise the people.
2. To speak against France.
3. To hold activities and campaigns.
4. To socialise among different races.
Ans:
3. To hold activities and campaigns.
Q79. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Ans:
Treaty of 1832:
Constantinople.
Q80. What does the term 'absolutist' refer to?

Ans:
The term 'absolutist' refers to the following points:
1. A government or a system of rule that has no restraints on power exercised.

2. A form of monarchical government that was centralised.
3. A form of government that is repressive.
Q81. What does the German oak stand for?

1. Heroism.
2. Patriotism.
3. Liberalism.
4. Socialism.
Ans:
1. Heroism.
Q82. What is the origin of the word ‘Liberalism’? What did it mean?
Ans:
Liberal can be traced back to the Latin word liber (meaning “free”), which is also the root of liberty ("the quality or state of being
free") and libertine ("one leading a dissolute life").
Q83. What did Das Volk stand for?

1. Democracy.
ge
2. Factory workers.
3. Common people.
ed
4. lum dwellers.
Ans:
wl
3. Common people.
no
Q84. Who hosted the congress of Vienna?
Ans:
Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich hosted the congress of Vienna.
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Q85. What was the significance of Broken Chains?
g
1. Being freed.
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2. Heroism.
3. Readiness to fight.
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4. Willingness to make peace.

Ans:
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1. Being freed.
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Q86. When was the customs union or zollverein formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states?
1. 1836
2. 1834
3. 1837
4. 1835
Ans:
2. 1834
Q87. In January 1871, the Prussian king who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles was:
1. William II.
2. William I.
3. Napoleon.
4. Otto von Bismark.
Ans:
2. William I.
Explanation:
It was William I.
Q88. Who was described as the most dangerous enemy to our social order and by whom?
Ans:
Mazzini was described as the 'most dangerous enemy to our social order' by Metternich.
Q89. Who had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic in the 1830s?
1. Metternich.
2. Otto von Bismarck.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini.
4. Napoleon.
Ans:
Q90. Recognise the picture below and answer the following questions:
1. Whose painting is it? Who painted it and when?

2. What does it signify
Ans:
1. It is the painting of Germania. Philip Veit painted it in 1848.
2. Germania is the symbolic personify cation of 'Liberty' and 'Reason'. She becomes the symbol of the German nation.
Q91. Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in:

1. 1714
ge
2. 1614
3. 1914
ed
4. 1814
Ans:
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3. 1914
Explanation:
no
It led to disaster of Europe in 1914.
Q92. Which countries did the French armies move into?

1. Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy. eK
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2. Holland and Italy.
g
3. Holland and Belgium.
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4. Switzerland and Italy.
Ans:
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1. Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy.

50

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Assertion (A): The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which
large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.
Reason (R): When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were granted the rights.
Ans:
Q94. Name the writer who wrote a play based on the lives of Trung sisters.
Ans:
The name of writer: Phan Boi Chau.
Q95. Who remarked, "when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold".
Ans:
“When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold” – METTERNICH.

Assertion (A): The Grimm brothers saw French domination as a threat to German culture.
Reason (R): They believed developing the German language as a part of wider effort to oppose French domination.
Ans:
Q97. What was the new name of the Estates-General?

1. Federal Assembly.
2. States Assembly.
3. National Assembly.
4. Peoples Assembly.
Ans:
Q98. The Habsburg Empire consisted of regions:

1. The Alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland.
2. Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
4. All the above.
Ans:
4. All the above.
Q99. Which of the following statements about the Civil Code of 1804, usually known as the Napoleonic Code, are true?
1. Established Equality before Law.
2. Removed all privileges based on birth.
ge
3. Secured the Right to Property.
4. All of the above.
ed
Ans:
4. All of the above.
wl
Q100. Which of the following countries is considered as the 'cradle of European civilization'?
no
1. England.
2. France.
3. Greece.
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4. Russia.
Ans:
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3. Greece.
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Q101. What type of an administrative system was set up?

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1. Federal administrative system

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2. Centralised administrative system.

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3. Regional administrative system.

4. Decentralised administrative system.
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Ans:
2. Centralised administrative system.
Q102. Which of the following aspect best signifies this image?
1. Round table conference at London.

2. Constituent Assembly of India.
3. The Frankfurt Parliament in the church of St. Paul.
4. The Hall of Mirrors of Versailles.
Ans:
3. The Frankfurt Parliament in the church of St. Paul.
Q103. Which treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?

Ans:
The "Treaty of Constantinople of 1832" recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Q104. Which two underground societies were formed by Giuseppe Mazzini?

Ans:
The underground societies formed by Giuseppe mazziini were Young Italy in Marseille and Young Europe in berne whose members
were young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states.
Q105. Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed _______ in France.

1. Monarchy.
2. Democracy.
3. Federal rule.
4. Sovereignty.
Ans:
2. Democracy.
Q106. What do you know about Young Italy?

Ans:
Young Italy was a secret society, formed by Giuseppe Mazzini to establish a unitary Italian Republic.
Q107. Who, among the following formed a secret society, called 'Young Italy'?
1. Otto Van Bismark.
3. Metternich.
4. Johann Gottfried Herder.
Ans:
Q108. Which country is known as the cradle of civilisation?
ge
Ans:
Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation.
ed
Q109. Who described Mazzini as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'?
wl
1. Ernest Renan.
2. Louis Philippe.
no
3. Napoleon Bonaparte.
4. Metternich.
Ans:
eK
01
4. Metternich.
g
Q110. In the Frankfurt Parliament, a Consti tution was drafted on which date?
86
le
1. 8 May, 1848.
2. 18 May, 1848.
30
l
Co
3. 18 June, 1840.
4. 11 August, 1848.
50
Ans:
2. 18 May, 1848.
99
Q111. “In the initial stages, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to
hostility”. Identify the reason from the following.
1. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies.
2. Introduced uniform laws, standardised weights and measures.
3. Secured equality before the law and the right to property.
4. Simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system.
Ans:
1. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies.
Q112. The symbol of ‘sword’ signifies:

1. Heroism.
2. Being freed.
3. Willingness to make peace.
Ans:
Explanation:
It signifies readiness to fight.
Q113. What does Universal Adult Suffrage stand for?

Ans:
Universal Adult suffrage stands for the ‘Right to Vote’.
Q114. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?

1. Treaty of seores.
2. Treaty of Constantinople.
3. Treaty of Versailles.
Ans:
2. Treaty of Constantinople.
Explanation:
The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognized the indepen-dence of Greece.
Q115. How did Metternich describe Mazzini?

Ans:
Metternich described Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order' because he was
against conservatives and ran two secret socities.
Q116. Consider these statements about Romanticism,

1. Romanticism, was cultural movement.
2. Romanticism was a political movement.
Which of the above statement(s) is/ are correct?
1. i only.
2. ii only.
e
3. Both i and ii.
dg
4. Neither i nor ii.
Ans:
le
1. i only.
86 ow
Q117. What do you know about the Act of Union, 1707?
Ans:
n
It was signed between England and Scotland as a result of which the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' came into being. Now,
England could impose its influence on Scotland.
eK
01
1. i - (a) ii - (b) iii
99 lleg
Colum
Column II - (c) iv - (d).
nI
(i) Ethnic (a) When an abstract idea is expressed through a person or thing. 2. i - (b) ii - (c) iii
30
Allegor Relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community identifies with - (d) iv - (a).
Co
(i
(b) 3. i - (b) ii - (a) iii
i) y or claims.
50
- (c) iv - (d).
(ii Ideolo
(c) System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision. 4. i - (d) ii - (a) iii
i) gy
– (b) iv - (c).
(i Femini Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social, economic and political
(d)
v) st equality of the genders.
Ans:
3. i - (b) ii - (a) iii - (c) iv - (d).
Q119. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was in the area called known as:
1. Balkans.
2. Slovenia.
3. Serbia.
4. Croatia.
Ans:
1. Balkans.
Explanation:
It was in the Balkans.
Q120. What did the French revolutionaries aim for?
Ans:
The French revolutionaries aimed for:
1. Creating a sense of collective respon sibility.
2. Establishing republic.
3. Equal rights for all.
Q121. What is plebiscite?

Ans:
Plebiscite – A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
Q122. Choose the correct statement about the image given bellow.
1. This image was painted by artist Lorenz Clasen.

2. This image was painted by artist Julius Hübner.
3. Germania guarding the Rhine was the title of this painting.
4. Philip Veit, was the artist who have made this painting.
Ans:
2. This image was painted by artist Julius Hübner.
Q123. What did Napoleon do to make the system efficient and rational in France?
1. In the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles.
2. Brought about different reforms.
3. Worked on military.
ge
4. Worked on the financial conditions.
Ans:
ed
1. In the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles.
wl
Q124. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini, what did he do?
1. French revolutionary formed groups.
no
2. British statesman gave a speech.
3. Russian politician wrote a book.
eK
4. Italian Revolutionary, founded two underground societies - Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne and
01
opposed monarchy.
Ans:
g
86
4. Italian Revolutionary, founded two underground societies - Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne and opposed
le
monarchy.
30
l
Co

50
99

Assertion (A): From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices like the idea of la
patrie and le citoyen.
Reason (R): This was done in order to create a sense of collective Identity among French people.
Ans:
Q126. When did the First World War take place?

1. 1714
2. 1814
3. 1914
4. 1614
Ans:
3. 1914
Explanation:
It started in 1914.
Q127. What did the ideas of La patrie and Le citoyen signify in the French Revolution?
Ans:
These ideas symbolised 'fatherland' and the 'citizens' respectively.
Q128. When was the Greek struggle for independence begin in Europe?
1. 1811
2. 1831
3. 1821
4. 1837
Ans:
3. 1821
Q129. In January 1871 who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles?
1. William II.
3. Kaiser William I.
4. Metternich.
Ans:
Q130. What was the main aim of the revolutionaries behind the French revolution?
Ans:
The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to overthrow the monarchical rule and the ‘Ancien regime’ in France and the
establishment of a republican government.
Column 1. i - (a) ii - (b) iii
Column II - (c) iv - (d).
I
e
2. i - (b) ii - (c) iii
dg
Absoluti
(i) (a) A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist. - (d) iv - (a).
st
3. i - (b) ii - (a) iii
le
A government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercise
(ii) Utopian (b) - (c) iv - (d)
d.
86 ow
4. i - (d) ii - (a) iii
(ii
Nation (c) The culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. – (b) iv - (c).
i)
n
(i Plebiscit A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or rejec
v) e
(d)
t a proposal.
eK
01
Ans:
99 lleg
3. i - (b) ii - (a) iii - (c) iv - (d).
Q132. To which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong?
30
Ans:
Co
Frederic Sorrieu belonged to France. He was an artist who visualised a world made up of democratic and social republics in his series
50
consisting of four prints.
Column A Column B 1. i - d; ii – a; iii –
Emphasises the importance of the traditional institutions of the state and of t b; iv – c.
(i) Absolutism (a) 2. i – b; ii – c; iii
he society.
– d; iv – a.
A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
(ii) Liberalism (b) 3. i – a; ii – c; iii
movement.
– d; iv – b.
(ii Conservatis A form of government in which there is concentration of all powers in the in a
(c) 4. i – c; ii – d; iii -
i) m single hand.
a; iv – b.
(i Romanticis
(d)Freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
v) m
Ans:
4. i – c; ii – d; iii - a; iv – b.
Q134. The most celebrated Italian freedom fighter was:

1. Count Cavour.
2. Napoleon.
3. Garibaldi.
4. Mazzini.
Ans:
3. Garibaldi.
Explanation:
He was Garibaldi.
Q135. What was the meaning of liberalism in early nineteenth century in Europe?
Ans:
LIBERALISM- Stood for freedom for individual and equality for all before the laws.
Q136. The ideas of a Patrie means:

1. Fatherland.
2. Motherland.
3. Monarchy.
4. Citizens.
Ans:
1. Fatherland.
Q137. Each power - Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary - was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans,
this became one of the major reasons for ________.
1. First World War.
2. Second World War.
3. Fall of the Ottomon Empire.
4. Integration of the Balkan States.
Ans:
1. First World War.
ge
Column 1. i - (a) ii - (b)
Column II iii - (c) iv - (d).
ed
I
(i) 1797 (a) Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin. 2. i - (b) ii - (c) iii
- (d) iv - (a).
wl
(ii) 1821 (b)Greek struggle for independence begins.
3. i - (b) ii - (a)
(ii 1866-18
no
(c) Unification of Germany iii - (d) iv - (c).
i) 71
4. i - (a) ii - (b)
(i Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottom
v)
1905 (d)
an Empires.
eK
iii – (c) iv -
01
(d).
Ans:
g
86
4. i - (a) ii - (b) iii – (c) iv - (d).
le
Q139. The famous Italian Revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in _______ in 1807.
30
l
1. Genoa.
Co
2. Turin.
50
3. Atlanta.
4. Rome.
99
Ans:
1. Genoa.
Q140. ---------------- was the famous English poet, who organised funds and later went to fight in the Greek War of Independence.
1. Lord John Milton.
2. Lord Byron.
3. Lord Wellington.
4. Lord Macaulay.
Ans:
2. Lord Byron.
Q141. What emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution?
1. la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen).
2. French people in common.
3. French Flag.
4. Idea of one nation-state.
Ans:
1. la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen).
Q142. Who was Johann Gottfried Herder? What did he claim?
Ans:
Johann Gottfried Herder was a German philosopher. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered through folk songs,
folk poetries and folk dances.
Column I Column II
(i) Victor Emmanuel II (a) Prussia
North German confedera 1. i - (d) ii - (b)

(ii) (b)Kingdom of Italy
tion iii - (a) iv -
(ii Habsburg and Otto (c).
Giuseppe Mazzini Empire(c)
i) man 2. i - (a) ii - (b)
(i iii - (c) iv -
Slav Nationalism (d)Young Italy
v) (d).
3. i - (c) ii - (a)
iii - (d) iv - (b).
4. i - (b) ii - (a) iii - (d) iv - (c).
Ans:
4. i - (b) ii - (a) iii - (d) iv - (c).
Q144. Study the picture and answer the question that follows:
e
dg
Which of the following aspects best suits the ‘sword’ in the image?
1. Heroism.
le
2. Symbol of Strength.
86 ow
3. Readiness to Fight.
4. Symbol of freedom.
n
Ans:
3. Readiness to Fight.
eK
01
Q145. Consider these statements about the Image given below:
1. Title of this caricature is “The Club of Thinkers”.
99 lleg
2. The plaque on the left bears the inscription: ‘The most important question of today’s meeting: How long will thinking be
allowed to us?”
30
3. This was a caricature of meeting called by liberals.
Co
4. This caricature was created in 1820.

50
Which of the above statement(s) is/ are correct?

1. 1 only.
2. 2 only.
3. Both 1 and 2.
4. 1, 2 and 4.
Ans:
4. 1, 2 and 4.
Q146. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke ______ language.
1. Italian.
2. German.
3. Polish.
4. French.
Ans:
3. Polish.
Column A Column B 1. i – c; ii – d; iii
(i) Bourbon Empire (a) The empire ruled by the Turkish Muslims. – a; iv – b.
2. i – a; ii – b; iii
Prussian empire that included large parts of Western and Northern Germany
(ii) Habsburg Empire (b) – d; iv – c.
and Poland.
(ii 3. i – c; ii – a; iii
Ottoman Empire (c) The empire that consisted of France.
i) – d; iv – b.
(i Hohenzollern Em 4. i – a; ii – d; iii
(d)The empire that consisted of Austria-Hungary including the Alpine region.
v) pire – b; iv – c.
Ans:
1. i – c; ii – d; iii – a; iv – b.
Q148. In which year was Treaty of Vienna signed?
1. 1811
2. 1810
3. 1815
4. 1812
Ans:
3. 1815
Q149. How many wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark and France - ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of
unification?
1. Four.
ge
2. Three.
ed
3. Six.
4. Two.
wl
Ans:
2. Three.
no
Q150. Unification of Germany took place between which period?
1. 1860 to 1871
2. 1870 to 1871 eK
01
3. 1856 to 1871
g
4. 1866 to 1871
86
le
Ans:
4. 1866 to 1871
30
l
Co
Q151. What was the concept of a ‘modern state’?

50
Ans:
A state is a political organisation with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly by use of force within a certain
99
geographical territory.
Q152. Which countries met at Treaty of Vienna?

Ans:
In 1815 Russia, Britain, Austria and France are the countries met at Treaty of Vienna.
Q153. Which are the two major sects of Christianity in Northern Ireland?
Ans:
Catholics and Protestants.
Q154. What actions were taken in the name of the nation?

1. Army was formed.
2. Social work was done.
3. Hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, custom duties were abolished.
4. Regular meetings were held.
Ans:
3. Hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, custom duties were abolished.
Q155. Consider the following.
1. Johann Gottfried - German philosopher.
2. Uprising in Brussels - Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
3. Delacroix - French Romantic painters.
4. Grimm Brothers - Folktales and Nation-building.
Which of the above are correctly matched?
1. 2 and 3 only.
2. 1, 2 and 3 only.
3. 2, 3 and 4 only.
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Ans:
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Q156. What did the customs union or zollverein do?

1. Abolished tax.
2. Abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
3. Abolished tariff charges and reduced the currencies to 5.
4. Only abolished tariff barriers.
Ans:
2. Abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
Q157. When Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification who was the chief architect of the movement?
4. Metternich.
Ans:
e
Q158. The French revolution took place in the year:
dg
1. 1589
2. 1689
le
3. 1789
86 ow
4. 1889
Ans:
n
3. 1789
Explanation:
eK
01
This took place in 1789.
Q159. What was the main function of the Prussian Zollverein?
99 lleg
Ans:
Its main function was to abolish tariff barriers.
30
Co
Q160. _______ is perhaps the most celebrated of Italian freedom fighters, (1807-82).
50
2. Metternich.
4. Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Ans:
4. Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Q161. Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of ‘Nationalism’?
1. French Revolution.
2. Russian Revolution.
3. Glorious Revolution.
4. The Revolution of the liberals.
Ans:
1. French Revolution.
Explanation:
The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. The Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty
from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would hence forth constitute
the nation and shape its destiny.
Q162. A secret society named Young Italy was established in:

1. Berne.
2. Marseilles.
3. Genoa.
4. Zurich.
Ans:
2. Marseilles.
Q163. Young Italy, a secret society was formed by:
1. Mazzini.
2. Metternich.
3. Wilhelm Wolff.
4. Bismarck.
Ans:
1. Mazzini.
Q164. Who was Frederic Sorrieu?

Ans:
Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who in 1848 prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of
'Democratic and Social Republics'.
Q165. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830–1848?
Ans:
The event that mobilized nationalist feelings among educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848 is "The Greek War of Independence".
Q166. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the ________ Empire.
Ans:
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
ge
Q167. Who was proclaimed the German Emperor after its unification?
Ans:
ed
The Prussian King William I was proclaimed the German Emperor after its unification.
Q168. Which territories were included under the Habsburg Empire?
wl
1. Alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria Hungry and the Sudetenland, Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia.
2. Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland.
no
3. Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia.
4. Sudetenland, Bohemia, Lombardy.
Ans: eK
01
1. Alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria Hungry and the Sudetenland, Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia.
g
Q169. What was the main aim of Treaty of Vienna 1815?
86
le
Ans:
30
l
Aim and Treaty of Vienna: Undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe.
Co
Q170. The Estates-General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the:
50
2. Provincial Assembly.
99
3. State Assembly.
Ans:
Q171. Jacob and Wilhelm the two brothers who developed an interest in collecting old folktales were called:
1. Bonn brothers.
2. Grimm brothers.
3. Twin brothers.
4. Trinn brothers.
Ans:
2. Grimm brothers.
Explanation:
They were called Grimm brothers.
Assertion (A): Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation
Reason (R): Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied raw materials and gave them orders for
finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
Ans:
Q173. What does ‘Absolutist’ mean?

Ans:
An absolutist is someone who believes that the best form of government allows one person to hold all the power. North Korea is an
example of a country that's been run by an absolutist leader for many years.
Q174. Identify the French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world from the following:
1. Kitagewa Utamaro.
2. Richard M. Hoe.
3. Voltaire.
4. Frederic Sorreeu.
Ans:
4. Frederic Sorreeu.
Q175. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power after signing the Treaty of:
1. Constantinople.
2. Vienna.
3. Prussia.
4. Marseilles.
Ans:
e
2. Vienna.
dg
Q176. What is Liberalism?
1. ‘Liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free-freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
le
2. End of autocracy.
86 ow
3. Equal rules for all.
4. Liberty to the upper classes.
n
Ans:
eK
1. ‘Liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free-freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
01
Q177. The female that became the allegory of the German nation was:
1. Germania.
99 lleg
2. Claudia.
3. Marianne.
30
4. Helen.
Co
Ans:
50
1. Germania.
Explanation:
It was of Germania.
Q178. Who were liberal nationalists?
Ans:
Liberal nationalists were those new middle classes who followed liberal ideology and spread liberalism all over Europe.
Q179. Which one of the following statements is not true of Aristocracy?

1. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses.
2. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
3. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
4. They often clashed with the ideas of the monarchs.
Ans:
4. They often clashed with the ideas of the monarchs.
Q180. Which one of the following statements is false regarding the act of Union 1707?
1. It was an agreement between England and Scotland.
2. It was an agreement between England and Ireland.
3. It resulted in the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'.
4. It gave England control over Scotland.
Ans:
2. It was an agreement between England and Ireland.
Q181. When was Ireland forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom?
1. 1798
2. 1801
3. 1800
4. 1799
Ans:
1. 1801
Q182. What was conservatism?

1. Strict rules on the society.
2. Social norms became conservative.
3. Monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family - should be preserved.
4. Different norms for different classes.
Ans:
3. Monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family - should be preserved.
Q183. Frederic Sorrieu was a ________.
Ans:
Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist.
Q184. Which one of the following states was ruled by an Italian princely house before unification of Italy?
1. Kingdom of Two Sicilies.
2. Lombardy.
3. Venetia.
ge
4. Sardinia-Piedmont.
Ans:
ed
4. Sardinia-Piedmont.
wl
Q185. Who hosted the Treaty of Vienna?
Ans:
no
Congress at Vienna in 1815 was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
Q186. The independence of which country was recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832?
Ans: eK
01
The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
g
Q187. Who was called the 'Bismarck of Italy?
86
le
1. Mazzini.
30
l
2. Garibaldi.
Co
3. Cavour.
50
4. Johann Gottfried Herder.

Ans:
99
2. Garibaldi.
Q188. What changes did Napoleon bring about in the towns?

1. Guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and
new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
2. Transport and communication systems were improved.
3. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen had to pay tax.
4. Guild restrictions remained as they were.
Ans:
1. Guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new
businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
Q189. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the _____ empire, which witnessed the most serious source of nationalist
tensions in Europe after 1871.
1. Prussian.
2. Russian.
3. Ottoman.
4. Greek.
Ans:
3. Ottoman.
Q190. What did the conservatives want?

Ans:
The conservatives wanted to preserve the monarchy and the church.
Q191. Which of the following are true about Liberalism?

1. Abolition of state-imposed restrictions.
2. Both (a) and (b) are true.
3. None of the above are true.

4. Freedom of markets on the movement of goods and capital.
Ans:
2. Both (a) and (b) are true.
Q192. What did Napoleon do in the rural areas of these regions?
1. Simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial due.
2. Made administration strict.
3. Encouraged the feudal system.
4. Put taxes on the peasants.
Ans:
1. Simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial due.
Q193. In 1861 _______ was proclaimed king of united Italy.
1. Victor Emmanuel II.
3. Napoleon.
e
Ans:
dg
Q194. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
le
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase
86 ow
in population all over Europe. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas
migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from
n
imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent. This
eK
was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly
01
mechanised. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of
feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
99 lleg
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate options:
1. Where was textile production mainly carried out and what was the condition of industrialisation in this industry?
30
1. Textile production was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.
Co
2. Textile production was carried out mainly in big shopping malls and was only partly mechanised.
50
3. Textile production was carried out mainly in big shopping malls and was fully mechanised.
4. Textile production was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was fully mechanised.
2. When was the time of great hardship in Europe?
1. The 1930s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
3. What happened in the first half of the nineteenth century?
1. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous downfall in economy all over Europe.
2. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous decrease in population all over Europe.
3. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
4. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in monetary debts all over Europe.
4. What led to widespread pauperism in town and country?
1. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
2. The fall of food prices or a year of good harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
3. The rise of food prices or a year of good harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
4. The fall of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Ans:
1. (a) Textile production was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.
2. (c) The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
3. (c) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
4. (a) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Q195. Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. (True/False)
Ans:
True.
Assertion (A): Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation.
Reason (R): they represented a country as if it were a person.
Ans:
Q197. Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France before the revolution of 1789?
1. Dictatorship.
2. Military.
3. Body of French Citizen.
4. Monarchy.
Ans:
4. Monarchy.
Q198. When did the Treaty of Vienna take place and who were the participants?
1. 1816, Britain, Russia, Prussia.
ge
2. 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria.
3. 1820, Britain and Russia.
ed
4. 1817, Russia, Prussia, Austria.
Ans:
wl
2. 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria.
no
Q199. In mid-eighteenth-century Europe what was the status of Germany, Italy and Switzerland?
1. They were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
2. They were sovereign states.
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01
3. They were democracies.
4. They were republics.
g
86
Ans:
le
1. They were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
30
l
Q200. What were the large landowners of Prussia known as?

Co
1. Kulaks.
50
2. Pykars.
3. Mahantas.
99
4. Junkers.
Ans:
4. Junkers.
Q201. Identify the figure on the stamp.
1. Germania.
2. Marianne.
3. Annie Besant.
4. Indira Gandhi.
Ans:
3. Annie Besant.
Q202. Which of the following resulted in hostility towards the French armies in Europe?
1. Uniform Laws.
2. Censorship.
3. Forced conscription into the French armies.
4. Both (a) and (b).
Ans:
Q203. Which regions was the Civil Code exported to?

1. Switzerland and Italy.

2. Italy and Germany.
3. Switzerland and Germany.
4. Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany.
Ans:
4. Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany.

Assertion (A): Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.
Reason (R): Many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the nineteenth century began to
oppose imperial domination.
Ans:
e
Q205. What does La patrie mean?
dg
1. The citizen.
2. The motherland.
le
3. The fatherland.
86 ow
4. The country.
Ans:
3. The fatherland.
n
Q206. What type of rule was carried out in France during Napoleon’s time?
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01
1. Federal rule.
2. Democracy.
99 lleg
3. Monarchy.
4. Republic.
30
Ans:
Co
3. Monarchy.
50
Q207. What does a blind-folded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise?
Ans:
It is a symbol of justice.
Q208. “The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict”. Find out the reason(s) for conflict.
1. Different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence.
2. Each Balkan state hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
3. The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
1. (i) and (i) are correct.
2. (i) and (iii) are correct.
3. All the above are correct.
Ans:
3. All the above are correct.
Q209. During the nineteenth century, ______ emerged as a force that brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental
world of Europe.
1. Secularism.
2. Nationalism.
3. Religion.
4. Monarchy.
Ans:
2. Nationalism.
Q210. What happened when the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe?
1. There was tumult.
2. The people did not know how to react.
3. Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
4. There was confusion and dissatisfaction in the air.
Ans:
3. Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
Q211. What happened at the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832?
1. Revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off.
2. Struggle for independence amongst the Greeks began.
3. Greece was recognised as an independent nation.
4. European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
Ans:
3. Greece was recognised as an independent nation.
Q212. What does ‘Nation-state’ mean?

Ans:
The nation state is a system of organisation in which people with a common identity live inside a country with firm borders and a
single government.
Q213. System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision refers to:
1. Sociology.
2. Ideology.
ge
3. Democracy.
4. Philosophy.
ed
Ans:
2. Ideology.
wl
Explanation:
no
It is called Ideology.
Q214. What did Napoleon do in the territory that was under his control?
1. Set about introducing many reforms.
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01
2. Set about war strategies.
3. Worked for peace.
g
4. Worked towards democratic ideas.
86
le
Ans:
30
l
1. Set about introducing many reforms.

Co
Q215. Which one of the following is not true about the female allegory of France?
50
1. She was named Marianne.

2. She took part in the French Revolution.
99
3. She was a symbol of national unity.

4. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic.
Ans:
2. She took part in the French Revolution.
Q216. Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social, economic and political equality of the genders
refers to:
1. Suffrage.
2. Feminist.
3. Womanish.
4. Chartism.
Ans:
2. Feminist.
Explanation:
It is called feminist.
Q217. ______ regimes imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays, and songs and reflected the
ideas of liberty and freedom.
1. Democratic.
2. Liberal.
3. Secular.
4. Conservative.
Ans:
4. Conservative.
Q218. Which of the following aspect best signifies this image?
1. A map explaining the sea routes used in 18th century by Europeans.

2. A map celebrating the British Empire.
3. A map showcasing the importance of British Empire.
4. A map expressing the British ambitions of contouring the world.
Ans:
2. A map celebrating the British Empire.
Q219. Serb nationalism gathered force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in the year:
1. 1705
2. 1805
3. 1605
4. 1905
e
Ans:
dg
4. 1905
Explanation:
le
It took place in the year 1905.
86 ow
Q220. What idea did the French armies carry abroad through the revolutionary wars?
1. Despotism.
n
2. Nationalism.
3. War Strategies.
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01
4. Violence and bloodshed.
Ans:
99 lleg
2. Nationalism.
Q221. What is a nation-state?

30
Co
Ans:
Nation-state is the one in which the majority of the citizens come together to develop a sense of common identity and shared
50
history or descent.
Q222. The first political experiment in liberal democracy took place in:
1. France.
2. Italy.
3. Great Britain.
4. Germany.
Ans:
1. France.
Column A Column B 1. i – c; ii – d; iii –
(i) French Revolution (a) Brought the conservative regimes back to power. a; iv – b; v – e.
2. i – d; ii – e; iii
(ii) Nationalism (b)Ensured right to property for the privileged class.
– b; iv – a; v –
(ii
The Treaty of Vienna (c) Transfer of sovereignty from monarch to the French citizens. c.
i)
3. i – e; ii – d; iii
(i Treaty of Constantin Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation
(d) – c; iv – b; v –
v) ople or nation-state.
a.
4. i – e; ii – a; iii – d; iv – c; v - b.
Ans:
2. i – d; ii – e; iii – b; iv – a; v – c.
Q224. Duke Metternich was the Chancellor of which country?

Ans:
Duke Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria. He hosted the Vienna Congress in 1815.
Q225. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.
1. Restoration of Bourbon kings to power.
2. Greek war of independence.

3. The July Revolution.
4. Installation of constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
Ans:
2. Greek war of independence.
Q226. Which German philosopher claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the German people?
1. Johann Gottfried.
2. Mazzini.
3. Count Cavour.
4. Napoleon.
Ans:
1. Johann Gottfried.
Explanation:
He was Johann Gottfried.
Q227. What did the symbol of olive branch around the sword mean?
Ans:
e
The symbol of olive branch around the sword meant willingness to make peace.
dg
Q228. The Chief Minister who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was:
le
2. William II.
86 ow
3. Giuseppe.
4. Cavour.
n
Ans:
4. Cavour.
eK
01
Explanation:
He was Cavour.
99 lleg
Q229. Who made the famous remark 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'?
1. Mazzini.
30
2. Metternich.
Co
3. Garibaldi.
50
4. Louis Philippe.
Ans:
2. Metternich.
Q230. The painting “The Dream of worldwide Democratic and Social Republics” was prepared by whom?
2. Frederic Sorrieu.
3. Henry Patullo.
4. Duke Metternich.
Ans:
2. Frederic Sorrieu.
Q231. ---------------- of 1832 recognised Greece as the independent nation.
1. The Treaty of Versailles.
2. The Congress of Vienna.
3. The Treaty of Constantinople.
4. The Treaty of Geneva.
Ans:
3. The Treaty of Constantinople.
Q232. Name the artist who painted the image of Germania.
1. Frederic Sorrien.
2. Philip Veit.
3. Ernst Renan.
4. None of these.
Ans:
2. Philip Veit.
Q233. Which of the following reforms made the whole system in France more rational and efficient?
1. Administrative reform.
2. Social reform.
3. Economic reform.
4. Political reform.
Ans:
1. Administrative reform.
Q234. Name the group of countries that collectively defeated Napoleon.
Ans:
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Q235. Which of the following aspect best signifies this image of ‘The courier of Rhineland’?
e
dg
le
86 ow
1. Victories of Napoleon.
2. Difficulties faced by Napoleon.
n
3. Losses of Napoleon.
4. Journey of Napoleon. eK
01
Ans:
99 lleg
3. Losses of Napoleon.
Q236. ______ believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved.
30
1. Liberals.
Co
2. Democrats.
50
3. Conservatives.
Ans:
3. Conservatives.
Q237. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist refers to:
1. Absolutist.
2. Utopian.
3. Suffrage.
4. Plebiscite.
Ans:
2. Utopian.
Explanation:
It refers to Utopian.
Q238. How did the local people in the areas conquered by the Napoleon react to French rule? Explain.
Ans:
In the areas conquered, the reactions of the local populations to Marks French rule were mixed. Initially, in many places such as
Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as
harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility as new administrative arrangements were affected by the
increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription into the French armies.
Q239. What did the idea of la Patrie and le citoyen signify in the French Revolution?
Ans:
The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the
French people. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community
enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
Q240. When did industrialisation begin in England and other parts of Europe?
Ans:
The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This
process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.
Q241. How did the Anti-imperialist movements begin?

Ans:
It began in opposition to the growing European colonial empires where the people were discriminated ,oppressed and over
burdened with the heavy taxation. The people of the colonies were deprived of their own resources in their own countries. The
national liberation movements were launched to achieve the freedom from the clutches of foreign rule. The guidance was provided
by the great leadership, sacrifices from the masses etc.
Q242. Name the Balkan countries.
Ans:
The countries that make up the Balkans today include Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, rump Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro), and Bosnia Herzegovina (referred to as Bosnia throughout this text). Geographically, "European Turkey," a
small region around Istanbul, is located in the Balkans.
Q243. "The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe." Support the statement with arguments.
Ans:
“The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe” -
e
1. There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.
dg
2. There were more job seekers than employment.
3. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in over - crowded slums.
le
4. Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine - made goods from England where
86 ow
industrialisation was more advanced.
5. Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
n
6. Rise of food prices.
7. Bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
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01
Q244. "The Ho Chi Minh trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against U.S." Support the statement with arguments.
Ans:
99 lleg
“The Ho-Chi-Minh Trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against U.S”-
1. The Trail symbolizes how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage.
30
2. The Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads was used to transport men and material from North to South.
Co
3. It was improved in late 1950’s and from 1967 about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops came south each month. The trail had
50
support bases and hospitals along the way.

4. Mostly supplies were carried by women porters on their backs or on their bicycles.
5. The U.S regularly bombed this trail to disrupt supplies but efforts to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed
because they were rebuilt very quickly.
Q245. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe.
Ans:
The contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini:
1. He was a member of a secret society in Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was exiled for an attempt in a revolution in Liguria.
2. He found two underground societies- Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. Its members were from Poland,
France, German states and Italy.
3. Many secret societies were set up following his model and this scared the conservatives.
Q246. Describe the process of unification of Germany.
Ans:
Unification of Germany:-
1. Nationalist feelings were wide spread among middle class Germans.
2. They tried to unify Germany in 1848.
3. Their feelings were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and military.
4. Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
5. Otto von Bismark with the help of military and bureaucracy was the architect of this process.
6. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian Victory and completed the process of
unification in January, 1871.
7. The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed as the German Emperor.
Q247. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
Ans:
The female figures as an allegory of the nation:
Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person. Then nations were portrayed as female figures. The female
figure was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life. It gave the abstract idea of the nation a
concrete form. Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
During the French, Revolution artists used the formal allegory to portray idea such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.
Q248. What was the meaning of the word ‘Liberalism’ for the new middle classes?
Ans:
The word "liberalism" derived from the "Latin word 'liber'", which means "freedom". The concept of liberalism was born in
the middle class. The "middle class" had a "free-thinking mentality" and the "ideas of nationalism" led them to put an end to the gap
existing between "aristocracy and other classes".
Q249. How was Italy fragmented before unification? Explain the political situation of Italy before its unification.
Ans:
Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the 19th
century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian Princely house.
Q250. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
Ans:
Nationalism developed through culture in Europe:
e
1. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape
dg
nationalist feelings.
2. Romanticism a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
le
Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focussed instead on emotions, intuition
86 ow
and mystical feelings.
3. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common
n
people- das Volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of a nation was popularised.
eK
4. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was used to carry the modern nationalist message to
01
large audiences who were mostly illiterates.
Q251. What led to widespread pauperism in Europe?
99 lleg
Ans:
In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and
30
obligations. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Co
Q252. How did the local population react to the French Rule?
50
Ans:
1. Napoleon who had conquered large part of Europe brought about administrative changes, uniform civil code, abolished feudal
system. All this helped in creating a sense of unification.
2. In many places like Holland, Switzerland the French army was initially welcomed
3. But later the French imperialistic designs outweighed the advantages.
4. Areas occupied by the French were made subservient to the French needs.
5. Imposition of Censorship.
6. Increased taxation, forced conscription.
7. Lack of political freedom all compelled people to turn a hostile attitude towards the French.
Q253. Write a note on:
The Greek war of independence.
Ans:
The Greek War of Independence:
This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire.
The Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European
civilisation. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Q254. What changes were introduced after the French Revolution in France?
Ans:
A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal
custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
Q255. Why did weavers in Silesia revolt in 1845?
Ans:
In 1845, weavers of Silesia had led a revolt of against contractors who supplied them raw materials. They gave them order for
finished textiles but reduced their payments. The workers were living in absolute poverty and misery. They entered the storehouse
and tore to shreds the supplies of cloth.
Q256. How had Napoleonic code exported to the regions under French control? Explain with examples.
Ans:
The Civil Code of 1804 known as the Napoleonic Code were the revolutionary principles of administration.
1. It did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
2. This Code was exported to the regions under French control.
3. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal
system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
4. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
6. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers of
goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency
would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Q257. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
Ans:
The female figures as an allegory of the nation: Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person. Then nations
were portrayed as female figures. The female figure was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in
real life. It gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation. During the
e
dg
French Revolution, artists used the formal allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.
Q258. How was unification of Germany ultimately achieved?
le
Ans:
86 ow
Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
In January 1871, the Prussian king, William-I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
n
Q259. Why in the years after 1848, the autocrats of central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken
place in western Europe before 1815? Explain.
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01
Ans:
1. Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Monarchs
99 lleg
were beginning to realise that the cycles or revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal
nationalist revolutionaries.
30
2. Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had
Co
already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.

50
3. Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominations and in Russia. The Habsburg rules ganted
more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.
Q260. “Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe.” Support the statement with examples.
Ans:
1. Art and poetry, stories and music helped to express to shape nationalist feelings.
2. Romanticism is a cultural movement sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments.
3. Romantic artists and poets focussed on emotions, intentions and intuitions and mystical feelings rather than reason and science.
1. Vernacular eg. Karol Korpinski celebrated national struggle through operas and music.
4. Their effort created shared collective heritage, a common past as the basis of a nation.
5. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among common people.
6. It was through folk songs, poetry and folk dances that true spirit of the nationalism was popularised.
7. Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments eg. After Russian occupation, Russian Language was
imposed throughout Poland and the use of Polish Language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance.
Q261. Which conditions in France depicted their political liberalism?
Ans:
The right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were
excluded from political rights. The Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor,
subject to the authority of father and husband.
Q262. “Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries.” Support the statement with examples.
Ans:
Culture:
1. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape
nationalist feelings.
2. Emotions, intuition and mystical feelings were not focused.
3. Their effort was to shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
4. They criticized the glorification of reason and science.

5. German philosopher Johann Gottfried popularised true spirit of nation through folksongs, folk poetry and folk dance.
Q263. Why were Balkan nations in trouble?
Ans:
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the idea of romantic nationalism in the
Balkans together with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
Q264. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes
during the nineteenth century in Europe.
Ans:
The non-unified economic territories, which curbed unhindered movement of goods, people and capital, were viewed as obstacles
to economic exchange and growth by new commercial classes in nineteenth-century Europe.
For example, in German-speaking regions during early 19th century, each principality had its own currency and weights and
measurement system. Thus, a merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg would have to pass through 11 custom barriers by
paying a custom duty, at each barrier. Also, duties were levied according to the weight or measurement of goods.
Q265. What changes were brought in France after the events of February 1848?
Ans:
e
Events of February 1848 in France brought about the abdication of the monarch and establishment of a republic based on universal
dg
male suffrage. This event had influenced the liberal revolution in 1848.
It became an inspiration in entire Europe where independent nations did not exist like Germany, Italy, Poland.
le
There was an increased demand for constitutionalism and national unification by the people.
86 ow
There was a demand for a nation state, constitution, freedom of press etc.
n
Q266. What were the ideas of Romantic artists and poets on nationalism?
Ans:
eK
01
Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets
generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their
99 lleg
effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. The emphasis on
vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the
30
modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.
Co
Q267. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
50
Ans:
Beliefs of Conservatives
1. Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the church, social
hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved.
2. Most conservatives did not propose return to society of pre-revolutionary days.
3. They believed that modernisation could strengthen traditional institutions.
4. A modem army, efficient bureaucracy, dynamic economy, abolition of feudalism and seldom could strengthen autocratic
monarchies of Europe.
Q268. What do you mean by nationalism?

Ans:
Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation,
especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.
Q269. The Habsburg Empire was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples. Elucidate this statement.
Ans:
1. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary included the Alpine regions-the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland-as well
as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.
2. The Empire also included the Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
3. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke
Polish. Besides these dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples-
Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.
Q270. How did British combine the various ethnic nations?
Ans:
The history of britain is very strange. Nationalism in the country was forced down upon the masses. The region was inhabited by the
masses of different ethnic groups which had their own cultural and political tradition. The british parliament which had seized power
from monarchy played a crucial role in doing away with the ethnic distinctions and uniting the different groups into British nation
state. The ethnic nationalities were directly or indirectly forced to join the English state. Thus nationalism in Britain did not come
about as a result of the people's desire to unite but from the decisions of the people in power.
Q271. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Ans:
Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as also the disintegration of the
Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for
independent rule. They were jealous of each other and every state wanted more territory, even at the expense of others. Also, the
hold of imperial power over the Balkans made the situation worse. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary all wanted more
control over this area. These conflicts ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.
Q272. Why the 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe?
Ans:
Following are the three important reasons, why the decade of 1830s is known as ‘great economic hardship’ in Europe:
During the 1830s, there was large-scale unemployment in Europe. In most of the European countries, employment opportunities
were low in number, whereas job seekers were many.
Cities had come to be extremely overcrowded. As a result, slums had started coming up as more people migrated from the rural
areas to the urban areas.
e
Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from the imports of cheap machine-made goods from England
dg
where industrialisation was more advanced, especially in textile production.
Q273. Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the end of 19th Century.
le
Ans:
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Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
1. Culture: Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and
n
expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment.
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Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.
01
2. Language: Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish
language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian
99 lleg
rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a
weapon of national resistance.
30
3. Music and Dance: Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered
Co
among the common people-das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was
50
popularised.
Q274. Among the social and political class, which was dominant in Europe in the mid - 18th century?
Ans:
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a
common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke
French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful
aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.
Q275. How did liberal nationalism develop in Europe?

Ans:
As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power. Liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with
revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of Ottoman Europe, Ireland and Poland.
These revolutions were led by the liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle class elite. Among them, there were
professors, school-teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes, who all believed in liberal nationalism and
wanted to fight for it.
Q276. What was the political status of Europe before the concept of ‘Nation States’?
Ans:
Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous
territories.
Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse people. They did not
see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.
Often they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups.
Q277. Point out differences between the majority population of western, central and eastern Europe.
Ans:
The majority of western, central and eastern Europe was made up of peasantry, but they were differ in social composition and
ideology.
1. To the west the bulk of the land was formed by tenants and small owners.
2. In eastern and central Europe, the pattern of holding was characterized by vast estates cultivated by serfs.
3. In western Europe, France and parts of Germany, industrialisation grew during the 19th century. Growth of industrial production
and trade led to growth of towns. New social classes based on production for the marketoccurred a working class population and
middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
Q278. What do the ideas of ‘la Patrie’ and ‘le Citoyen’ emphasize?
Ans:
The idea of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) in the French Revolution signify that community should enjoy equal
rights under the constitution of the country and this created the sense of collective identity among the French People.
Q279. What kind of conservative regimes were set up in 1815?
Ans:
The conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities
that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in
newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French revolution.
Q280. How did the 18th - century artists begin personifying a nation in an allegory?
Ans:
e
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other words they represented a
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country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female form that was chosen to personify the
nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
le
That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
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Q281. What is an Allegory? State any one example to clarify the same.
Ans:
n
Allegory: When an abstract idea for instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing. For examples-
Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, etc.
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01
Q282. Describe the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in Italy’s unification.
99 lleg
Ans:
Role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy were:
He became member of various secret societies such as young Italy' or 'Young Europe'.
30
Co
He attempted a revolution in Liguria.

He wanted unification. with wider. alliance of nations.
50
He frightened conservatives through the opposition of monarchy and vision of democratic republics.
He favored war for a unification of Italy.
He wanted Economic development.and Political dominance.
Q283. Describe the process of 'Unification of Italy'.

Ans:
The process of unification of Italy-
1. Italy was divided into 7 states.
2. It was scattered over several dynastic states.
3. After the failure of 1848, King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont started the process of unification of Italy.
4. Mazzini started the secret society called "Young Italy".
5. Role played by Garibaldi.
6. In 1816, regular troops marched to south Italy.
7. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel-H was proclaimed king of unified Italy.
Frankfurt parliament.
Ans:
The Frankfurt Parliament:
It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging
to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, 1848 in the Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly
drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. However, it faced opposition from
the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end, it was forced to
disband on 31 May, 1849.
Q285. What does the crown of oak leaves worn by Germania stand for?
Ans:
The female form that was chosen to personify the nation sought to givethe abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. That is, the
femalefigure became anallegory of the nation. Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Invisual representations,
Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, asthe German oak stands for heroism.
Q286. Why was the issue of extending political rights to women a controversial one within the liberal movement in 1848? What do
these revolutions reveal about political conflicts due to gender differences?
Ans:
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement in 1848 because most of the
liberals were against the view of extending political rights to women.But few of them were in favour. Right to vote was denied to
women. Moreover, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the
authority of fathers and husbands.This clearly revealed political conflicts due to gender differences.
Q287. Which female Allegory was invested by artists in France?
Ans:
In France, the nation's allegory was named 'Marianne', a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people's nation.
Her characteristics include red cap, tricolour and the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the
public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Images of Marianne were marked on coins and
stamps.
e
Q288. Describe the 'Silesian weavers' uprising.
dg
Ans:
In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them with raw materials and got finished goods. A
le
crowd of weavers marched in pairs upto the mansion of their contractors, demanding higher wages. They smashed their
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windowpanes and also plundered the supply of cloth. As a result, the contractors fled away from their houses with their families.
Q289. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe.
n
Ans:
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The events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe:
01
Students and other members of educated middle class began to set up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the
way for the French armies. The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Thus, created a sense of collective
99 lleg
identity.
Q290. What role did Giuseppe Garibaldi play in the unification of Italy?
30
Co
Ans:
1. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82) was a famous Italian freedom fighter. He managed a large number of volunteers apart from regular
50
troops.
2. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
3. He supported Victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the Italian states and in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of
united Italy.
Q291. Which new social groups emerged after industrial revolution?
Ans:
The social group that emerged in England after the Industrial revolution consisted of:
The upper classes: Consisted of the elites, amongst the business persons and professionals. They had the best of the facilities
and housing conditions.
The Middle class: Next to the upper class, it also consisted of businessmen and professionals.
The working class: Those who worked in the factories. They were not well off and had to live to deal with poor living
conditions, meager wages and long working hours.
Q292. What was the tradition of ‘London Season’? Explain different forms of entertainment that came up in nineteenth century
England to provide leisure activities for the people.
Ans:
For the wealthy Britishers annual London Season meant conducting several cultural events like operas, theaters and classical music
programmes:-
1. For working class it meant meeting in pubs to have a drink, exchange news and sometimes also to organise for political action and
other forms of entertainment.
2. Libraries, art galleries, museums were established.
3. Music halls were popular among the lower classes.
4. Cinema became great entertainment for mixed audience.
5. Industrial workers were encouraged to spend their holidays by sea (beaches).
Q293. Enumerate any three features of the conservative regimes set up in Europe following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815.
Ans:
1. The conservatives emphasised the importance of tradition's customs and established institutions like the monarchy, the church,
the social hierarchies, property and the family.
2. The power of the Bourbon dynasty was restored.
3. Steps were taken to prevent French expansion and creation of new states.
4. Autocratic regimes came into power. Descent of any type from any group was not tolerated. The ideas associated with French
Revolution were censored.
Q294. How did Ireland become a part of United Kingdom?
Ans:
The following factors led to the incorporation of Ireland in the United Kingdom:
The social divisions in Ireland between the protestants and catholics helped the British to establish dominance of Protestants
over a catholic country.
Suppression of catholic revolts by the English and forcible incorporation of Ireland took place in 1801.
As English nation grew in power and influence it tried to suppress Ireland's distinctive culture and also forced them to speak
English language. The symbols of the new Britain–the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King),
the English language–were actively promoted.
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dg
Q295. What decisions were taken at the Congress of Vienna?
Ans:
le
The Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon.
The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the
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Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers.
Q296. Identify the countries which comprised the Balkan Peninsula.
n
Ans:
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He Balkans are usually characterized as comprising Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, North Macedonia,
01
Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia with all or part of each of those countries located within the peninsula. An introduction
99 lleg
to the Balkan Peninsula.
Q297. Was there any British nation existing before the 18th century?
30
Ans:
Co
Prior to the 18th century there was no British nation. In 1707, the Act of Union between England and Scotland gave rise to the
50
new nation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1801, Ireland was forced to incorporate with the United Kingdom. They were
in favour of the British.
Q298. Highlight the contribution of Garibaldi in unification of Italy.
Ans:
Italy, before its unification, was divided into seven states. While northern states were under the Hapsburg dynasty of Austria, central
states were under the control of the Pope. Southern states were ruled by the Bourbon dynasty of Spain. Giuseppe Garibaldi has
been one of the most celebrated of all Italian freedom fighters. Sailor by profession, he joined the secret society, ‘Young Italy’. He
supported King Victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the Italian states. He organised an army to achieve the unification of Italy.
People joined his army in large numbers and came to be known as ‘Red Shirts’. By the end of 1860, he along with his army had
conquered the states of Sicily and Naples which further paved the way for the unification of Italy.
The role of women in nationalist struggles.
Ans:
The role of women in nationalist struggles:
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of
women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and
taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly.
When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’
gallery.
Q300. Why did French artist, Frederic Sorrieu prepare a series of print based on democratic and socialist republics in 1848?
Ans:
This represents the different people of the world grouped under their own nations with symbols of their nationalism like flag and
national costume. The French artist Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of print based on democratic and specialist republics because
he wanted to see his dream in a visualized form.
Q301. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Explain.
OR
Describe in brief the great economic hardships during the 1830s in Europe.
OR
"The 1830s were years of great Seconomic hardships in Europe". Support the statement with four examples.
Ans:
1. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
2. In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities and they
were forced to live in overcrowded slums.
3. Small producers in towns often faced with tough competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where
industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.
4. In these regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and
obligations.
5. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Q302. Explain the dominance of landed aristocracy in Europe.
Ans:
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in the continent. The members of this class were united by a
common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke
French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by t,ies of marriage. This powerful
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dg
aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.
Q303. Explain any three reasons for which the population of London City expanded over the nineteenth century.
le
Ans:
86 ow
Between 1810 and 1880 the population of London multiplied fourfold.
1. London became a powerful magnet for migration of population even though it did not have large factories.
2. No scope of improvement in rural areas.
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3. It became a city of clerks and shopkeepers of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi-skilled and sweated
out workers, soldiers and servants, casual labourers, street sellers and beggars. eK
01
4. There was a dockyard where many people earned livelihood. People came to the city looking for jobs.
99 lleg
5. Five major types of industries that employed large number of people were clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and
engineering, printing and stationary and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches, objects of precious metals.
30
Q304. Describe any three conditions that led to the formation of the British Nation State.
Co
Ans:
50
The formation of British Nation State:

1. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
2. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth,
importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
3. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the
instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
4. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’
meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
5. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
Q305. Explain the process of unification of Italy.
Ans:
UNIFICATION OF ITALY
1. During the 1830s Giuseppe Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy. He formed Young Italy for the purpose.
2. After revolutionary wars King Victor II took power to unify the Italian states through wars.
3. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance Cavour succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
4. Under the leadership of Garibaldi armed Volunteers marched into South Italy.
5. With the help of the Kingdoms of the two Sicilies and the peasants drove away the Spanish rulers.
6. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the King of united Italy.
Q306. What conditions prevailed in 1848 France?
Ans:
1. The year 1848 was the year of food shortages and widespread unemployment. It brought the population of Paris on the roads.
2. Barricades were erected and Louis Phillippe was forced to flee.
3. A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above the age of 21 and guaranteed the right to
work. National workshops to provide employment were also set up.
Q307. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s.
Ans:
Economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s:

1. Enormous increase in population was seen all over Europe.
2. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
3. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in over crowded slums.
4. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England.
5. In Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
6. The rise of food prices as a result of bad harvest led to wide spread pauperism in town and country.
Q308. What was the allegory of France called?

Ans:
Marianne, the female allegory of Liberty, was chosen to represent the new regime of the French Republic, while remaining to
symbolise liberty at the same time. In her right hand, she wields the pike of revolution with the Phrygian cap resting on it, which
represents the liberation of France.
Q309. How did Prussia out strive in Germany?
Ans:
The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new state placed a strong
emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
e
Q310. Who were the Grimm Brothers and how did they contribute to the rise of nationalism in Europe?
dg
OR
How did the Grimm Brothers contribute to the nation-building of Germany?
le
Ans:
86 ow
1. The Grimm Brothers-Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm-extensively contributed to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
2. They collected several folk tales that expressed pure and authentic German spirit.
n
3. They became quite popular among the masses. Both the brothers also became active in liberal politics, especially the movement
for freedom of the press.
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4. They were against French domination and considered it as a threat to German culture and tried to uproot it through their sincere
efforts.
99 lleg
5. They considered their projects of collecting folktales as part of the wider effort to oppose French domination and create a
German national identity.
30
Q311. Identify the end result of nationalism during the 19th century.
Co
Ans:
50
During the 19th century, nationalism emerged as a vibrant force which brought drastic changes in the political world of Europe. The
end result of these changes due to nationalism gave rise to the nation-states in place of multi-national dynasties of Europe.
Q312. Explain any three features of the "go east movement" in Vietnam.
Ans:
Features of 'go east movement' in Vietnam.
1. In 1907-08, 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modem education.
2. The primary objective form any was to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor and re-establish the
Nguyen dynasty.
3. These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help.
4. Vietnamese students established Restoration Society in Tokyo.
Q313. What kind of policy was followed by Bismarck? How did he manage to oust Austria from the German federation?
Ans:
Bismarck believed that unification of Germany could be achieved by the policy of Blood and Iron. Bismarck knew that Austria would
not tolerate the unification of Germany. So, domination of Austria must be broken and it was possible by means of military
measures. He reorganised Prussian Army and collected funds for the war. Bismarck got engaged in a quarrel with Austria. He accused
Austria of encouraging discontent against the Prussians in Schleswig. In 18, Prussia declared war against Austria. Prussia won victory
over the battle of Sodawa. The Austrian Emperor was forced to make a peace treaty of Prague. Austria gave the two Duchies of
Scheeswig and Holstein to Prussia to control independently. In this way, Austria came under Prussian domination and
Bismarck managed to oust Austria from the German federation.
Q314. Who was made the constitutional monarch by in 1830 in France?
Ans:
Louis Philippe,
The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative
reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at
its head.

Count Camillo de Cavour.
Ans:
Count Camillo de Cavour:
Cavour was chief misnister of Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a
revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better
than he did Italian. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian
forces in 1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
Q316. In the areas conquered in Europe by Napoleon, explain the reactions of the local population to the French rule.
Ans:
Regarding the areas conquered in Europe by Napoleon the reactions of the people were mixed:
1. Initially in many places like Holland and Switzerland as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Milan, Warsaw, etc. the French armies
were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
2. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility as it became clear to the people that the new administrative arrangement did
not go hand in hand with the political freedom.
3. Increased taxation, censorship, forced consumption into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe. All seemed to
outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
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dg
Q317. How did the First World War change the economic life of the people in Britain? Explain.
Ans:
le
The First World War had a great impact on the economic life of the people of Britain. During the war, industries were restructured to
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produce war-related goods. Entire societies were reorganised for war. Women had to step in to take up jobs that earlier only men
were expected to do. The men had gone to fight. After the war, economic recovery proved difficult for Britain. The war had led to an
economic boom due to a large increase in demand, production and employment. As the war boom ended,m it resulted in less
n
production and increased unemployment. In 1921, one in every five British workers was out of work. It created anxiety and
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uncertainty about work. Many agricultural economies also suffered a crisis. During the war Canada, America and Australia had
01
expanded dramatically as suppliers of wheat while Europe had declined. The glut in wheat led to fall in grain prices, rural incomes
99 lleg
declined and farmers fell into debt. Britain, which was a leading economic power, had to borrow large sums of money from US
banks. This led to increased suffering of people.
30
Q318. Name the founder of the secret society, ‘Young Italy'.
Co
Ans:
50
During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had formed
a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.
Q319. What was the reaction to the Napoleonic Code?
OR
How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain.
Ans:
Napoleon Bonaparte gave this civil code to post-revolutionary France, its first coherent set of laws concerning property, colonial
affairs, the family, and individual rights. On 21 March 1804, the Napoleonic Code was finally approved.
1. Napoleon who had captured a large portion of Europe and brought about legislative changes such as uniform civil code
eliminated the feudal system. All this accommodated in building a sense of unification.
2. In many countries like Holland, Switzerland the French Military was originally embraced.
3. Areas controlled by the French were made subsidiary to the French requirements.
4. Due to Lack of administrative freedom, people forced to adopt an unfriendly attitude towards the French.
Q320. How were the ideas of French Revolution propagated by the artists of that time?
Ans:
The ideas of the French Revolution were drawn from the Enlightenment, influenced by the British political system, inspired by the
American Revolution and shaped by local grievances. The best-known expression of French revolutionary ideas was the slogan
"Liberty! Equality!"
Q321. After becoming the Monarch what changes were introduced by Napoleon?
Ans:
There were many changes, some good and some not so good. The biggest positive change was the replacement of French feudal
laws with the Napoleonic Code-a modern, simplified code of law that laid the foundation for much of modern European law
(including much Louisiana state law here in the US). Otoh, the flower of French male citizenry was decimated by the endless series of
wars, not unlike the carnage of World War-I, but here played out over nearly 20 years.
Q322. How was Scotland gradually taken over by the British nation?
Ans:
After the Act of Union between England and Scotland, England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The growth of British
identity meant that Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholics in Scotland
suffered terrible repression wherever they attempted to assert their independence.
Q323. Were anti-imperial movements nationalist? Could the anti-imperialists movements be considered as nationalist movements?
Ans:
Yes, the anti-imperial movements could be considered as nationalist as it was the struggle to form an independent nation-states and
were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism. European ideas of nationalism were
nowhere replicated, for people everywhere developed their own specific variety of nationalism. But the idea that societies should be
organised into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.
Q324. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Ans:
Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the French and the German nation. They stood as personifications of
ideals like ‘liberty’ and ‘the republic’.
The importance of the way in which they were portrayed lay in the fact that the public could identify with their symbolic meaning,
and this would instill a sense of national unity in them.
Q325. What do you understand by ‘Economic liberalism’?
e
Ans:
dg
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the
movements of goods and capital.
le
In German-speaking regions during Napolean’s rule, there were 39 states, each of it possessed its own currency and weights
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and measures.
A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a
n
customs duty of about 5 percent at each one of them.
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Q326. How far was underground railway able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis in London in nineteenth century?
Ans:
99 lleg
Underground railways were able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis.
1. The underground railways carried a large number of people to and from London and solved the transport problem.
30
2. The labour could live in suburbs only as housing was not affordable in London, and they can easily travel to their work place with
Co
railways.
50
3. The underground partly solved the housing crisis and carried large masses of people to and from London.
4. The population in the city became more dispersed.
Q327. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the l8th and l9th centuries.
Ans:
Ways in which nationalist feelings were keptalive in l8th and l9th century:
1. Celebrated the national struggle through operas, music and language.
2. Turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka in to nationalist symbols.
3. Language too played an important role.
4. When Russia was imposed, the elergy used Polish languageas a symbol of the struggle against Russia dominance.
Q328. Under whom, various states of Italy were ruled? Mention the lineages who ruled Italy.
Ans:
During the Renaissance, Italy was a collection of city-states, each with its own ruler, the Pope in Rome, the Medici family in Florence,
the Doge in Venice, the Sforza family in Milan, the Este family in Ferrara, etc.
Q329. What do you mean by nationalism? Mention some factors which gave rise to nationalism.
Ans:
Nationalism is identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the
interests of other nations.
Some factors that give rise to nationalism are-
1. Development of Means of Communication and Transport.
2. Impact of Western Education.
3. Economic Exploitation of India.
4. Socio-Religious Reform Movements.
5. Emergence of Modern Press and Nationalist Literature.
Q330. What did Metternick mean to say when he remarked, 'When France sneeze, the rest of Europe catches cold?
Ans:
1. The revolutionary spirit spread all over Europe only after the French Revolution took place in 1789. The ideas of liberty, equality
and fraternity gained popularity among people all over Europe.
2. Educated people especially got attracted to these ideas.
3. The political upheaval in France that took place in July 1830 sparked revolutions in places like Brussels which led to Belgium
breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
4. In this way we see that France was one of the most important countries of Europe. It spread awareness among the people of
Europe.
5. It set values and standards for the entire continent. Other countries of the continent just followed what France did.
Q331. Explain any three features of Napoleonic Code.
Ans:
Features of Napoleonic Code-
1. All privileges based on birth were withdrawn.
2. Established equality before the law.
3. Secured the right to property.
4. Simplified administrative divisions.
5. Abolished the feudal system.
6. Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
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dg
7. Guild restrictions were removed.
8. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
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Q332. Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order How?
86 ow
Ans:
1. Monarchs now began to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression would only be ended by granting concessions to the
liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
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2. Therefore, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that
had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. eK
01
3. Thus, the systems of serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
99 lleg
4. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.
Q333. By which name the ‘Civil code of 1804’ of France is generally known with?
30
Ans:
Co
The Napoleonic Code is the French civil code established under the French Consulate in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four
50
eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.

Guiseppe Mazzini.
Ans:
Giuseppe Mazzini:
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At
the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young
Italy’ in Marseilles and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the
German States.
Q335. “The print culture created the conditions within which the French Revolution occurred.” Support the statement giving three
arguments.
Ans:
Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred: -
1. Print popularised idea of the Enlightenment thinkers & they argued for the rule of reason rather than custom.
2. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
3. All value norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by public.
1. By the 1780's there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality.
4. This literature circulated underground and led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.
Q336. How did women retaliate for their rights in Germany?
Ans:
The womens in germany as a retaliate for their rights participated in political meetings and demonstration, they formed their own
political associations or organisation requesting and protesting for the suffrage for womens, they founded newspapers and tried to
gain impotance in the economy and to show their value, and attempted to conduct strikes but however it was suppressed, despite
they were no given suffrage during the electorate election.
Q337. What happened in the first upheaval of France in July 1830?
Ans:
The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative
reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at
its head.
Q338. How was liberalism adopted in revolutionary France?
Ans:
It was adopted after the revolution where Revolution overthrew the hereditary aristocracy, with the slogan "liberty, equality,
fraternity".The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, codified in 1789 laid down the base for the liberalism.
Q339. How was the food problem solved in Britain after the scrapping of the ‘Corn Laws’? Explain.
Ans:
1. Food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
2. In eastern Europe, Russia and America, land was cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.
3. Faster industrial growth in the mid 19th century led to higher income so that British could import food.
Q340. Write three features of the painting of Frederic Sorrieu.
Ans:
Features:
1. Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage.
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2. Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Rights of Man.
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3. On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
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Q341. What was the Allegory of Germany?
Ans:
86 ow
Germania, allegory of german nation. She wore crown of oak leaves, as thegerman oak stands for heroism. It symbolizes strength;
courage and freedom. Thisallegory was erected in public square and figures were put on coins and stamps for the people to identify
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with her and nation.
Q342. Describe the following terms: eK
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1. Broken chains.
99 lleg
2. Crown of oak leaves.
3. Sword.
4. Olive branch around the sword.
30
Co
5. Rays of the rising sun.

Ans:
50
1. Broken chains-Being freed.

2. Crown of oak leaves-Heroism.
3. Sword-Readiness to fight.
4. Olive branch around the sword Willingness to make peace.
5. Rays of the rising sun-Beginning of a new era.
Q343. Who were the inhabitants of Balkan region?

Ans:
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of
geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
Q344. “Italy had a long history of political fragmentation”. Support the Statement by giving any three Point.
Ans:
Italy had a long history of political fragmentation are:
1. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg empire.
2. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which onlyone, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an
Italian Princely House.
3. The North under Austrian Habsburgs, the center was ruled by the pope and the southern regions were under the domination of
the Bourbon kings of Spain.
4. Even the Italian language had not any standard common form. It had many regional and local variations.
Q345. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century? Explain.
Ans:
Romanticism sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments: -
1. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason & science and focused on emotion, intuition and mystical
feelings.
2. Created a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a Nation.
3. Emphasised on vernacular language.

Q346. Write briefly about the political condition in Europe in the 1870s.
Ans:
The political conditions in Europe in 1870 was.
1. Nationalism did not have its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment during the last half of the century.
2. With limited ends, nationalism was a narrow limitation.
3. Nationalist groups were intolerable and were not trust worthy.
4. There was blame game everywhere.
5. Nationalist powers were manipulated by the Europeans.
Q347. Ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Who favoured the ideology
of liberalism? What value can be derived from the term ‘liberalism’?
Ans:
The ideology of liberalism allied with Nationalism in the following ways:
1. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law.
2. It emphasized on the concept of government by consent.
3. It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
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4. It believed in a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
dg
5. It emphasized the inviolability of private property.
Q348. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
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Ans:
86 ow
In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-class Germans. They united in 1848 to create a nation-state
out of the numerous German States. But the monarchy and the military got together to repress them and they gained support from
n
the landowners of Prussia (the Junkers) too. Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement. Its Chief Minister
eK
Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy. The unification
01
process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years time. In January 1871, the
Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
99 lleg
Q349. Read the source given below and answer lite questions that follows:
Economists began to think in terms of the national economy. They talked of how the nation could develop and what economic
30
measures could help forge this nation together. Friedrich List, Professor of Economics at the University of Tu bingen in Germany,
Co
wrote in 1834: 'The aim of the zollverein is to bind the Germans economically into a nation. It will strengthen the nation
50
materially as much by protecting its interests externally as by stimulating its internal productivity. It ought to awaken and raise
national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German people have realised that a free
economic system is the only means to enhance national feeling'.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
1. State the aim of the Zollverein in Gennany.
1. To divide German regions.
2. To bind the Germans economically into a nation.
3. To create confusion in trade.
4. To support time consuming calculations.
2. What German people have realized about new economic system?
1. German people have realised that a free economic system is the only means to engender national feeling.
2. German people wanted to conquer more regions.
3. German people realised the importance of closed economy.
4. German people realised that a free economic system is obstacle to develop nationalism.
3. How does a country become stronger?
1. By conquest.
2. By making alliances.
4. It will strengthen the nation materially, as much by protecting its interests externally as by stimulating its internal
productivity.
4. Who was Friedrich List?
1. Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany.
2. French Artist.
3. Philosopher.
4. Painter.
Ans:
(i) (b)To bind the Germans economically into a nation.
(ii) (a) German people have realised that a free economic system is the only means to engender national feeling.
(ii It will strengthen the nation materially, as much by protecting its interests externally as by stimulating its intern
(d)
i) al productivity.
(i
(a) Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany.
v)
After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution. Nationalist sentiments were
often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. This can be
observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states. As you have seen, nationalist feelings
were widespread among middle-class German, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation
into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation building was, however, repressed by the
combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on,
Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect
of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years - with Austria,
Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the - process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king,
William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
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dg
1. Who was the architect of the process of national unification?
1. Poland’s chief minister, Otto Don Bismarck.
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2. Poland’s chief minister, Otto Von Bismarck.
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3. Prussia’s prime minister, Otto Den Bismarck.
4. Prussia’s chief minister, Otto Von Bismarck.
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2. Who was proclaimed as German Emperor?
1. Davis I was proclaimed as German Emperor.
2. David I was proclaimed as German Emperor. eK
01
3. William II was proclaimed as German Emperor.
99 lleg
4. William I was proclaimed as German Emperor.
3. When did the middle class German try to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation state?
30
1. 1838
Co
2. 1748
50
3. 1848
4. 1948
3. How many wars took place in 7 years?
1. Three.
2. Two.
3. Seven.
4. Four.
Ans:
1. (d) Prussia’s chief minister, Otto Von Bismarck.
2. (d) William I was proclaimed as German Emperor.
3. (c) 1848
4. (a) Three.
Q351. Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere.
Ans:
Ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere:
1. Liberalism stood for the freedom of the markets.
2. Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
3. Introduction of own currency.
4. Introduction of a system of weights and measures.
5. Abolition of tariff barriers.
6. Creation of a unified economic territory for the free movement of goods, people and capital.
Q352. Explain any four steps taken to clean up London in the nineteenth century.
Ans:
Four steps to clean up London:
1. Attempts were made to decongest localities.
2. To green the open spaces.
3. To reduce pollution.
4. To landscape the city.

5. Large blocks of apartments were built.
6. Introduction of rent control.
7. Demands were made for new ‘lungs for the city’.
8. Architects and planners developed the principles of the ‘Garden City’.
Ernst Renan, ‘What is a Nation?’
In a lecture delivered at the University of Sorbonne in 1882, the French philosopher Ernst Renan (1823-92) outlined his
understanding of what makes a nation. The lecture was subsequently published as a famous essay entitled ‘Qu’est-ce qu’une
nation?’ (‘What is a Nation?’). In this essay Renan criticises the notion suggested by others that a nation is formed by a common
language, race, religion, or territory:
‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. A heroic past, great men, glory, that is the
social capital upon which one bases a national idea. To have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present,
to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. A
nation is therefore a large-scale solidarity ... Its existence is a daily plebiscite ... A province is its inhabitants; if anyone has the
right to be consulted, it is the inhabitant. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its
will. The existence of nations is a good thing, a necessity even. Their existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if
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dg
the world had only one law and only one master.’
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1. A nation is the culmination of a long past of:
1. Sacrifice.
86 ow
2. Endeavors.
3. Devotion.
n
4. All of these.
2. What does a nation guarantee to its citizens?
eK
01
1. Happiness.
2. Liberty.
99 lleg
3. Wealth.
4. Health.
30
3. Ernst Renan was a ......... philosopher.
Co
1. British.
50
2. American.
3. Japanese.
4. French.
4. What is/ are the essential condition/ s of being a people?
1. To have common glories in the past.
2. To have performed great deeds together.
3. To have a common will in the present.
4. All of these.
Ans:
1. (d) All of these.
2. (b) Liberty.
3. (d) French.
4. (d) All of these.
Q354. How has French artist, Frederic Sorrieu, visualised in his first print, of the series of four prints, his dream of a world made up of
‘democratic and social republics’? Explain.
Ans:
Frederic Sorrieu, the French artist, prepared a series of four prints;
1. The first print of the series, show the peoples of Europe and America - men and women of all ages and social classes-marching in
a long train. These offering homage to Statue of Liberty as they pass by it.
2. Second print is that of allegory of liberty in female figure holding torch of enlightenment in one hand and Charter on Rights of
Man on the other.
3. The third print is that of shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
4. The fourth print refers to his utopian vision in which the peoples of the world are shown marching together on the path of
development. It is a vision of world peace and prosperity.
Q355. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
ln 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of
'democratic and social Republics; as he called them. As you would recall, artists of the time of the French Revolution personified
Liberty as a female figure- here you can recognise the torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand and the Charter of the
Rights of Man in the other. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist
institutions. ln Sorrieu's utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags
and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by
this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. The
concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined
territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe. But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its
citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.
1. What was the theme of painting made by French artist?
1. Constitutional Monarchy.
3. True democracy.
4. Democratic and Social Republic.
2. The utopian vision of French artist Frederic Soreau was:
e
1. The peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their Bags and national costume.
dg
2. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were
already nation-states.
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3. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue.
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4. The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly
defined territory.
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3. French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure, she bears the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and ______ in
the other.
1. Charter of Rights of Man. eK
01
2. Constitution.
99 lleg
3. Charter of Rights of woman.
4. Bible.
4. Which of the following pairs represent two nation states?
30
Co
1. United States and Switzerland.

50
2. Britain and Italy.

3. Spain and Portugal.
4. Japan and Turkey.
Ans:
(i) (d)Democratic and Social Republic.
(i The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a cl
(d)
i) early defined territory.
(ii
(a) Charter of Rights of Man.
i)
(i
(a) United States and Switzerland.
v)
Q356. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by
a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They
spoke French for the purpose of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This
powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.
The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and
small owners while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were
cultivated by serfs.
1. Which was the dominant class on the continent of Europe?
1. Tenants.
2. Small owners.
3. Landed aristocracy.
4. High class society.
2. What did the majority of population comprises of:
1. Tenants.
2. Small owners.
3. Peasantry.
4. Land holders.
3. The given passage describes the social and political life of this class:
1. Serfs and peasants.
2. Aristocracy and middle class.
3. Big land owners.
4. Peasants and small owners.
4. Aristocratic class used to speak French for the purpose of:
1. Farming on a big land.
2. Diplomacy and high society.
3. Unity among the members.
4. Reducing regional divisions.
Ans:
(i) (c) Landed aristocracy.
(ii) (c) Peasantry.
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dg
(iii) (b) Aristocracy and middle class.
(iv) (b) Diplomacy and high society.
le
86 ow
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by
a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They
n
spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This
eK
powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To
01
the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of
landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.
99 lleg
1. Which was the dominant class on the continent of Europe?
30
1. Landed aristocracy.
Co
2. Tenants.
50
3. Small owners.
4. High class society.
2. What did the majority of population comprise of?
1. Tenants.
2. Small owners.
3. Land holders.
4. Peasantry.
3. The given passage describes the social and political life of this class?
1. Serfs and peasants.
2. Big land owners.
3. Aristocracy and middle class.
4. Peasants and small owners.
4. Aristocratic class used to speak French for the purpose of:
1. Diplomacy and high society.
2. Farming on a big land.
3. Unity among the members.
4. Educing regional divisions.
Ans:
1. (a) Landed aristocracy.
2. (d) Peasantry.
3. (c) Aristocracy and middle class.
4. (a) Diplomacy and high society.
Q358. "Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but nth administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary
principles in order omake the whole system more rational and efficient" Support the statement.
Ans:
Administrative changes brought by Napolean:
1. The Civil Code of 1804 did away with all privileges based on birth.
2. Established equality beforelaw.

3. Secured the right to property.
5. Abolished the feudal system.
6. Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues in the towns.
7. Removal of restrictions on guilds.
Q359. Explain how the First World War was so horrible a war like none other before.
Ans:
1. It was the first modern industrial war which involved industrial nations.
2. Machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons etc., are used on a massive scale.
3. Unthinkable death and destruction.
4. Most of the people killed and injured were men of working age.
5. Declined the household income.
6. Men were forced to join in the war.
7. Women stepped in to undertake jobs which they were not used to.
Q360. Describe any four measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create sense of collective identity amongst
e
the French people.
dg
Ans:
1. The ideas of La Patrie (the Father land) and La-citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal
le
rights under a constitution.
86 ow
2. A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed as the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed.
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5. Oaths were taken.
6. Martyrs were commemorated, all in the name of the nation. eK
01
7. Regional dialects were discouraged.
99 lleg
8. French, as it was written and spoken in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
Q361. Explain the reasons for the popularity of 'Go East Movement'.
30
Ans:
Co
'Go east movement' became popular in Vietnam in the first decade of the twentieth century. Many Vietnamese nationalists had
50
close realtions with Japan and China. Japan at this time had modernised itself and its victory over Russia in 1907 proving its military
capabilities. Thousands of the Vietnamese students visited Japan in order to receive modern education. The movement became
popular because the aim of the Vietnamese students was not only to receive modern education but also to overthrow the French
from their country and to re-establish Nguyen dynasty that was overthrown by the French.
Q362.
Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European Governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives
believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society - like the monarchy, the Church, social hierachies, property
and the family - should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-recolutionary
days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napolean, that modenisation could in fact strengthen traditional
institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and stronger. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy,
a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies in Europe. ln 1815,
representatives of the European powers who had collectively defeated Napolean, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for
Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of
1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon
dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had
annexed under Napolean. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
1. Which of the following statements correctly describes about European conservative ideology?
1. Preservation of beliefs introduced by Napolean.
2. Preservation of two sects of Christianity.
3. Preservation of socialist ideology in economic sphere.
4. Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society.
2. Identify the purpose to convene the Vienna of Congress in 1815 from the following options.
1. To declare competition of German unification.
2. To restore conservative regime in Europe.
3. To declare war against France.
4. To start the process of Italian Unificatiion.

3. What did conservatives focus on at the Congress of Vienna? Select the appropriate option.
1. To re-establish peace and stability in Europe.
2. To establish socialism in Europe.
3. To introduce democracy in France.
4. To set up a new Parliament in Austria.
4. How did the Congress of Vienna ensure peace in Europe? Select the appropriate option.
1. With the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty.
2. Austria was not given the control of Northern Italy.
3. Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Eutope.
4. By giving power to the German confederation.
Ans:
(i) (d) Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society.
(ii) (b) To restore conservative regime in Europe.
(iii) (a) To re-establish peace and stability in Europe.
(iv) (c) Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Eutope.
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dg
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measures could help forge this nation together. Friedrich List, Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany,
wrote in 1834: ‘The aim of the zollverein is to bind the Germans economically into a nation. It will strengthen the nation
86 ow
materially as much by protecting its interests externally as by stimulating its internal productivity. It ought to awaken and raise
national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German people have realised that a free
n
economic system is the only means to engender national feeling.’
eK
01
1. State the aim of the Zollverein in Germany.
1. To divide German regions.
99 lleg
2. To support time consuming calculations.
3. To create confusion in trade.
30
4. To bind the Germans economically into a nation.
Co
2. What German people have realised about new economic system?

50
1. German people wanted to conquer more regions.

2. German people realised the importance of closed economy.
3. German people have realised that a free economic system is the only means to engender national feeling.
4. German people realised that a free economic system is obstacle to develop nationalism.
3. How does a country become stronger?
1. It will strengthen the nation materially as much by protecting its interests externally as per stimulating its internal
productivity.
2. By conquest.
3. By making alliances.
4. Both (b) and (C).
4. Who was Friedrich List?
1. French artist.
2. Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany.
3. Philosopher.
4. Painter.
Ans:
1. (d) To bind the Germans economically into a nation.
2. (c) German people have realised that a free economic system is the only means to engender national feeling.
3. (a) It will strengthen the nation materially as much by protecting its interests externally as per stimulating its internal productivity.
4. (b) Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany.
Q364. Explain any four economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s.
Ans:
Economic hardship faced by Europe.
1. There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries there were more job seekers than employment.
2. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
3. Small producers faced competition from import to cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more
advanced.
4. In those regions where aristocracy was in power, peasants struggled under burden of feudal dues and obligations.
5. The rise of food pricesora year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynasty states as well
as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of
which only one, Sardinia Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburg's, the centre
was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon king of Spain. Even the Italian
language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
1. What could be the reason behind that the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many
regional and local variations?
1. Italy never had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were not scattered over several dynastic states and the
Habsburg Empire.
2. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states and the Habsburg
Empire.
3. Italy never had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were not scattered over several dynastic states and the
French Empire.
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4. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over only two dynastic states and the Dutch
Empire.
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2. When was Italy divided into seven states?
1. Italy divided into seven states during middle of sixteenth century.
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2. Italy divided into seven states during end of nineteenth century.
3. Italy divided into seven states during middle of twentieth century.
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4. Italy divided into seven states during middle of nineteenth century.
3. Who ruled Sardinia Piedmont?
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1. Italian princely house ruled Sardinia Piedmont.
2. German princely house ruled Sardinia Piedmont.
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3. French princely house ruled Sardinia Piedmont.
4. Italian army ruled Sardinia Piedmont.
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4. Which part was under Austrian Habsburg?
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1. East was under Austrian Habsburg.

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2. West was under Austrian Habsburg.

3. South was under Austrian Habsburg.
4. North was under Austrian Habsburg.
Ans:
1. (b) Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states and the Habsburg
Empire.
2. (d) Italy divided into seven states during middle of nineteenth century.
3. (a) Italian princely house ruled Sardinia Piedmont.
4. (d) North was under Austrian Habsburg.
During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had
also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in
1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian
states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic
development and political dominance.
1. What was the name of the secret society formed by Giuseppe Mazzini?
1. Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy.
2. Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Old Italy.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Traditional Italy.
4. Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Old France.
2. When did Giuseppe Mazzini seek to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic?
1. During the 1860s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
3. Who was the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont?
1. King Victor David I was the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont.

2. King Victor Davis II was the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont.
3. King Victor Emmanuel II was the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont.
4. King Victor Emmanuel III was the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont.
4. What did a unified Italy offer the ruling elites of this region?
1. A unified Italy offered them the possibility of underdevelopment and political dominance.
2. A unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
3. A unified Italy offered them the possibility of underdevelopment and political failure.
4. A unified Italy offered them the possibility of social breakdown and political failure.
Ans:
1. (a) Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy.
2. (d) During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
3. (c) King Victor Emmanuel II was the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont.
4. (b) A unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of
‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. As you would recall, artists of the time of the French Revolution
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personified Liberty as a female figure-here you can recognise the torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand and the Charter
of the Rights of Man in the other. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of
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absolutist institutions. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through
their flags and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland,
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which by this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue.
The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined
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territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe. But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its
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citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.
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1. What was the theme of painting made by French artist?
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1. Constitutional Monarchy.
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3. Democratic and Social Republic.
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4. True democracy.
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2. The utopian vision of French artist Frédéric Sorrieu was.

1. The peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.
2. The concepts and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly
defined territory.
3. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, as the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were
already nation-states.
4. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue.
3. French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure, she bears the torch of Enlighten- ment in one hand and ......... in
the other.
1. Constitution.
2. Charter of Rights of Man.
3. Charter of Rights of Woman.
4. Bible.
4. Which of the following pairs represent two nation states?
1. Spain and Portugal.
2. United States and Switzerland.
3. Britain and Italy.
4. Japan and Turkey.
Ans:
1. (c) Democratic and Social Republic.
2. (b) The concepts and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined
territory.
3. (b) Charter of Rights of Man.
4. (c) Britain and Italy.
Q368. Explain any four measures introduced by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the people of
France.
Ans:
1. The idea of ‘la patrie’ (the fatherland) and ‘la cityon’ (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal
2. New French tri-colour flag.
3. The Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated.
5. Centralised administrative system which formulated uniform laws for all citizens like uniform weights and measures.
6. Regional dialects were discouraged and French as spoken in Paris became common language of the nation.
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives
believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society-like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property
and the family-should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary
days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional
institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a
dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
In 1815, representatives of the European powers-Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria-who had collectively defeated Napoleon,
met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The
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delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe
during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to
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power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of
France to prevent French expansion in future.
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1. Which of the following statements correctly describes about European conservative ideology?
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1. Preservation of beliefs introduced by Napoleon.
2. Preservation of two sects of Christianity.
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3. Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society.
4. Preservation of socialists’ ideology in economic sphere.
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2. Identify the purpose to convene Vienna of Congress of Vienna in 1815 from the following options.
1. To declare completion of German unification.
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2. To declare war against France.
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3. To start the process of Italian unification

50
4. To restore conservative regime in Europe.

3. What did conservatives focus on at the Congress of Vienna? Select the appropriate option.
1. To establish socialism in Europe.
2. To re-establish peace and stability in Europe.
3. To introduce democracy in France.
4. To set up a new Parliament in Austria.
4. How did the Congress of Vienna ensure peace in Europe? Select the appropriate option.
1. Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe.
2. With the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty.
3. Austria was not given the control of Northern Italy.
4. By giving power to the German confederation.
Ans:
1. (c) Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society.
2. (d) To restore conservative regime in Europe.
3. (b) To re-establish peace and stability in Europe.
4. (a) Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe.
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other words, they represented a
nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete
form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation. During the French Revolution artists used the female allegory
to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols.
The attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of
weighing scales. Female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France, she has
christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn
from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public
squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were
marked on coins and stamps. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations,
Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
1. Why were Female allegories invented by artists?
1. Representation of heroism.
2. Representation of Imperialism.
3. Representation of the modern state.
4. Representation of the nation.
2. Which of the following is an allegory for 'liberty'?
1. Red Cap.
2. Crown of Oak.
3. Olive Branch.
4. Sword.
3. What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise?
1. Peace.
2. Equality.
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3. Justice.
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4. Liberty.
4. Which of the following is not true with respect to "Allegory"?
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1. It is a symbol representing an abstract idea.
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2. Artist became an allegory of a nation.
3. It is an idea expressed through a person or a thing.
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4. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
Ans:
1. (d) Representation of the nation. eK
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2. (a) Red Cap.
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3. (c) Justice.
4. (b) Artist became an allegory of a nation.
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Q371. “Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment by the last quarter of the nineteenth century in
Co
Europe.” Analyse the statement with examples.

50
Ans:
Nationalism in Europe- The Balkans:
1. During this period nationalist groups become increasingly intolerant of each other.
2. Manipulations of the nationalist aspirations were there.
3. The Balkan was under the control of the Ottoman empire.
4. Ideas of romantic nationalism spread in the Balkan.
5. They claimed for independence or political rights on nationality and subjected foreign domination.
6. Russia, Germany, England, Austria-hungry were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans.
7. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
Q372. Explain the role of language in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe.
Ans:
Role of Language in Europe:
1. Language was a great unifying factor. The French revolutionaries discouraged regional dialects and encouraged the use of French
language as the common language of the nation.
2. The use of English language contributed to the creation of United Kingdom.
3. In Poland, the use of vernacular language helped in dissemination of nationalist messages to people.
4. Use of Polish language by clerics in church and religious gatherings came to be seen as a symbol of struggle gainst the Russian
domination.
5. The Grimm brothers of Germany published a dictionary of German language to oppose French domination and to create a
German identity.
Q373. Explain any three reasons that helped Greek people to win the war of independence against the Turkish rule.
Ans:
Reasons that helped Greek people to win the war:
1. Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire since 15th century.
2. Growth of nationalism in Europe started Greek's struggle for independence from the Ottoman rule in 1821.
3. Support from West European countries.
4. Poets and artists, who were inspired by the ancient Greek culture and literature, also supported the revolution. E.g., Lord Byron,
the famous English Poet.
5. 1832: The Treaty of Constantinople recognized Greece as an independent nation.
Q374. "Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in
order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Analyse the statement with arguments.
Ans:
“Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to
make the whole systems more rational and efficient.” -
1. All privileges based on birth were removed.
2. Established equality before law.
3. Right to property was given.
5. Feudal system was abolished and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
6. Guild restrictions were removed.
Q375. Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
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Steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people were:
1. The idea of La-Patrie (the Fatherland) and Le-Citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal
le
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2. New French flag the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
3. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizen and renamed the National Assembly.
4. New Hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative
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system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizen within its territory.
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5. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weight and measures were adopted.
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6. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
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Q376. What conditions led to the development of a new middle class in Europe?
Ans:
30
Emergence of middle class in Europe:
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1. The industrial revolution witnessed the rise of new social groups, middle class comprising of industrialists, businessmen,
50
professionals who believed in the social structure that was based on merit and not birth.
2. They believed that no group should be privileged on account of birth rather a society must be based on the principles of freedom,
equal laws and opportunities.
3. It was this class that belonged to liberal nationalist thinking and led the revolutions.
4. It was the liberal, educated middle-class who demanded the end of aristocratic privileges and encouraged national unity.
5. They were inspired by the doctrine and ideas of liberalism and demanded government based on the consent, and stood for
freedom and equality for all.
Q377. How was the concept of ‘Nationalism’ introduced by the French Revolution?
Ans:
France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and constitutional changes
that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French citizens. The
revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
Q378. What is the significance of the year 1848 for France?

Ans:
With many revolts like revolts of the poor, unemployed workers and starving peasants during 1848 in Europe, educated middle class
of France also started a revolution for the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been
proclaimed. In other parts of Europe, men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism
with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation
state on parliamentary principles — a constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association.
The issue of extending political rights to women was most controversial subject matter within the liberal movement in which large
number of women had participated actively.
Q379. ‘Ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism’. Support the
statement with arguments.
Ans:
'The term liberalism' comes from the Latin root liber which meant to be free.
In the political sense, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. It emphasised on the
end of aristocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament and the
inviolability of private property, drawing its basic foundation from the French Revolution.
From the very beginning, universal suffrage i.e. voting rights were granted only to the property-owning men, excluding men
without property and all women. However, throughout the nineteenth century and early twenties, many movements were
organised demanding equal political rights.
In the economic sense, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the
movement of goods and capital. People often attempted to go beyond the state restrictions such as the formation of a customs
union by Prussia in 1834 which abolished tariff barriers and no. of currencies from 30 to 2. The creation of railway networks
further stimulated national unification and the wave of economic nationalism in all contributed towards strengthening wider
national sentiments.
Q380. Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in Balkans after 1871 in Europe.
Ans:
1. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of
geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Solvenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the
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control of the Ottoman empire.
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2. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this
region very explosive.
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3. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal
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reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away form its control and declared
independence.
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4. The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain
more territory at the expense of the others.
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5. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military
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might. Each power-Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans,
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and extending its own control over the area. This led a series of wars in region and finally the First World War. Nationalism,
aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.
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Q381. What was Mazzini’s role in the unification of Italy?
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Ans:
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Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary in 19th century Europe. His contributions were:
Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who later became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
At a young age of 24 in 1831, he was exiled for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
To further spread the revolutionary ideas, he founded two more underground societies- ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles and ‘Young
Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
Mazzini believed that God had created nations to be the natural units of mankind. Thus, Italy cannot remain divided into
various kingdoms. It has to be a single unified republic.
Following his example, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s opposition to
monarchy and his vision of democratic republics scared the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous
enemy of our social order’.
Q382. Otto von Bismarck was the architect of ‘German unification’. Explain.
Ans:
Otto von Bismarck was the true architect of Germany who played an important role in the unification of the country. He is known for
his policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. Otto von Bismarck and the German unification:
1. The middle class Germans in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state.
2. Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, with the help of the army and bureaucracy carried out the task of unification.
3. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of
unification.
4. On 18th January 1871, the Prussian King, Kaiser William-I was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in the
presence of important officials, army representatives and Otto von Bismarck.
Q383. Describe any three consequence of liberal revolution of 1848.

Ans:
Events of February 1848, France influenced the liberal middle class who combined their demands for nation unification and
constitutionalism, there was growing unrest among them. This event had influenced the liberal revolution in 1848. It became an
inspiration in entire Europe where independent nations did not exist like Germany, Italy, Poland.
1. There was an increased demand for constitutionalism and national unification by the people.
2. There was a demand for a A constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association etc.
3. Rise of political associations, groups among women and growing demand for suffrage and political rights became quite
widespread in Europe,
4. Though conservatives were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848,Monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution could only
be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries and by conceding to some of their demands.
5. In the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes.
6. Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
7. Hungarians were granted more autonomy by Habsburg rulers.
8. The French revolution certainly had a long lasting impact on the people of the World.
9. The political and constitutional changes that came about in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty
from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
10. The revolution declared the supremacy of the people and that government must represent the will of the people. It brought
about the abolition of serfdom, freed the peasantry and acknowledged the ideas of social, economic and personal liberty.
11. The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution.
12. The ideals and virtues of liberty, equality, fraternity inspired many movements in the 19th and 20th century, throughout the
World.
13. It recognised basic inalienable rights of man like right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality.
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14. French revolutionaries stated it was their mission to liberate people in all parts of Europe from despotism.
dg
15. Jacobin clubs were set up by students, educated middle class to spread revolutionary ideas.
16. With the outbreak of French Revolutionary war, the french armies carried the ideas of nationalism.
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Q384. ‘The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion'.
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Ans:
Culture also played an important role in creating the ideas of a nation because of the following reasons:
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1. Art and poetry, stories music helped in shaping nationalist feelings in Europe.
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2. Romanticism was a cultural movement which played a role in this context. Romantic poet and artists were critical of reason and
01
science.
3. A sense of shared collective heritage was developed.
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4. Folk dance, Folk poetry, Folk songs were considered the true expression of the spirit of the nation.
5. Speaking in the vernacular language was another expression of nationalism.
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Q385. Who hosted ‘Vienna Congress’ in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the ‘Vienna Treaty.’
Ans:
50
Vienna Congress: The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor “Duke Metternich”.
1. The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power.
2. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
3. A series of states were setup on the boundaries of France to prevent French extension in future.
4. Kingdom of the Netherlands, included Belgium was setup.
5. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers.
Q386. What kinds of conservative regimes were set up in 1815? What did liberals think about them?
Ans:
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that
questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in
newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution. The
memory of the French Revolution nonetheless, continued to inspire liberals. One of the major issues taken up by the liberal
nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.
Q387. Explain the concept of liberal nationalism which developed in Europe in early 18th century.
Ans:
Liberalism meant different things to different people.
Political liberalism:
It stood for equality before the law.
Revolutionary France marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, in which, right to vote and get elected was
granted exclusively to property-owning men.
Men without property, and all women were excluded from political rights.
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal
political rights.
Economic liberalism:
It stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Customs Union or ‘Zollverein’ was formed in Prussia, joined by most of the German states.
The Union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
Q388. How was Europe closely allied to the ideology of liberalism?

Ans:
Europe was closely allied to the ideology of liberalism in the following way:
1. Ideas of national unity in the early 19th century, Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.
2. The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Liber’ which means free.
3. For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
4. Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.
5. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and
representatives government through parliament.
Q389. Analyse the role of ‘Hoa-Hao’ movement to arouse anti-imperialist sentiments in Vietnam.
Ans:
Hoa-Hao Movement:
1. It drew on religious ideas popular in anti French uprising of 19th century.
2. The founder Hoa-Hua performed miracles and help the poor.
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3. He criticised against the useless expenditure and had a wide appeal.
4. Opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium.
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5. Political parties often drew upon their support, but were uneasy about their activities.
6. Significance of these movements in arousing imperialist sentiments should not be underestimated.
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7. They could not control or discipline these groups nor support their rituals and practices.
Q390. Which social class spearheaded the nationalist movement in Europe? Describe its main demand.
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Ans:
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Pigeons, educated middle class such as professionals, commercial class, industrial lists, etc. comma versus social class spearheaded
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the Nationalist Movement in Europe. Their demands were to create a such government which should be formed based on elections.
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Their main demands were:
1. A representative government based on the consent of the citizens.The Constitution should be the main source of power which
was made by the national parliament.
30
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2. They wanted freedom of individuals, equal rights, freedom of he press and equality before law.
3. They stood for end of autocracy and abolition of privileges based on birth and hereditary grounds.
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4. They wanted freedom of markets without any state interference in it.
Q391. Explain how did the 18th and 19th-century artist begin personifying a nation in allegory.
Ans:
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other words they represented a
nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
During the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. These ideals
were represented through specific objects or symbols. As you would remember, the attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the
broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.
Similar female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France she was christened
Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of
Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the
public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as
the German oak stands for heroism.
Q392. Who was Friedrich Wilhelm IV?

Ans:
Frederick William IV the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861.
Also referred to as the "romanticist on the throne", he is best remembered for the many buildings he had constructed
in Berlin and Potsdam, as well as for the completion of the Gothic Cologne Cathedral. In politics, he was a conservative, and in 1849
rejected the title of Emperor of the Germans offered by the Frankfurt Parliament as not the Parliament's to give.
Q393. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Ans:
Napoleon Bonaparte incorporated revolutionary principles in administrative field in order to make the whole system more rational
and efficient.
1. The Civil Code of 1804- usually known as the Napoleonic Code- did away with all privileges based on bith, established equality
before the law and secured the right to property.
2. Napolean simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
3. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication system were improved.
4. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
5. Uniform laws, standardised weight and measures and a common national currency were introduced.
Q394. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiment growing in Europe? Explain.
Ans:
Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment:
1. In the economic sphere, liberalisation stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the
movement of goods and capital.
2. There was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. For example, the German-speaking regions in the first half of the
19th century.
3. Napoleon's administrative measures had created out of small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each of these possessed
its own currency, weights, and measures.
4. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes who argued for the
creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
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5. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
6. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interest to national unification.
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Q395. Explain the Napoleonic Code.
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OR
What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Napoleonic code?
Ans:
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Theq Napoleonic Code is also called the "French Civil Code of 1804" defined the concept of euality before the law and also secured
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the right to property. This code abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues as well as
01
improvement in the Transport and communication systems.
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Advantages of the napoleonic code are:
Established equality before law.
Abolished all privileges based on birth.
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Co
Simplified administrative divisions.

Granted the right to property to French citizens.
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Abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.

Eliminated restrictions on guilds in town.
Made efforts to improve transport and communication.
Disadvantages of Napoleonic Code:

The initial enthusiasm of the Napoleonic Code turned to hostility.
The new administrative arrangements didn't go hand in hand with political freedom.
Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe.
All seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
Q396. Give a short note on the Habsburg Empire.

Ans:
The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria-Hungary.
It was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples because:
It included the Alpine regions-the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland–as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was
predominantly German-speaking.
It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects.
In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the
empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples–Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and
Roumans to the east in Transylvania.
Q397. What was Zollverein? Why was it formed?

Ans:
In 1834, the customs union of Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by most of the German states.
The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.
A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.
Varied currencies and weights and measures were obstacles to economic growth, so the creation of a unified economic
territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital was needed. So, Zollverein was formed.
Q398. Briefly explain the process of unification of Italy.

Ans:
The process of unification of Italy:
In the mid-nineteenth century, Italy comprised of 7 states out of which only Sardinia-Piedmont was a princely state. There
wasn't even a common form of the Italian language.
In 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini established a secret society called Young Italy and bring about a revolutionary uprising but failed.
Chief Minister Cavour diplomatically joined SardiniaPiedmont, in an alliance with France. It defeated the Austrian forces.
Armed volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi also supported the troops and they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of
Two Sicilies. They got the support of the peasants there.
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel ll was declared the king of unified Italy. However, most of the Italians were unaware of the idea of
liberal-nationalist ideology.
Q399. How did liberalism stand in the economic sphere?
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Ans:
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Liberalism implies the following:
1. The ideology of liberalism is very broad and comprehensive.
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2. The ideology became popular in the early 19th century.The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber, meaning free.
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3. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
4. Politically Liberalism, emphasized on the government based on consent. Government where constitution is supreme and is based
n
on the free will of the people where Parliament as the elected body represents symbol of Democracy, as reflected in the French
revolution.
5. It meant end of autocracy and clerical privileges. eK
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6. Economically, The ideology propagated natural right to Property and stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-
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imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
7. Liberals argued for the unified economic territory comprising of common currency, unrestricted mobility of people, goods and
services.
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Co
Q400. How did the Polish language work as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance?
50
Ans:
Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was
forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took
place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of
national resistance. Polish was used for church gathering and all religious instructions. As a result, a large number of priests and
bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russia. The use of
Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
Q401. Explain any three provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?

OR
Describe in brief any four features of the Vienna Treaty of 1815.
Ans:
The provisions of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 include:
1. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
2. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
3. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
4. Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
5. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
6. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
7. Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.
Q402. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Ans:
The history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe because:
In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.
The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’
meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were
systematically suppressed.
The Scottish highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress and large numbers were
forcibly driven out of their homeland.
The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts
against British dominance were suppressed. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
The symbols of the New Britain – the British flag, the national anthem, the English language were actively promoted and the
older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
Q403. The French Revolution created a sense of collective identity among the French people. Justify the statement.
Ans:
1. The French Revolution created a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the motherland)
and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution.
2. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
3. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the entire nation.
Q404. Who hosted ‘Vienna Congress’ in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the ‘Vienna Treaty.’
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OR
Describe the main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
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Ans:
The Congress of Vienna was held in 1815. It was chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. It was held to draw up a
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new settlement for Europe amongst the European powers which were driven by the ideology of Conservatives whose main aim was
to establish monarchial regimes in Europe.
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The following changes were made:
The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power.
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France had to part with most of its territories which were annexed by Napoleon.
A large number of States were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent its further expansion.
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The kingdom of Netherland was set up in North.
Russia was given important territories on its Western Frontiers.
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Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
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German Confederation of 39 States remained intact.

50
Russia was given part of Saxony.

Russia was given part of Poland.
Q405. Who was Count Camillo de Cavour? Mention his contributions.

Ans:
Count Camillo de Cavour was the Chief Minister of Piedmont. He was neither a democrat nor a revolutionary. But he led the
movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through tact and diplomacy he entered into an alliance with France and succeded in
defeating Austrian forces in 1859.
His contribution to the unification of Italy was:
1. He was a good administrator.
2. He worked for the unification of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour Sardinia-pied mont.
3. He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.
4. He was a tactful diplomat. He succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
Q406. Which conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange & growth by the new commercial classes during Napoleon’s
rule?
Ans:
Following are the conditions that were considered problematic for the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial
classes of 19th century Europe:
The administrative policies introduced by Napoleon had resulted in a confederation of 39 states in place of the old
principalities. Each of these possessed its own currency, weights and measures.
A merchant traveling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremburg to sell his goods would have to pass though 11 custom barriers and
pay a customs duty of about 5% at each one of them.
Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. As each region had its own system of weights
and measures, this involved time consuming calculation.
Q407. ‘‘The first clear expression of nationalism came with the ‘French Revolution’ in 1789.’’ Examine the statement.
Ans:
“The first clear expression of Nationalism came with the ‘French Revolution’ in 1789”:
1. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the
monarchy to a body of French citizens.
2. Sense of collective belonging with La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen).
3. Formation of National Assembly.
4. Hymns were composed and oaths were taken.
5. Centralised and uniform laws were introduced.
6. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measure were adopted.
7. French became the common language of the nation.
8. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
Q408. Explain the nation-building process of Germany.
OR
Describe the process of unification of Germany.
Ans:
The process of unification of Germany:
1. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the
German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.
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dg
2. This liberal initiative to nation building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military,
supported by the large landowners called Junkers of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for
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national unification.
3. Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, was the architect of the German unification. He did this with the help of the
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Prussian army and bureaucracy.
4. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France-ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of
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unification.
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5. In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
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Q409. What do you mean by conservatism? Highlight the main features of the beliefs.
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Ans:
Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs. It also laid
stress on gradual development as opposed to revolutionary change.
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Co
Following are some of the salient points of conservatism:

Conservatives believe that traditional institutions like the church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be
50
preserved against all forces of change.

Many conservatives even saw forces of modernism strengthening traditional institutions like monarchy.
Around 1815, the conservative regimes in Europe were largely autocratic. They did not tolerate democratic thought, political
criticism or dissent. They often put restrictions on activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocracy and imposed
censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs that promoted ideas of liberty and freedom.
Q410. How did Napoleonic trade benefitted the businessmen and small scale producers?
Ans:
Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the areas ruled by him:
He established Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code. This did away with all privileges based on birth. It
established equality before law and secured the right to property.
He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
In towns, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.
Due to the above measures, peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed a new found freedom. Businessmen and small-
scale producers realized that uniform laws, a common currency and standardized weights and measures would facilitate movement
and exchange of goods between regions.
Q411. Give a brief description of the French Revolution of 1830.
Ans:
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French, saw the
overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who
himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would in turn be overthrown. It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy,
the Bourbon Restoration, to another, the July Monarchy, the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch,
the House of Orleans, and the replacement of the principle of hereditary right by popular sovereignty. Supporters of
the Bourbon would be calledLegitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe Orleanists.
Q412. How did Polish use their language as a weapon of national resistance against Russia?
Ans:
Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was
forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took
place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of
national resistance. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. As a result, a large number of priests and
bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of
Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
Q413. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Explain how?
OR
“The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe”. Support the statement with arguments.
Ans:
Following are the three important reasons, why the decade of 1830s is known as ‘great economic hardship’ in Europe:
1. During the 1830s, there was large-scale unemployment in Europe. In most of the European countries, employment opportunities
were low in number, whereas job seekers were many.
2. Cities had come to be extremely overcrowded. As a result, slums had started coming up as more people migrated from the rural
areas to the urban areas.
3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from the imports of cheap machine-made goods from England
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where industrialisation was more advanced, especially in textile production.
Q414. Why did nationalists tension emerge in the Balkans? Explain the reasons.
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Ans:
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The nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans because of these reasons:
1. Geographically and ethically diverse region: The Balkans consisted of regions of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania , Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were broadly known as Slaves
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was geographically and ethically diverse region compare to modern day.
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2. When the ottoman Empire collapsed, It initiated nationalism in the Balkans states. Soon the feeling of nationalism spread and the
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situation became very unstable. The ottoman Empire tried to control the situation by strengthening itself through modernization
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and internal reforms but fails to do it.
3. Gradually, its European nations got separated and fought for independence and political rights.
4. In the race to expand their territories and to impose their supremacy on each other, Slavic nationalities quickly got into severe
30
Co
clashes. As a result, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.

5. During this period there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military
50
might
6. These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded. Each power-Russia, Germany, England, Austria,
Hungary was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led
to continued series of wars in the region and finally, the First World war broke out in 1914.
Q415. Explain the unification of Great Britain.
Ans:
In Britain, the nation states were formed due to long struggle.
1. All ethnic groups such as English, Walsh, Scot or Irish had their own cultural, and political traditions.
2. The English nation grew in wealth, and power and extended their power over the other nations.
3. The English helped the Protestants to defeat the Catholics and dominated Ireland.
4. The Act of Union in 1707 signed between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'.
5. A new British nation had its new symbols like the British flag, the national anthem and the English language.
Q416. "The measures taken by the French to control the spread of bubonic plague in Hanoi created a serious problem." Explain the
statement.
Ans:
A rat hunt was started in 1902. The French hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat they caught. Rats began to be
caught in thousands. The rat-catchers found that if they came together they could negotiate a higher bounty. They also found ways
to profit from rat hunting. The bounty was paid when a tail was given as proof that a rat had been killed. So the rat-catchers just
clipped the tails and released the rats, so that the process could be repeated, over and over again. Some people even began raising
rats to earn a bounty.
The French were forced to scrap the bounty scheme. None of this prevented the bubonic plague, which swept through the area in
1903 and in subsequent years.
Q417. What was the impact of Act of the union on Scotland?

Ans:
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’
meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s
distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their
independence.
The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were
Q418. Who were the ‘liberal’? What ideas were supported by them?
Ans:
Liberalism is a political and economic doctrine that emphasizes individual autonomy, equality of opportunity, and the protection of
individual rights (primarily to life, liberty, and property), originally against the state and later against both the state and private
economic actors, including businesses.
The people who have liberal views or observation are referred to as the liberals.
Political ideas: In German conditions, large number of political associations came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to
vote for all German National Assembly.
Social ideas: A large number of women had participated actively and formed their own associations and were struggling for the right
to vote.
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Q419. Give a brief description of the revolt led by the Silesian weavers in 1845.
dg
Ans:
1. In 1845, the Silesian weavers revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished
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textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
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2. Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4 June and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their
contractor demanding higher wages.
3. When the contractor showed reluctance, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant window panes,
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furniture, porcelain, etc.
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4. Another group broke into the store house and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds.
01
5. The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which ultimately refused to shelter such a person. He returned 24
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hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.
Q420. How were the feelings of nationalism kept alive by the people of Poland?
30
Ans:
Co
Nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries in the following ways:
50
Music: Karol Kurpinski kept the national feelings alive through operas and music and turned folk dances like polonaise and
mazurka into nationalist sysmbols.
Language: Polish language had been forced out of schools and and Russian was imposed everywhere after Russian occupation.
However, Polish was used by the clergy for all religious ceremonies and instructions. This was a way to keep national sentiment
alive.
Secret societies: That were modelled on Mazzini's Young Italy were set up in Poland to cater to nationalist sentiment.
Q421. How was France responsible in spreading nationalism to other parts of Europe?
Ans:
1. The French Revolutionary ideas inspired the oppressed people in other parts of Europe with liberal ideas.
2. French revolutionaries stated it was their mission to liberate people in all parts of Europe from despotism.
3. Jacobin clubs were set up by students, educated middle class to spread revolutionary ideas.
4. With the outbreak of French Revolutionary war, the french armies carried the ideas of nationalism.
5. Napolean who had conquered large part of Europe brought about administrative changes, uniform civil code, abolished feudal
system, All this helped in creating a sense of unification.
Q422. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with examples.
Ans:
1. Many liberal-nationalists, who went underground, had established various secret societies, which sprang up in many European
states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
2. Revolutionaries also opposed monarchical rule in many European states; they fought for the liberty and freedom of their
respective states.
The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, who was born at Genoa in 1807, became a member of the secret society called the
Carbonari.
He subsequently founded two more underground societies, Young Italy in Marseilles, and Young Europe in Berne, whose members
were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
His idea of unification of Italy, on the basis of Italian liberty, was accepted in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland, where secret
societies were formed.
Q423. “Vernacular language and local folklores carried modern nationalist message to large audiences, who were mostly illiterate.”
Justify with suitable examples.
Ans:
1. Vernacular languages and local folklores played an important role in creating the idea of nation in Europe.
2. This was especially so in the case of Poland which had been partitioned by the great powers-Russia, Prussia and Austria.
3. Karol Kurpinski of Poland celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the Polonaise,
mazurka into nationalist symbols.
4. After Russian occupation, the polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.
5. Many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
6. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instructions.
7. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities.
8. The use of polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance.
Q424. Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Justify.
Ans:
1. Like Germany, Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the
multinational Habsburg Empire.
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2. In middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided in seven states and only one Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian
dg
princely house.
3. Even Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
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4. Italy was unified in 1861 and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy.
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5. Following are the features of unification movement in Italy:
1. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. The ruling
elites also were of the view that a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
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2. The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Chief Minister Cavour,
Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the Austrian forces in 1859. eK
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3. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Garibaldi joined the fray.
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4. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdoftt of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants in order to drive out the Spanish ruler. In this way, the unification process was completed.
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Q425. What does ‘Liberalism’ stand for, since the french revolution?
Co
Ans:
50
Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. The term 'liberalism'
derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and
equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution,
liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through
parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property. Yet, equality before the law did not
necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Only for a brief
period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage. However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and
reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.
Q426. Examine the ‘Nation State Building’ process in Germany after 1848.
Ans:
German Unification:
1. After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.
2. Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over
Europe.
3. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans in 19 century.
4. In 1848 they tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected
parliament.
5. This liberal initiative to nation-building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the
large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.
6. Prussia took on the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, who became the architect of this process.
7. Three wars over seven years– with Austria, Denmark and France– ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of
unification.
8. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor.
Q427. Explain the role of romanticism in national feeling.

OR
“The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion. Culture played an important
role in creating the idea of the nation.” Elaborate upon the statement.
Ans:
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling:
1. Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
2. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused in stead on emotions, intution
and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of shared collective heritage of common cultural past.
3. The other Romantics as the German philosopher to hear G. Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among
the common people. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
4. The Emphasis on Vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but
also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.
5. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise
and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
6. Language too played an important role in developing nationlist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was
forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed every where.
Q428. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Ans:
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dg
With a focus on Germany and Italy, how nations developed over the nineteenth century has been explained.
Development of Germany as a nation state:
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1. A large number of political associations whose members were middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans as
members were formed in Germany.
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2. Before beginning of modern age some serious economic problems came up in Germany. Hunger, hardship and popular revolt
emerged in Germany. Germany was divided in several states due to autocractic rule, people were suffering in Germany. There
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were conservative forces like that of Junkers (big landlords) who did not want to accept the concept of nation-state.
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3. Romantic imagination and national feelings also became a major factor for formation of nation-state. Johann Gottfried Herder of
01
Germany popularised the true spirit of nation through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
4. Otto von Bismarck had architected the process of unification with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. In Germany
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three wars against Austria, Denmark and France were fought over seven years.
Development of nation state in Italy:
30
1. Like Germany, Italy too had along history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as
Co
the multi-national Habsburg Empire.

50
2. Italy was divided into several states. These were being ruled by dynasties like Habsburg, Pope and Bourbon dynasty. Only Sardinia-
Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
3. Caricature of Garibaldi of Italy helped a lot in stimulating nationalistic feeling among masses.
4. Cavour established a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and won two Sicilies.
Q429. “The Habsbury Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungry, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.” Justify the
statement with suitable examples.
Ans:
1. In mid-eighteenth century, there was no ‘nation-states’ as we know them today.
2. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
3. Even Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse people.
4. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. Different languages were spoken. People
belonged to different ethnic groups.
5. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples which included the
Alpine regions-the Tyrol Austria and the Sudetenland as well as Bohemia where the aristocracy was predominantly German
speaking.
6. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar and other local dialects.
7. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant people also lived.
Q430. Read the extract answer the questions that follow:
measures could help forge this nation together.
Friedrich List, Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany, wrote in 1834:
'The aim of the zollverein is to bind the Germans economically into a nation. It will strengthen the nation materially as much by
protecting its interest externally as by stimulating its internal productivity. It ought to awaken and raise national sentiment
through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German people have realised that a free economic system is the only
means to engender national feeling.'
1. What was the view of the German economists?
2. Who was Friedrich List? How did he explain the Zollverein?

Ans:
1. The German economists thought in terms of national economy. They were concerned about how the nation could develop and
what economic measures could forge their nation together.
2. Friedrich List was a professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany. He explained that the zoliverein aimed at
binding the Germans economically into a nation. He viwed that it would strengthen the nation materially as much by protecting
its interest externally as by stimulating its internal productivity.
Q431. What conditions of Balkan areas led to World War I?

Ans:
During the eve of the First World War, the Balkans were the scene of conflict between Serbia and Austria Hungary. During the early
part of the 20th century, Austria Hungary had annexed Bosnia Herzegovina, a territory in the Balkans. Bosnia had a substantial Serb
population. So Serbia, with the aid of its ally, Russia, actively aided the independence movement in Bosnia against Austria Hungary.
This created animosity between Serbia and Austria Hungary. The tension between Serbia and Austria Hungary led to the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the prince of Austria Hungary, on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia
Herzegovina. The assassin was a Bosnian Serb. Angered by the assassination, Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia. Serbia's ally,
Russia, then declared war of Austria Hungary. This was the beginning of the First World War.
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Q432. What was the objective of Treaty of Vienna?
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OR
What was the main aim of Treaty of Vienna 1815?
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Ans:
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The main objective of treaty of Vienna was to nullify all the changes that had come into existence during Napoleonic wars. The
Bourbon dynasty restore its power which had been deposed during the French Revolution. To prevent the expansion of France in
future, a number of states were set up on the boundaries of France. The kingdom of Netherland including Belgium was set up in the
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north and Genoa including Piedmont established in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on the western frontier,
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while Austria was given control of northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states which was set up by Napoleon was left
01
untouched. Prussia was given to Russia. The main intention was behind that set up was to restore the monarchies that had been
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overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe.
Q433. The Balkan issue became one of the major factors responsible for the First World War. Explain by giving examples.
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Ans:
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The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
50
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
Balkan issue became one of the major factors responsible for the First World War:
1. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this
region very explosive.
2. The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict as different Slavic nationalities struggled for their independence.
3. It became the source of big power rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies and military might.
Q434. Why was the decade of 1830’s known as great economic hardship in Europe?
Ans:
The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship or crisis in Europe. The following are the arguments to support this
statement:
1. There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe. As a result unemployment became a common feature in most of
the countries.
2. Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse. Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff
competition from rural areas where production was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops. These products imported
from rural areas were obviously cheaper than the town-made products.
3. Due to population, the demand of foods increased. It led to the rise of food prices. This increased price along with a year of bond
harvests led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Q435. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the ‘nation’ in Europe? Explain with examples.
Ans:
Role of Culture in Europe
1. Art and poetry helped to express and shape of nationalist feelings.
2. Stories and music also helped to express and creating the idea of the nation.
3. Romanticism, a cultural movement sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
4. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science.
5. They focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
6. Their efforts was to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
Q436. Describeth ep processor of Unification of Italy.

Ans:
The unification of Italy:
During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states. During 1830, Mazzini decided to unite Italy. He had
formed a secret society – ‘Young Italy’ to achieve his goal. After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848 King Victor Emmanuel II took to
unify the Italian states through wars.
Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Cavour Sardinia –
Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Under the leadership of Garibaldi armed volunteers marched into
South Italy in 1860 and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive
out the Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of united Italy.
Q437. Explain the nation building process of Germany.

OR
Examine the ‘Nation State Building’ process in Germany after 1848.
Ans:
The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of the Prussian state power.
Otto Von Bismarck carried out the process of unification with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars with
Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
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dg
In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles and the
completed the domination of Prussia.
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The Prussian state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
In 1834, a customs union was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
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The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.
A strong army of the monarchy, the military and large landowners suppressed other movements.
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Q438. What was ‘Romanticism’ during the age of revolutions?
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Ans:
The Romantic movement of 19th century art and literature was influenced by revolutionary events such as the French and American
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revolutions. The 18th century Romantic poets were influenced by many outside influences but chief among them was the revolution
occurring in France.
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Co
Q439. Explain how folklore, folk songs raised the spirit of nationalism in Europe.
Ans:
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It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised. So, collecting and recording
these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation building. The emphasis on vernacular languages and the collection
of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large
audiences who were mostly illiterate. In Poland, they popularised their language, their folk stories, folk songs and folk dances to
propagate nationalism among Polish people, who were under the rule of Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Q440. What do you understand by the term ‘allegory’? How did a female figure become an allegory of a nation?
Ans:
Allegory: When an abstract idea for instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing.
Artists, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, often made efforts to represent a country as if it were a person. The female
figures were chosen to express an abstract idea of a nation. These female figures, thus, became an allegory of the nation.
In France, the female figure was christened Marianne, which was characterized by Liberty and the Republic-the red cap. the
tricolor, the cockade. Statues of Marianne stood in public squares to remind the people of the national symbol of unity.
In Germany, the female figure-Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wore
the crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stood for heroism.
Q441. Describe any four features of the Vienna Treaty of 1815 in Brief.
Ans:
Features of Vienna Treaty of 1815:
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
In 1815, representatives of the European powers - Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna to draw up a settlement
for Europe.
The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Mettemich.
The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in
Europe during the Napoleon war.
The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium was set up in the north.
Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
Prussia was given new territories on its western frontiers.
Austria was given control of northern Italy.
In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
Q442. Describe the evolution and execution of the process of Italian unification.
OR
Briefly trace the process of the unification of Italy.
OR
Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Ans:
Process of Italian unification:
1. Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
2. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi national Habsburg Empire.
3. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, SardiniaPiedmont, was ruled
by an Italian princely house.
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4. The north was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination
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of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
5. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form, and it still had many regional and local variations.
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6. The unification process was led by three revolutionaries-Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi.
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7. Giuseppe Mazzini during the 1830s sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
8. He organised a new political society called Young Italy.
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9. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the responsibility now fell on SardiniaPiedmont under its
ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian through war.
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10. Count Camillo de Cavour now led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France
01
engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont became successful in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
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11. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.
12. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
30
Co
13. In 1861, the process of the unification of Italy was completed and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the united Italy.
50
Q443. Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst
the French people.
Ans:
The first clear cut expression of the nationalism came in the French with the French revolution 1789. To make the revolution a
success it was very important to install a sense of utility in every citizen.
To achieve it, various measures and practices were followed:
1. The idea of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the nation of the united community enjoying the
equal rights under a Constitution. A new French Flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the farmer royal standard.
2. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and new hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs
commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
3. They established a centralized administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens. Internal custom duties and
dues were abolished, and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
4. French language was promoted above all the regional languages.
Q444. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Ans:
From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people. They were:
1. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal
2. A new French flag ,Tricolour flag was chosen to replace the the former royal standard.
3. The Estates General was renamed as National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of nation.
5. French was made a common language of the nation.
6. Uniform laws for all citizens within its territory were formulated.
Q445. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by
the liberals?
Ans:
The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the
revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and
widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the
Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of
nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:
Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with written constitution and parliamentary
administration.
Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be
abolished.
Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the
movements of goods and capital.
Q446. ‘The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of nationalism became a narrow creed with limited ends.’ Support the statement in
the context of Balkan nationalism in the early 19th century.
Ans:
The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this
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region very explosive. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each of these hoped to gain more and more territory
dg
at the expense of the others. Matter was further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power
rivalry. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and
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military might. As the problems in the Balkan region unfolded, it became an area of intense conflict. Each power-Russia, Germany,
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England, Austro-Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the
area. This resulted in a series of wars in the entire region, eventually leading to the First World War.
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Q447. In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. Validate the statement with
relevant arguments.
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Ans:
In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution It was the result of a long-drawn-
99 lleg
out process.
1. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones-such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
30
2. AI of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
Co
3. Steady growth of the English nation steadily in case of wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the
50
other nations of the islands.

4. The Act of Union 1707-between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'. It meant
that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
5. The growth of the British identity meant that Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically
suppressed.
6. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were
Q448. Explain the role of languages in developing the nationalist sentiments in Europe.
Ans:
Poland had been partitioned at the end of the 18th century by 'The Great Powers, Russia, Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland
no longer existed as an independent country but national feelings were kept alive through the language.
1. The emphasis on language was made not just to recover an ancient national spirit but also to carry the modern nationalist
message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.
2. After the Russian occupation of Poland, Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed
everywhere.
3. Many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
4. Polish was used for church gathering and all religious instructions.
5. The use of Polish thus came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance.
Q449. What was the spirit of conservatism?
Ans:
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 European Governments were driven by The Spirit Of Conservatism. They believed that
Established traditional institutions like, Monarchy, Church,Social heirarchy,Property and Family must be preserved. Most of the
conservatists were against the return of society to the Pre-Revolutionary days. But they realised that from the changes initiated by
Napoleon, Modernisation could strenghten Traditional Institutions like the Monarchy. It could make State Power Strong and
Effective.
Q450. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Ans:
Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe were:
Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and
common history. The Romantic artists' emphasis on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings gave shape and expression to
nationalist sentiments. The strength of art in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets
and artists in mobilising public opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.
Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to popularising the spirit of nationalism and patriotic fervour in Europe. Collecting
and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consciousness. Being a part of the lives
of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience.
The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated and popularised the Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music,
turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. An example of this is how during Russian
occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. During this period, Polish
language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed rebellion
against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance.
They did so by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction. The emphasis
on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity.
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dg
Q451. Explain the statement “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.”
Ans:
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During the 'Age of Revolution', the first insurrection took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon dynasty, restored during the
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conservative reaction after 1815, was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. In its place, a constitutional moarchy with Louis Philippe
at is head was installed. This 'July Revolution' led to another insurrection in Brussels and led to Begium becoming independent from
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the control of the Kingdom of Netherlands. Even before these events, it had been witnessed that France was the political
nervecentre of the rest of Europe. Ever since the French Revolution, the political developments in France had direct impact on the
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rest of the European continent. Hence Metternich said 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'.
01
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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

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10/20/22, 7:58 PM Exam Automation

Worksheet Name: The Rise Of Standard: 10th Subject: Social Studies

Q1. When did the French Revolution start?

Q3. Which of the following is true about elle?

1. The Administrative Code.

Q12. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:

3. Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

Q13. Why were female allegories invented by the French artists?

Q14. In which decade, great economic hardships occurred in Europe?

Q16. Who was Frederic Sorrien?

Q17. Who was Frederic Sorrieu?

Q22. Who supported Nationalists of Greeks in their Independence war?

Q23. Count Cavour was the Prime Minister of:

3. Karl Kaspar Fritz.

Q25. Which idea is best expressed in this image?

3. They brought about crime and destruction.

Q29. The weavers of Silesia led a revolt in 1845 against whom?

Q30. When did Napoleon invade Italy?

Q31. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:

Q32. The Treaty of Constantinople was signed in:

Q36. Which new name was given to ‘The Estates General’?

Q41. What did the German sword stand for?

Britain, France and Russia.

Q44. What was Zollverein?

Q45. What is Suffrage?

3. Beginning of a new regime.

4. Beginning of a new era.

Q53. What is the national anthem of Britain?

Q54. Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Q57. What was the Napoleonic Code usually known as?

Q61. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?

Q62. What did the Civil Code of 1804 bring about?

Q63. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:

Q66. Who destroyed democracy in France?

1. This image is from English caricature of 1859.

Q69. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:

Q70. What did Germania symbolise?

Q71. Mention the proclamation of the French Revolution.

Proclamation of the French Revolution:

Q73. When was Napoleon defeated?

He was Arthur Gorski.

Q78. What was the purpose of the Jacobin clubs?

Q80. What does the term 'absolutist' refer to?

1. A government or a system of rule that has no restraints on power exercised.

Q81. What does the German oak stand for?

Q83. What did Das Volk stand for?

4. Willingness to make peace.

1. Whose painting is it? Who painted it and when?

Q91. Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in:

Q92. Which countries did the French armies move into?

1. Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy.

Q93. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:

Q96. DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable:

Q97. What was the new name of the Estates-General?

Q98. The Habsburg Empire consisted of regions:

Q101. What type of an administrative system was set up?

1. Federal administrative system

2. Centralised administrative system.

3. Regional administrative system.

Q102. Which of the following aspect best signifies this image?

1. Round table conference at London.

Q103. Which treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?

Q104. Which two underground societies were formed by Giuseppe Mazzini?

Q105. Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed _______ in France.