L10. New Town Developments in Korea

History of Cities and Urban Planning
ISUS Program (MUAP, MUD, MIPD)
Lecture 10:
New Town Developments in Korea
Prof. Junwon Seo
Research Professor, International School of Urban Sciences, University of Seoul
8 MAY 2024
Before...
Importance of Water Supply
Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 1

Today’s Lecture
Week Day Lecture Type Note
Introduction to the course
1 3.6 Lecture
Understanding Urbanization
Geographical Condition and Urban Development
2 3.13 Lecture
Economic Development and Urban Development (Part 1)
Infrastructure development in Korea
3 3.20 Lecture Assignment 1
Economic Development and Urban Development (Part 2)
4 3.27 Assignment Presentation 1 Presentation 9 students
Regional Development in Korea
5 4.3 Lecture
Trends of regional development in developed countries
Legal Framework for Spatial Planning in Korea
6 4.10 Lecture Zoom 09:30 am
Instruments for Implementing Programs for Urban Development in Korea
Supplementary Material
Financing Instruments for Urban Development in Korea
7 4.17 Lecture Assignment 2
New developments in Seoul
Slum Clearances and Reconstructions in Seoul
Special things good to know
5.1 Student Presentation Presentation Zoom 09:30 am
9
(May Day) Growth Management History of the Seoul Metropolitan Region Lecture 1 Student
History of Urban Masterplan in Seoul
New Town Development History in Korea
Presentation
10 5.8 - Agencies Framework involved in Urban Development 2 Students
Lecture
- Major issues in the development of new towns in South Korea
5.15 City Marketing and Neighborhood Building Movement
Zoom 09:30 am
11 (Buddha's Urban Regeneration and Town Management Lecture
Birthday)
Assignment 3
New Change of Korean Cities
13 5.29 Final Presentation Part 1 Presentation 9 students
[Student Presentation]

[History of Urban Masterplan in Seoul - Summary]

1959 Gyeongseong Urban Plan (1936) vs 1985 Seoul Urban Master Plan (1966)
• Until 1960s, Seoul use 1959 Gyeongseong Urban Plan

• 1985 Seoul Urban Master Plan (1966)

2011 Seoul Urban Master Plan (1997) vs 2040 Seoul Urban Master Plan (2022)
• 2011 Seoul Urban Master Plan (Considering Industrial Area)

• 2040 Seoul Urban Master Plan (Containing Urban Area but Increasing Urban Density)

Listen to the citizens’ voices: Competitiveness & Quality of Life

Considering Pedestrian Catchment Area

Securing Green/Development Area: Finding underutilized area

Increasing Urban Density in Cores

Change of Zoning System & Urban Landscape Guideline

[History of Seoul Development - Part 2]

History of Seoul Development
Introduction
Resolving the demand for housing Resolving the demand for

due to the explosively increasing infrastructure (road) due to the
population explosively increasing population
• Seoul city government had to build road and infrastructure coping with lack of budget.
- Purchase low-price area: where?
Providing open spaces

to reflect the demand of the citizens
• Seoul city government had to find new open space area.

- Where?

To widen roads, Seoul City was demolishing unauthorized buildings
• This is the Gwanghwamun-ro, where the road was expanded and an underground pedestrian path was built.

Seoul City was covering streams and

constructing overpasses
The Cheonggyecheon Overpass was influenced by the Japanese expressway.
There was a shantytown in Cheonggyecheon.
The shanty town of Cheonggyecheon is demolished and

the river is covered.

Seoul City built an urban highway on the river bank.
• Riverside (north) road was built by constructing an overpass over the Han river.
- In the past, the Han river was used by people. (Some sections were built on river banks.)
- It is a great achievement to create east-west trunk line (arterial road) in Seoul, but people's space was taken away.
Gangbyeonbukro (riverside north road), 1969~1997

Seoul City built an urban highway on the stream bank
• Han river and stream were submerged due to floods every year.
• Therefore, embankment construction along the Han river was
necessary to prevent flooding.
• Through embankment construction, Seoul city built arterial streets
and make housing sites with a small amount of money.
- Considering the land sale, it is a surplus business.
• It was a great achievement, but people's space was taken away.
Western arterial road (1988)
Olympic boulevard (1986) Eastern arterial road (1988~99)

Seoul City sold urban parks in the central area like Myeong-dong
• In the middle of Myeong-dong, there was a rectangular, tree-lined park.

• However, it was sold and disappeared in 1965 for the fiscal deficit for the construction of the Cheonggyecheon
overpass in Seoul.
• Also, five parks in Myeong-dong (total area is 21,438㎡) were sold
- Now the price has gone up and Seoul city can't buy it again.
• Like Myeong-dong parks, many city parks in Seoul sold.
• As a result, Seoul city sold many urban parks in downtown to make a money for road infrastructure.

Finally, some of urban streams can be restored; Cheonggyecheon Restoration
• The Cheonggyecheon overpass was demolished, and an artificial river stream was created for citizens.
• As a result, the value of the downtown area increases, and the area is transformed into an office town.
- The hidden backside of the city has become the front. (Don’t forget Kalijodo in North Jakarta)

Parks on the Han river with low accessibility
• In 1960s, there was a sandy beach in Han river.

• It was used as a space for citizens, but it has been transformed into a space for vehicles.
• It has become difficult for citizens to use.
To get to Hangang Park, people have to cross the narrow underpass. This is because the engineer of
Seoul city did not consider accessibility to the riverside when building the arterial road.

Han River Renaissance Project
• To improve the accessibility to riverside park, to build a bicycle path, and to make a facilities in riverside park.
- Although many efforts have been made, access to the park is still poor compared to European cities.
• Sebit Floating Island: a problem with the building-centered plan.

Creating a civic space; Yeouido Park
• Yeouido Park was originally 516 Square, which was built for events such as military parade in 1967.
- It was intended to respond to Kim Il-sung Square in Pyongyang.
• In order to make this place more civic space, it was changed to Yeouido Park in 1995.

Creating a civic space; Seoul Square
• Seoul Square was originally a road and an intersection.

• After the 2002 World Cup, it was changed into a civic space.

Creating a civic space; Gwanghwamun Square
• Historically, Gwanghwamun-ro was main axis road of Chosun Dynasty.

• Seoul City widened this road to ensure the president could travel comfortably.
• Sometimes, Gwanghwamun becomes the center of various political events.
• While there is now an effort to transform Gwanghwamun-ro into a space for citizens, it is still primarily used as a platform for
political voices rather than for the public.

[History of New Town Development]

History of New Town Developments in Korea
Difference between Cities in the Industrial Revolution Times and Pre-industrial Cities
Pre-industrial Cities Cities in the Industrial

(Medieval, Baroque Cities) Revolution Times
Exponential Increase
Population Growth Linear Increase
(Rapid social population growth)
Constrains/Limits Fortified walls made a limit of the physical The walls were gone, so anyone could enter the
of Cities boundary of the city. city.
Free people with ‘various’ power (Bourgeois) -

A large number of uneducated workers make up
Society administrative, religious, educational, capital, and
the majority of the city.
technical power,
Narrow road + Showy broad road Roads are still narrow in some area.
Network Air ventilation and sewage systems are natural but Natural air ventilation and sewer systems exceed
do not exceed city capacity. city capacity.
Urban density was high, however, open space

Housing conditions were poor and open space
such as square, plazza provided rest, freedom,
Open Space was also lacking due to overcrowding.
social activites to citizen.
(Lack of technology to raise high-rise buildings)
(Gardens are provided in Baroque cities)
There were very high-density building

There were high-density building environments
Building environments with no regulations for basic human
each with their own building regulations.
health standards.

Conditions during the new town developments in each country
Category Contents Note
Development Period 1946~1950 / 1961~1970 (mark II) / 1980s (mark III)
Population 52.4M(‘60) / 55.7M(‘70) / 56.3(‘80)

English
Urbanization Rate 78% (‘60) / 77% (‘70) / 78% (‘80)
New Town
GDP per capita $1,398(’60) / $2,348(‘70) / $10,032(‘80) $1,714(韓, 80)
Industry Manufacture (1980s: deindustrialization)
Development Period Late 1960s
Population 52.0M(‘70) / 53.9M(‘75) / 55.2M(‘80)

French 71%(‘70) / 73%(‘75) / 73% (‘80)
Urbanization Rate
New Town
GDP per capita $2,857(’70) / $6,691(‘75) / $12,713(‘80) $1,714(韓, 80)
Development Period 1960~1970 (Developed on a small scale after the oil shock )
Population 93.2M(‘60) / 103.4M(‘70) / 116.8M(‘80)

Japanes 63%(‘60) / 72%(‘70) / 76%(‘80)
Urbanization Rate
New Town
GDP per capita $475(‘60) / $2,056(‘70) / $9,463(‘80)

The background of new town developments in Korea

28,671
30,000 25,619
22,988
25,000
GDP per capita 20,000
(’90 USD Constant, 15,000 11,645
’17 PPP internation GDP per capita 6,904
10,000
dollar, Constant) (’17 constant PPP)
5,000
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
90 79.6 80.3 81.3

’50 21.4%
80 72.1
66.7
70 61.7
60 51.5
Urbanization
50 42.3
Rate (%) 36.8
40 29.5 ’22 81.4% (90%)
30
20
'64
'76
'07
'60
'61
'62
'63
'65
'66
'67
'68
'69
'70
'71
'72
'73
'74
'75
'77
'78
'79
'80
'81
'82
'83
'84
'85
'86
'87
'88
'89
'90
'91
'92
'93
'94
'95
'96
'97
'98
'99
'00
'01
'02
'03
'04
'05
'06
'08
'09
'10
110 106 110
97 98
96
전국
Nationwide 94
90
90 86 86
SMA
수도권
Housing 78 77 77
Supply 74 72
Seoul
서울 71 70
Rate (%) 68
70 65
62 63
60 60
57 56 56 58
55
50
1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

The types of new town development in Korea
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1960s ~ Early 1970s Mid & Late 1970s Early & Mid 1980s Late 1980s ~ Mid 1990s Late 1990s~Mid 2000s
Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3 Generation 4 Generation 5
No Relevant Urban Dev. Act No Relevant Urban Dev. Act Housing Site Dev. Promo. Act
(each special act) Urban Developmend Act
(each special act) Housing Site Dev. Promo. Act Public Purchase Dev. (PPD)
Land Readjustment Dev. (LR) PPD + LR
Land Readjustment Dev. (LR) Public Purchase Dev. (PPD) Satellite new town
Public Purchase Dev. (PPD) Job-housing balance,
Residential or Industrial Planned new town Systemic Process Economic sustainability
Site Development Planned new town (Plan-Dev.-Const.)
• Ulsan(62) • Gumi (73) • Ansan(77) • Guro(97)

• Gasan(97) • DTV(01)
• Guro(65) Industrial New Town
• Yeosu(73) • Changwon • DMC(02) • Magok(07)
(77)
• Pohang(68) • Daeduck(74) • IFEZ(02)
• Sejong(05)
• Gwachun(79) Administrative New Town
• 10 Inno city (06)
• Gangnam (70) • Mokdong(83) • Eunpyeong New town

• 1st New Town in SMA (89~90) (redevelopment) (02)
-Pyeongchon
• Yeuido (71) • Sanggye(86) -Bundang • 2nd New Town in SMA
Residential -Ilsan -Dongtan1(02), 2 (07)
• Jamsil(76) • 1st New Town in SMA (89~90) -Joongdon -Pangyo. Paju(03)
New town
-Sanbon -Gimpo(04)
-Gwanggyo/Yangju(07)
• Small New Town (90s) -Gumdan/Wirye(08)
-Dongback, etc • 3rd New Town in SMA

Location of Industrial New Towns
DMC(02)
Magok(07)
SEOUL
INCHEON
Ansan(77)
IFEZ(02)
Guro(65)
DTV(01)
Gumi(73) Pohang(68)
DAEGU
Ulsan(62)
Changwon(77)
BUSAN
Masan
(73)
Yeosu
(66)

Location of New Towns in Seoul
Sanggye(86)
Eunpyeong (02)
DMC(02)
Magok(07)
Mokdong (83)
Yeuido(71)
Guro (65,97) Jamsil(71)
Gangnam (70)

Location of New Towns in SMA

Yangju
(07)
Gimpo Paju(03)
(04)
• Yellow (1st phase in SMA)

Blue (2nd phase in SMA)
Ilsan(90)
Gray (FEZ & Industrial & Admin)
Magok(07)
Wirye
Geomdan (08)
DMC(02)
(08)
Jungdong
(90) Gwacheon(77)
Pangyo
(03)
IFEZ(02)
Pyeongchon(89) Bundang(89)
Ansan(77)
Sanbon(89) Small new towns and sprawl
Gwanggyo
(07)
Dongtan1
(02)
Dontan2
(07)

Land acquisition methods in developing new town in Korea
Public Purchase Land Readjustment

Mixed
(Land Expropriation) (Land Pool)
Returning the land developed after the

Definition (Forcibly) purchasing land by a developer project to the original owner PPD + LR
(excluding the cost of the project)
Land expropriation Act (1962-2002)

Act on acquisition of and compensation for Cadastral Act (1950-2009)
land for public works projects (2003-)
Related Urban Development Act
Law (2018)
Housing site development promotion act
Act on business of land readjustment
(1980, 2018)
(1966-2001)
Industrial sites and development act
Urban development Act (2018)
(1964, 1973, 2020)
Administration:
Administration: Local government
Local government
SOE: LH (KHC, KLCD), K-water, KARIC, KTO SOE: LH

MOE: Local Urban Development Corporation MOE: Local UDC
Developer
Type
Public-Private Partnership : JV
Landowner
Private: Private Developer Company Association of the
landowner

Land use plan (Table)

Land-use plan (Map)

Land-use plan (Actual)

Block Size: Which block is newer?
282m
470m 603m
330m
320m
543m

Ulsan (1962, Industrial New Town)
Area Ratio
(ha) (%)
Residential 3,727 57.9
Commercial 310 4.8
Industrial 1,856 28.8
Greenary 542 8.4
• Development Area: 6,435ha

• Population: 150,000 Persons
• Purpose: Creation of Steel/Refinery/Fertilizer Sandan and
Construction of 20,000 Tonne Level Port
• Law: Ulsan Development Basic Department Installation and
Land Expropriation Special Law
• Developer: National Land Construction Agency

Yeongdong (Gangnam, 1970)

Yeuido (1971)

Gumi (1973, Industrial New City)

Yeocheon (Yeosu, 1973)

Jamsil Apt. Complex (1976) - landfill+apt district
• President Park ordered a large-scale sports park in the Jamsil district

to host the Asian Games and the Olympics.
- Seoul was intended to host the Asian Games in 1970, but returned hosting right
due to oil shock.
- The commercial lots were not sold for a while, but Lotte bought them from the govt.
to finance the hosting of the ‘88 Olympics.

Changwon (1977, K-water)
• Development Area: 5,313ha

• Population: 300,000 people (growing to 500,000)
• Purpose: Fostering the National Heavy Chemical Machinery Industry
Area(ha) Ratio(%)
(Industrial Production Volume $2 Billion)
Residential 1,404 26.4
• Law: Notification Project Implementer as an Industrial Base
Commercial 288 5.4
Development Promotion
Industrial 2,377 44.7
• Developer: National Land and Construction Agency
Greenary 1,244 23.4

Ansan (1977, 1996 by K-water)
Source: 안건혁
Gwacheon (1979, by Housign Corperation)

New Administrative City Plan (1976~1979)

Mokdong (1983, by Housign Corperation, Residential new town)
Source: 안건혁, LH, https://www.xn--3-3u6ey6lv7rsa.kr/kor/CMS/Contents/Contents.do?mCode=MN181

Mokdong (1983, by Housign Corperation, Residential new town)

Sanbon (’89~’95, by KHC)
• Area: 420ha
• Households: 42,000
Pyeongchon (‘89~’95, by KLDC) • Area: 511ha


Bundang (‘89~’96, by KLDC)
• Area: 1,964ha
• Population: 390,000
• Population density: 198.6 people/ha
• Business period: 1989~1996
• Total project cost: 4.16 trillion won
• Implementer: Land Corporation


Source: 안건혁, https://www.xn--3-3u6ey6lv7rsa.kr/kor/CMS/Contents/Contents.do?mCode=MN181

Ilsan (’90~’95, by KLDC)
• Area: 1,574ha
• Population: 276,000 people

• Population density: 175.3 people/ha
• Business period: 1990-1995
• Total project cost: 2.66 trillion won
• Implementer: Land Corporation
Ilsan (’90~’95, by KLDC)

Ochang Industry Park
• Area: 945ha
Ph1
• Dev. Year: ‘92~’01 (by KLDC)
• Area: 139ha
Ph2
• Dev. Year: ‘07~’11 (by CBDC)
Source: http://www.ochangcmc.or.kr/sub.php?menukey=7
Guro (’97~): Industrial structure change around service sector
• Area: 198ha
• Companies: 13,000
Source: https://www.guro.go.kr/www/contents.do?key=2849&
Dongbaek (’99, mini new town by KLDC)

Urban sprawl Issue (Late 1990s~Early 2000s)
Area 1,964ha
Households 97,500
Cultural facility 66
Park 264ha
Road 246km
Subway 25km
Area 12,231ha
Households 97,100

Dongtan 1 (’01~’18, by LH)
• Area: 904ha

Daeduck Technovalley (DTV) (’01~’09, by Hanhwa*)
• Area: 427ha
• Housing + Industry
Source: https://www.industryland.or.kr/web/il/ILCplxQry.jsp?q_danji_cd=130012
Daeduck Technovalley (’01~’09, by Hanhwa*)
Source: 네이버지도
Sangam Digital Media City (DMC) (‘02~’15, by Seoul City)
• Area: 57ha
• Digital Media Industry
Source: Young-hee Jang
Sangam Digital Media City (DMC) (‘02~’15, by Seoul City)
In the development of Sangam DMC, Seoul city sold the land for major business
facilities at a low price by utilizing the profits from residential development.

IFEZ – Songdo (’03~’25, by IFEZ*)
• Area: 5,336ha
Source: 안건혁, http://www.songdonsic.com/ibd/business/
IFEZ - Chungra (’03~’20, by LH*)
• Area: 1,781ha
Change of Legal Framework (2003)

Pangyo (’03~’17, by LH)
• Area: 892ha

Namak New Town (’05~’25, Provincial Administrative City. by Mokpo + JDC)
• Area: 1,455ha

Sejong Administrative City (’05~’30, by LH)
• Area: 7,291ha
Source: 안건혁, https://naacc.go.kr/WEB/contents/N1010500000.do
Sejong Administrative City (’05~’30, by LH)

Innovation* City

Private new town: Private Residential Complex

- Eco Metro(’06~’10, by Hanhwa), Uni City

Enterprise City
– Taean(‘’07~’25), Wonju(‘08~’19), Chungju(‘05~’12), Muju, Muan, Yeongam(‘06~’25)
• Area: 528ha

Magok Industrial Complex (‘07~Present, by Seoul City)
Source: 안건혁
Magok Industrial Complex (‘07~Present, by Seoul City)

Songsan Green City (‘07~’30, by K-water*)
• Area: 5,564ha
Source: 안건혁, https://www.kwater.or.kr/website/songsan/sub01_05.do

Dongtan 2 (‘08~’21, by LH) – Site Design Competition
• Area: 2,404ha
Source: 네이버, LH, https://www.xn--3-3u6ey6lv7rsa.kr/kor/CMS/Contents/Contents.do?mCode=MN181

Dongtan 2 (‘08~’21, by LH) – Site Design Competition
Source: LH, https://www.xn--3-3u6ey6lv7rsa.kr/kor/CMS/Contents/Contents.do?mCode=MN181

Wirye (‘08~’20, by LH)
• Area: 678ha
Source: LH, https://www.xn--3-3u6ey6lv7rsa.kr/kor/CMS/Contents/Contents.do?mCode=MN181

Namyangju Wangsuk 1
• Area: 865ha
Source: 윤정중, https://www.xn--3-3u6ey6lv7rsa.kr/kor/CMS/Contents/Contents.do?mCode=MN181

자료 : 윤정중(2020), 3기 신도시 개발전략 및 계획기준 수립 연구, LHI
Namyangju Wangsuk 2
• Area: 239ha
Source: 윤정중, https://www.xn--3-3u6ey6lv7rsa.kr/kor/CMS/Contents/Contents.do?mCode=MN181


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History of Cities and Urban Planning

ISUS Program (MUAP, MUD, MIPD)

Prof. Junwon Seo

Research Professor, International School of Urban Sciences, University of Seoul

Importance of Water Supply

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 1

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 3

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 4

• Until 1960s, Seoul use 1959 Gyeongseong Urban Plan

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 5

• 2011 Seoul Urban Master Plan (Considering Industrial Area)

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 6

Listen to the citizens’ voices: Competitiveness & Quality of Life

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 7

Considering Pedestrian Catchment Area

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 8

Securing Green/Development Area: Finding underutilized area

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 9

Increasing Urban Density in Cores

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 10

Change of Zoning System & Urban Landscape Guideline

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 11

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 12

Resolving the demand for housing Resolving the demand for

Providing open spaces

• Seoul city government had to find new open space area.

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 13

To widen roads, Seoul City was demolishing unauthorized buildings

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 14

Seoul City was covering streams and

The Cheonggyecheon Overpass was influenced by the Japanese expressway.

There was a shantytown in Cheonggyecheon.

The shanty town of Cheonggyecheon is demolished and

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 15

Seoul City built an urban highway on the river bank.

Gangbyeonbukro (riverside north road), 1969~1997

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 16

Seoul City built an urban highway on the stream bank

Western arterial road (1988)

Olympic boulevard (1986) Eastern arterial road (1988~99)

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 17

• In the middle of Myeong-dong, there was a rectangular, tree-lined park.

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 18

Finally, some of urban streams can be restored; Cheonggyecheon Restoration

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 19

Parks on the Han river with low accessibility

• In 1960s, there was a sandy beach in Han river.

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 20

Han River Renaissance Project

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 21

Creating a civic space; Yeouido Park

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 22

Creating a civic space; Seoul Square

• Seoul Square was originally a road and an intersection.

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 23

Creating a civic space; Gwanghwamun Square

• Historically, Gwanghwamun-ro was main axis road of Chosun Dynasty.

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 24

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 25

Pre-industrial Cities Cities in the Industrial

Free people with ‘various’ power (Bourgeois) -

Urban density was high, however, open space

There were very high-density building

Copyright 2024 Junwon Seo. All rights reserved. 26