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The Intersection of Environmental

Justice, Climate Change, Community,


and the Ecology of Life Ande A.
Nesmith
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Ande A. Nesmith · Cathryne L. Schmitz
Yolanda Machado-Escudero
Shanondora Billiot · Rachel A. Forbes
Meredith C. F. Powers · Nikita Buckhoy
Lucy A. Lawrence

The Intersection
of Environmental
Justice, Climate
Change,
Community, and
the Ecology of Life
The Intersection of Environmental Justice, Climate
Change, Community, and the Ecology of Life
Ande A. Nesmith • Cathryne L. Schmitz
Yolanda Machado-Escudero
Shanondora Billiot • Rachel A. Forbes
Meredith C. F. Powers • Nikita Buckhoy
Lucy A. Lawrence

The Intersection
of Environmental Justice,
Climate Change,
Community, and the Ecology
of Life

With Contributions by Lacey Sloan

Foreword by Ike Mana


Ande A. Nesmith Cathryne L. Schmitz
School of Social Work Department of Social Work
Morrison Family College of Health University of North Carolina Greensboro
University of St. Thomas Greensboro, NC, USA
Saint Paul, MN, USA
Shanondora Billiot
Yolanda Machado-Escudero School of Social Work
Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Arizona State University
and Social Work Phoenix, AZ, USA
University of North Florida
Jacksonville, FL, USA Meredith C. F. Powers
Department of Social Work
Rachel A. Forbes University of North Carolina Greensboro
Graduate School of Social Work Greensboro, NC, USA
University of Denver
Glenwood Springs, CO, USA Lucy A. Lawrence
Department of Social Work
Nikita Buckhoy Warren Wilson College
School of Social Work Asheville, NC, USA
Wayne State University
Detroit, MI, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-55950-2    ISBN 978-3-030-55951-9 (eBook)


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55951-9

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
We dedicate this book to our families, our
communities, and all life on this planet, both
current and those to come in future
generations. While we take seriously the
gravity of the climate crisis, we hold on to
hope that through individual and collective
action we can address the global
environmental crisis; heal the natural world;
redress environmental, economic, and social
injustices; and find ways to create a sense of
hope and action moving forward.
Foreword

Ande A. Nesmith, Cathryne L. Schmitz, Yolanda Machado-Escudero, Shanondora


Billiot, Rachel A. Forbes, Meredith C. F. Powers, Nikita Buckhoy, Lucy A. Lawrence,
and Lacey Sloan — we speak your names with deepest of gratitude for your mas-
terful creation of this work The Intersection of Environmental Justice, Climate
Change, Community, and the Ecology of Life. It takes courage to live honestly, to
speak your truth, to point out the truth, and to take on the responsibility as human
beings to nurture and protect our home, Earth, and all of its habitants. This work
queries the questions: What happens at the intersection of justice, change, and ecol-
ogy? How do they co-exist for the benefit of human beings and the environment?
In response to the invitation to introduce this most critical work during a time of
crises, most notably the Coronavirus pandemic, as culturally diverse women of a
writing circle called ‘Ike Mana named by Ms. Kuʻuipo Kumukahi of Hawai‘i, we
enter from a place of hope and anticipation for greater opportunities in the horizon
as a result of this life changing work. We speak from the ‘āina (land) of Kanaka
Maoli, whose ancestors we honor as both natives and visitors to this land. We
embrace a collective kuleana (responsibility) for protecting the environment as a
lifeline for indigenous communities and revitalizing culture and the environment in
which culture exists with a renewed commitment to justice for all life forces. In
alignment with the focus and spirit of this work on environmental justice and the
reciprocal responsibility between living organisms and the environment, we
acknowledge and simultaneously condemn the devastating impacts of colonization,
oppression, and trauma on indigenous land and people in nations across the globe.
The consequences of the destruction of sovereignty, the right to self-governance, is
a form of injustice that can live on for generations as part of the psyche and com-
munity identity. We align with the commitment of these authors as allies, and this
work towards justice for the environment and the sacredness of life itself.
As reflected in this work, the beauty of life is that healing can occur among all
life forces, even in the midst of crises. Evidence of such healing occurred in Hawai‘i
during the COVID-19 crisis in which restoration and renewal occurred in the ‘āina
(land), wai (water), and ‘ai (food). A healthier physical surrounding was apparent in
the color of the ocean, the smell of plants and trees, and the warmth of families sup-

vii
viii Foreword

porting keiki (children) and kūpuna (elders) spiritually, mentally, and emotionally.
Despite human genius and innovation, pre-COVID-19 unhealthy environmental
conditions occurred at the intersection of human carelessness, recklessness, and
disrespect for land, water, air, and all of nature’s creations. However, COVID-19
brings a renewed commitment to cultivating a healthier Earth for present and future
generations. As the renowned Hanauma Bay located on the island of O’ahu, Hawai‘i
was closed to human contact, all of its inhabitants were visibly restored and renewed.
This crisis gave us pause and an opportunity for our communities to reset environ-
mental protection. It gave Earth the needed time for healing and restoring with
human beings absent from nature for a period of time. The crisis also gave us time
to quarantine toxic worldviews and behaviors, marginalizing and containing them
in order to avoid infecting others with such toxicity. As stewards of our environ-
ment, we must pledge to not return to our old ways, not to forget the lessons learned,
and use this opportunity to move forward in healthier and just ways. As emphasized
by the authors of this work, we live in a hyphenated world of justice and injustice,
equity and inequity, thus we must navigate that hyphen carefully for the benefit of
generations to come.
This masterful work underscores our collective responsibility for the Earth and
all of its inhabitants. First, Chap. 1 offers an overview of climate change, ecology,
and justice as a call to action. The current human-initiated global environmental
crisis has resulted in devastating conditions in land, air, and water, particularly in
vulnerable communities. Interdisciplinary responses are urgently needed with lead-
ership from communities across cultural spectrums. It is our collective kuleana to
leverage existing climate science to enact policies that protect our planet and all life
forces. Chapter 2 discusses water, air, and land as the foundation of life underscor-
ing the delicate balance of life and life supporting elements as essential to the health
and well-being of our planet and ecosystems. Healthy land, air, and water are criti-
cal to sustain life and eliminate threats such as degrading freshwater, pollution of
ocean and air, destruction of natural resources, and detrimental human behavior.
Also emphasized is the interdependency of the physical, social, cultural, and eco-
nomic well-being of humans and a healthy planet.
Chapter 3 speaks of the importance of celebrating and preserving the ecology of
life as a way of honoring and preserving our planet for generations to come. The
health of the Earth and ecology, as well as the health of human beings, are intercon-
nected and can be threatened by power, privilege, and control. There is a need to
find balance and restore the Earth with an eco-centric worldview that promotes
ecological justice and celebrate and protect the ecology of all life. Efforts must be
on both local and global levels. Chapter 4 denounces environmental injustice and
encourages transformative change. Such environmental injustice occurs at the inter-
section of deeply rooted systemic and structural oppression linked to racial, gender,
and socioeconomic forces that have negatively impacted communities.
Chapter 5 focuses on threats to human health and well-being during global envi-
ronmental crises such as climate change, ecological loss, and human-induced disas-
ters. Nonetheless, the resilience and strengths of the human spirit can mitigate
injustice and vulnerability of people and their environments. Likewise, Chap. 6
Foreword ix

advocates for decision-making power and politics as methods for rebuilding and
sustaining communities and their environments. Whereas, Chap. 7 examines path-
ways to transform community and environment through a holistic and cross-­
disciplinary approach which embraces systems-level changes that confront the
consequences of race, class, and gender injustice. Finally, Chap. 8 is a call to action
to decolonize nature and promote health. The complexity of environmental justice
was underscored by the impacts of COVID-19, which was felt worldwide. The pan-
demic accentuated the relationship between human health and environmental health,
and facilitated healing and decolonizing people to rethink the future.
We come in full circle with our ancestral obligation to the ‘āina and all of its
inhabitants and the responsibility of social work as a profession to stand up and
speak up for environmental justice. Social work is positioned to lead interdisciplin-
ary teams, collaborations, and partnerships with communities to address complex
issues such as environmental justice. Social work values and ethics serve as anchors
for advocating change and rethinking today’s global crises. This is a call to action
for social work and its allies to strengthen the resolve to build relationships of trust
among communities, develop leaders that reflect society’s rich tapestry, and inte-
grate the environment and ecology into national and international conversations to
promote justice for all.

By ‘Ike Mana1:
Halaevalu Vakalahi, Adrienne Dillard, Momilani Marshall, Tammy Martin,
Sophia Kim, Poki’i Balaz, and Puni Kekauoha

1
‘Ike Mana is a writing hui, named by Ku’uipo Kumukahi, sweetheart of Hawaiian music, that was
established as part of an initiative to empower and cultivate writing among women in Hawai’i.
Formidable women ever connected by the ‘ike (knowledge) attained, resulting in the mana (power)
sustained, propelled by love for people, and shared for the advancement of the lāhui.
Preface

Humans are storytelling animals. This ability is part of what makes us a unique spe-
cies. Gottschall (2013) suggests that our species in fact is addicted to story, noting
that even during sleep, our minds continue to tell stories. We are all part of an ongo-
ing story, tightly interwoven with the ever evolving chronicle of plants, animals, and
Planet Earth. It is a narrative full of comedy, tragedy, birth, death, and rebirth. The
writing of this book began as a way to present our fears and passions on ecological
and environmental justice issues that engaged us empathetically, intellectually, and
professionally. The process of writing this book has changed us in ways we did not
foresee. As we began our journey, the urgency became even clearer. And, because of
the complexity, we began to understand the difficulty of sharing ecological and
environmental concepts and issues in ways that bring us together to be part of the
process of creating the pressing and necessary changes. We hope that together we
can be part of finding ways to move forward personally and communally to address
these dire issues.
Within the chapters, we present a variety of narratives as we explore complex
and challenging topics. We worked to create a relatable, interesting, and understand-
able approach to exploring the richness of the ecology and the complexity of envi-
ronmental injustice. We invite you to unpack and process the information through
reflection questions designed to engage personal and collective growth; we offer
activities and additional resources to support continued learning.
We approach environmental injustice and the climate crisis from a position that
is ecologically centered rather than human-centered. Throughout this book, respect
is paid to all forms of life inclusive of – and beyond – humans. The reason for this
is twofold. First, we acknowledge the interdependence of all life within our bio-
sphere. To some extent, it is our effort to distinguish ourselves from our environ-
ment and our devaluing of other life forms that led us into this existential crisis.
Second, we believe that all life has value and deserves a healthy planet, free from
exploitation, to live on regardless of species.
The authors of this book bring a wealth of experiences, identities, and world-
views. We are all justice workers, many working across disciplines in the commu-
nity and on university campuses. We bring a values-based, social justice–centered

xi
xii Preface

focus which we all represent. Some of us started our careers with a focus on the
ecology and environmental justice. Others of us started our work in critical analysis
and the struggle for equity and justice. All of us have been forever changed in rec-
ognizing, along with much of the world, that the impact of climate change has
occurred and continues to occur.
The injustices and the devastation created by the human-caused ecological
destruction, environmental injustice, and the climate crisis demand a response from
all of us as humans on the planet. Therefore, you find that our tone and approach is
very much influenced by and embedded in justice. The stories we offer in the
Appendices come from our personal and professional experiences, conveying ideas
for active roles in the change process at the local level, while always recognizing the
global context. We also present stories we have heard or encountered when working
with service users and communities that face an array of ecological and environ-
mental injustices.
We recognize that the current climate crisis and the related injustices are severe,
infuriating, and heartbreaking. At the writing of this book, a coronavirus pandemic
and a focus on gross racial and gendered inequality are sweeping the world, the
damage and disparities of which have not yet been fully calculated. Yet, we have to
be informed and face these realities if we hope to spark change. But rest assured, we
do not stop there. We try to wrap up with hope and strategies for action. As such, we
present models and strategies for action with the potential for success and explore
solutions for positive transformation. The concerns are often so big and complex
that they are sometimes referred to as wicked problems, which are complex prob-
lems we cannot easily solve. Yet they are so important that we must all do our part
individually as we come together to create and engage in change. We cannot remain
in denial or paralyzed by grief and overwhelm. Though these are valid emotions, we
must continue to heal as we act to resolve the things that are causing us stress and
grief in the first place.
Throughout each chapter we direct the reader towards reflections and actions that
focus on their own personal experiences and expertise, other stories they have heard,
and ways they may move forward with the information they learn about in this
book. Finally, situated within this position of hope, we invite readers to join us as
we collectively continue creating the story of a future of possibilities, together.

Our Story

We, the authors of this book, each had our own path for coming together. Some of
us have studied and researched this topic for a decade or more. Others are newer to
it. Some of us were heavily engaged in sustainability or living lightly on the Earth
long before we became involved in research and writing on the topic. For others it
was the other way around. Several of us have served on the Committee on
Environmental Justice of our professional organization, the Council on Social Work
Preface xiii

Education, working to infuse our educational standards with the language of envi-
ronmental justice – while others have worked from the outside in.
We have a history of addressing ecological concerns (e.g., researching toxic
environments in urban spaces, enhancing green spaces for health and mental health,
advocating for environmental justice) and a focus on issues of justice. The climate
crisis demands an engaged response from us, as humans and as global citizens.
These are personal, interpersonal, community, structural, and professional con-
cerns. We must be part of the solutions, lending our expertise to interdisciplinary
teams for action. This is not simply for those in social work and other social service
professionals who are passionate about the environment, rather it is for every person
interested in justice at any level of service, research, or education, with any popula-
tion. The climate crisis and mass ecological destruction affects us all. With this
book, we aim to move the conversation forward and contribute to the ongoing story
of our work with the intersecting issues that come together under the umbrella of the
global environmental crisis – ecological justice, climate change, environmental jus-
tice, and sustainability.

Your Story

Before launching into this book, we invite you to consider your own story. We pres-
ent you with many questions here. Write down your answers and then revisit them
after you complete the book. Ask yourself in what respect your answers have
changed and where you may seek to grow and act in the future. First, pause to
answer these broad questions:
• How did you come to read this book? What do environment and ecology mean to
you? How concerned are you about the environment?
• If you had to tell someone the story of your life, where would you begin? What
would you highlight?
• What stories do you have about your special connections to place?
• What are your connections to the ecological environment that are not immedi-
ately surrounding you?
The path to awareness is personal and contextual, we hope you are open to
reflecting on what we share, as well as your own experiences and context. We invite
you to take a different turn on an old saying, don’t just do something, sit there. Sit
there mindfully, that is. Think of your own stories as you engage with the materials
presented in the book. Identify your connections with the environment (natural and
built) surrounding you.
How do you begin? Start with right now. Consider your surroundings as you read
this page and briefly answer these specific questions:
If you are outside:
xiv Preface

• Is it sunny or cloudy?
• Are you alone or around others?
• Are there any plants, animals, or birds around? Describe them.
• Describe the air. How comfortable is the temperature? Is there wind? Is it raining
or snowing? Is it smoggy or clear?
If you are inside:
• Describe the lighting. Is there natural light? Is it bright? Dim?
• Is the space you are in comfortable, inviting, loud, congested?
Regardless of where you are:
• Do you want to be in this space or do you wish you were elsewhere?
• Where else would you like to be?
• And if you could be anywhere in the world out in nature, where would you be?
Why?
The here-and-now is as much a part of your story as where you came from.
Importantly, your story is a collective one, in which you are an integral and
unique part.
We also invite you to not just sit there, do something. We encourage you to join
a network, in-person group, social media, some place where you can engage in dia-
logue – or even just silently observe. Reflect on topics of climate, nature, and eco-
logical justice or any narrower related topic. What are you hearing? What are you
learning? What do you already do to either limit your personal impact on the planet
or the address the impacts of humanity? If your answer is either “nothing” or “I’m
not sure, I have not really thought about this,” no worries! This is a starting place.
Think about, as you read this book, where you fit and what you can do.

Our Dream of the Future

Finally, let’s think about the future. Now more than ever before, humans must con-
sider the reality of a radically different future and a planet altered from the one we
grew up on. Yes, we are even talking about our youthful readers. You too will live on
a different planet in your adulthood than you are currently experiencing because, as
the saying goes, the train has already left the station. Climate change is moving that
fast and interacting with the human-initiated ecological degradation. It is not about
our future children or grandchildren or the generations to come. We are living in it
and with it already, right here and right now. The ecological balance is at a critical
tipping point and picking up steam. All life, including we humans, are strapped into
our seats, on a journey whether we like it or not.
We invite you to be both realistic and a dreamer. Start with your dreams. What is
important to you? What do you love that you want to protect? It can be a place or a
person; it could also be a memory. Shall we dare to dream of a future that will be
Preface xv

full of snowy winters and sledding, barefoot summers on beaches? Of dense forests
and clear air? Birds and wildlife? And then the realistic part. As you read this book,
determine realistically where you can start as you join with others in making our
dream a reality.

Reference

Gottschall, J. (2013). The storytelling animal: How stories make us human.


New York: Mariner Books.

Saint Paul, MN, USA  Ande A. Nesmith


Greensboro, NC, USA  Cathryne L. Schmitz
Jacksonville, FL, USA  Yolanda Machado-Escudero
Phoenix, AZ, USA  Shanondora Billiot
Glenwood Springs, CO, USA  Rachel A. Forbes
Greensboro, NC, USA  Meredith C. F. Powers
Detroit, MI, USA  Nikita Buckhoy
Asheville, NC, USA  Lucy A. Lawrence
Contents

1 Climate Change, Ecology, and Justice ��������������������������������������������������    1


Climate Change and the Importance of 1.5 °C����������������������������������������     3
The Anthropocene Age����������������������������������������������������������������������������     4
What Are We Doing About Climate Change? The Paris Agreement������     4
Not Only About Climate Change������������������������������������������������������������     5
Mobilize Change: A Call to Action����������������������������������������������������������     7
This Is No Time to Give Up: Action Can Yield Real Change��������������     7
Wicked Problems ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������     8
Complexity and Interdisciplinary Responses��������������������������������������     9
Book Outline and Rationale��������������������������������������������������������������������     9
Discussion Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������    10
Activity������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    10
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    11
2 Water, Air, and Land: The Foundation of Life, Food, and Society�����   13
Land, Air, and Water: The Foundation of Life����������������������������������������    13
Water��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    14
Fresh Water������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    14
Oceans��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    16
Land ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    17
Natural resource extraction������������������������������������������������������������������    18
Deforestation and wildfires������������������������������������������������������������������    18
Fracking ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    19
Air������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    20
Food: The Intersection of Land, Air, and Water��������������������������������������    20
Food Justice ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    21
Eating for a Cooler Planet��������������������������������������������������������������������    21
The Clean Energy Movement: A Just Transition Toward Wind
and Solar Energy��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    22
Discussion Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������    22
Activity������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    23
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    23
xvii
xviii Contents

3 Celebrating and Preserving the Ecology of Life ����������������������������������   27


Loss and Preservation������������������������������������������������������������������������������    29
Shifting Worldview����������������������������������������������������������������������������������    31
The Human-Centric Model������������������������������������������������������������������    31
The Eco-centric Model������������������������������������������������������������������������    31
Building a Future ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    32
Examples Around the World����������������������������������������������������������������    33
Lessons and Possibilities���������������������������������������������������������������������    34
Discussion Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������    35
Activities����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    36
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    36
4 Environmental Injustice: Transformative Change Toward Justice����   39
Intersectionality and Environmental Injustice ����������������������������������������    39
Environmental Injustice Intersected by Colonialism ��������������������������    41
Environmental Racism������������������������������������������������������������������������    43
Environmental Impact Studies and Community Voice������������������������    44
Community Vulnerability and Environmental Conflict ����������������������    46
Climate Change and Migration: Heightened Vulnerability ��������������������    49
Environmental Justice������������������������������������������������������������������������������    50
Discussion Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������    52
Activity������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    52
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    53
5 Human Health and Well-Being in Times of Global
Environmental Crisis ������������������������������������������������������������������������������   57
The Global Environmental Changes and Human Health������������������������    58
Heatwaves��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    58
Access to Clean Water ������������������������������������������������������������������������    59
Food Systems ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    59
Air Quality ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    60
Chronic and Infectious Diseases����������������������������������������������������������    61
Mental Health and Well-Being����������������������������������������������������������������    62
Adaptation and Mitigation ����������������������������������������������������������������������    63
Discussion Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������    64
Activity������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    64
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    64
6 Power and Politics: Decision-Making, Protection, Rebuilding,
and Justice������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   67
Policy in the Context of the Environment������������������������������������������������    67
Global Policy ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    68
National-Level Policies������������������������������������������������������������������������    69
US Federal Policy Organizations That Address
Environmental Justice��������������������������������������������������������������������������    70
State Laws��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    72
Tribal Policies��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    72
Contents xix

Dakota Access Pipeline and the Standing Rock Sioux����������������������������    73


Local Policy ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    74
Policy Participation������������������������������������������������������������������������������    74
Voter Engagement��������������������������������������������������������������������������������    75
Advocacy and Lobbying����������������������������������������������������������������������    76
Policy Development and Analysis ������������������������������������������������������    76
Discussion Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������    78
Activity������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    78
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    78
7 Pathways to Change: Community and Environmental
Transformation����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   83
Complexity at the Juncture of Climate Change, an Endangered
Ecology, and Injustice������������������������������������������������������������������������������    85
Intersecting Issues��������������������������������������������������������������������������������    86
Case Examples ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    87
Pathways to Change ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������    89
Systemic Change����������������������������������������������������������������������������������    89
Rebuilding Community������������������������������������������������������������������������    91
Individual Actions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������    94
Community Change ����������������������������������������������������������������������������    95
Interdisciplinary Responses ����������������������������������������������������������������    95
Social Work������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    96
Education ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    97
Integration of the Environmental and Ecological:
Warren Wilson College����������������������������������������������������������������������������    98
Educational Support����������������������������������������������������������������������������    99
Discussion Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������   100
Activity������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   100
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   101
8 Decolonizing Nature: The Potential of Nature to Heal������������������������ 105
The COVID-19 Pandemic������������������������������������������������������������������������   105
Impact of Colonization on the Environment��������������������������������������������   108
Loss of People and Culture������������������������������������������������������������������   109
Environmental Impact��������������������������������������������������������������������������   110
Decolonization ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   113
Decolonizing Relationships with Ourselves and Others����������������������   114
Decolonizing Relationships with Nature ��������������������������������������������   116
Decolonizing Agriculture and Food����������������������������������������������������   117
Decolonizing Leadership ��������������������������������������������������������������������   118
Decolonizing Economic Systems��������������������������������������������������������   120
Decolonizing Environmental Movements��������������������������������������������   122
Pathways Forward������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   123
Discussion Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������   126
Activity������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   126
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   127
6 1 Climate Change, Ecology, and Justice

Fig. 1.1 Seabirds: northern gannets. (Published with kind permission of © Ande A. Nesmith
2020. All Rights Reserved)

on a global scale. To highlight just one of many possible examples, in September


2019, it was discovered that North America has lost three billion birds since 1970,
largely due to habitat loss (Rosenberg et al., 2019). These are not the already-­
threatened birds. These are everyday common birds like the red-winged black bird,
which have thrived in abundance (Fig. 1.1). This is a loss of 29% of all birds in
North America in less than a half century (48 years). The proverbial canary is silent.
However, we have no option to exit like a coal miner; action is our only hope.
As individuals and professionals, we are now called to action.
A defining characteristic of the Anthropocene age is mass extinction. Earth’s
geologic and ecological history is replete with extinctions. We have had five major
extinctions caused by naturally occurring events in which nearly 75% of all living
species disappeared (Richter, n.d.; Kolbert, 2014). These were caused by events like
an asteroid and volcanic activity. True, extinction is a natural part of our evolution-
ary cycle; in fact, 99% of all species to ever exist are extinct (Greshko et al., 2019).
However, we are in the middle of a sixth extinction that is human-caused through
pollution, habitat loss, overharvesting, and climate change. Extinctions of species
today are occurring at hundreds of times faster than under natural conditions. It is
complicated to measure because we do not actually know precisely how many spe-
cies there are on the planet, though we have currently identified from 1.4 to 1.8
million species. According to the United Nations, currently nearly one million spe-
cies are threatened with extinction (United Nations, 2018). More specifically, the
average number of native species in most major land-based habitats has fallen by at
1 Climate Change, Ecology, and Justice 7

least 20%, mostly since industrialization. And more than 40% of amphibian species,
almost 33% of reef-forming corals, and more than a third of all marine mammals are
threatened (United Nations, 2018).
Much of this speaks to the future. Critically, we are currently already experienc-
ing devastating impacts of climate change. At the writing of this book, the last
5 years were among the hottest ever recorded (Dennis, Freedman, & Muyskens,
2020). Winter Arctic temperatures (critical for sustaining the polar ice sheet) have
already risen 3 °C, and we are quickly facing ice-free seasons in the Arctic with the
end of polar bears and other Arctic wildlife.

Mobilize Change: A Call to Action

This is the moment to move into action. The planet “was brought to the brink of
climate catastrophe within the lifetime of a single generation, the responsibility to
avoid it belongs with a single generation, too” (Wallace-Wells, 2019, p. 6). Denial
of course interferes with our ability to take action. Even when we know cognitively
that climate change is real and urgent, the immensity of it can seem unimaginable
(Norgaard, 2011). As professionals and individual human beings, however, we owe
it to our collective children to do something given that denial is threatening their
future (Mann & Toles, 2018). Ironically, our capacity for creativity and change has
established roadblocks for us. Our rapid technological advances have in fact led us
to this climate crisis.

This Is No Time to Give Up: Action Can Yield Real Change

Despite the bleakness of this message, it is no time to throw in the towel. In fact, we
sit on the brink right now, and while the fate of life on earth is on the line, there is
still time to thwart the worst impacts of climate change (Romm, 2016). At 1.5 °C,
we need to make rapid changes in land use, urban planning, industrial policies,
infrastructure, and energy policy and use (IPCC, 2018). Adaptations, if carefully
implemented, have the potential to benefit sustainable development and poverty
reduction (IPCC, 2018). Change requires a commitment to stop this spiral and be a
part of creating transformative change. In order to accomplish this, we must main-
tain optimism to guide and energize us.
We begin this journey without a map and with limited resources (Orr, 2016); but
we must remember, there are some models for change. McKibben (2019) encour-
ages optimism in the ongoing struggle to disrupt destructive climate change. He
finds hope in the technological developments including solar and wind power, activ-
ism engaging nonviolent action, and the nature of humans as team players who
value community. Human survival is linked to our collective nature over
individualism.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
XII.

Viimein saatiin Tuomiokapituliin tehdystä valituksesta päätös. Mutta


suuri oli sen johdosta valittajain pettymys Kettuniemellä. He
odottivat, että Tuomiokapituli katsoen valittajain suureen
lukumäärään olisi määrännyt uuden kysymyspäivän tai vielä
suoremmin maisteri Krypqvistin heti neljänneksi vaalipapiksi. Mutta
sen siaan oli sen päätöksessä lyhyeen: »Kosk’ei valittajat ole voineet
valituksensa tueksi esittää mitään asiallista syytä, niin ei heidän
valituksensa anna Tuomiokapitulille aihetta mihinkään
toimenpiteesen. Tähän päätökseen tyytymättömillä on tilaisuus
alammaisilla valituksilla j.n.e.»

Tämä oli todella toista, kuin mitä oli toivottu ja hartaasti odotettu.
Näytti kuin koko maailma olisi yhtynyt vastustamaan »sitä hanketta,
jota valittajat olivat Kettuniemen hyväksi hankkineet», ja jonka
tähden niin paljon vaivaa ja puuhaa nähneet. Tämä oli sitä
masentavampaa, kun valittajain joukossa oli pitäjäin parhaita ja
valituskirjan oli kyhännyt oikein lainoppinut. Ja ei sittekään ollut
menestystä!

Tosin oli heillä vielä tilaisuus Tuomiokapitulin päätöksestä valittaa


K. Senaattiin, johonka vaaliasia muutenkin tuli menemään, että
Kettuniemi oli Keisarillinen pitäjä. Mutta sillä toivon varmuudella, jolla
he olivat kääntyneet edelliseen ei he voineet enään kääntyä
jälkimäiseen. Siksi oli heidän toivonsa saanut pahan kolauksen, että
se teki mielet hyvän määrän tasaisemmiksi. Vastaisuus, joka siihen
asti oli näyttänyt lupaavan valoisalta kumminkin niiden mielestä,
jotka luottivat valittajain suureen lukuun ja mahtimiehiin, oli nyt
vetääntynyt pilviin ja niin vastenmielistä, kuin sellainen olikin ajatella,
näytti se ennustavan sadetta.

Mitä ennen vaali- ja valitusinnon touhussa ei myös useimmat


olleet ymmärtäneet tai tahtoneet ottaa huomioon, rupesi vähän
selvenemään heillekin ja tuotti lisää huolta. Ruvettiin salaisesti
pelkäämään sitä, että niin ansiokas kuin maisteri oli Kettuniemellä,
niin saattoi hän yläilmoissa käydä vaan tavallisesta apulaispapista,
jonka ansiot, muutama virkavuosi ehkä punnituksessa huomattaisiin
kovin keveöiksi.

Tämä oli ikävä kohta, jota ei parhaimmallakaan tahdolla voinut


auttaa. Sillä tuskin saattoi odottaa, vaikka olikin »koko seurakunnan
hyvä» kysymyksessä, ettei maisterin pienet ansiot ja se ettei hän
ollut edes vaalissa, saattaisi häntä heikkoon valoon, jollei vallan
näkymättömäksi, kun häntä puolueitten yläpuolella verrattiin
vaalipappeihin, joista vanhemmalla oli lähemmäksi yhtä monta
virkavuotta kuin maisterilla oli ikävuotta ja nuorempi ehkä jo silloin oli
korkeimmalla arvolauseella suorittanut papintutkintonsa, kuin
maisteri alkoi koulunkäyntinsä.

Mutta yhteistä hyvää katsoen valittaa sitä sentään täytyi vaikka


heikommallakin toiveella sen menestymiseksi. Sillä löytyihän
sellaiseen hyvään tarkoitukseen rahaa käytettäväksi. Järvenpään
isäntä oli luvannut sentähden uhrata 1,000 markkaa, Heinäsuon
isäntä puolet siitä ja toiset pienempiä summia. Osoituksena heidän
suuresta uhraavaisuudestaan oli jo tuo suutarin markka, jonka he
toimitetussa keräyksessä olivat toisten mukaan kukkarostaan
kirvoittaneet.

Ettei siis rahaa puuttunut, niin valitusta jatkettiin K. Senaattiin.

Mutta asian paremmaksi menestymiseksi lähti isäntämiehet


Heinäsuo,
Järvenpää ja Seppälä kumarrusmatkalle Helsinkiin. Sillä olihan
Kettuniemellä sellaiseen totuttu.

Ei nimittäin ollut mitään harvinaista pistäytyä sieltä väliin toisesta


väliin toisesta syystä salavihkaa käymään Tuomiokapitulissa tai
muualla asianhaarain mukaan. — Valitusasiassa oli jo sitä keinoa
kaikissa alemmissa asteissa koetettu. Kivimäen vanhat piiat, muita
mainitsematta, olivat sen tähden ajaneet vaalintoimittajan ja läänin
rovastin luona sekä vielä uskollisen palveliansa persoonassa
käyneet Tuomiokapitulissa. Ei siis oltu työtä ja vaivaa säästetty, ei
mitään tunnettua keinoa jätetty käyttämättä, vaikka siihen asti oli
kaikki ollut turhaa.

Helsinki oli ainoa paikka, joka oli vielä käymättä ja sinne oltiin nyt
matkassa sekä valitus- että kumarrustietä koettaen.

Isäntämiesten Heinäsuon ja hänen kumppaninsa saapuessa


Helsinkiin, oli jo myöhäinen ilta. Ensimmäisenä huolena oli heillä
sentähden etsiä itselleen sopiva yömaja, joka jonkun vastuksen
perästä heille onnistui. Mutta aamulla vasta huolet alkoi ja niitä kesti
kaiken päivää. Olipa isäntäin päät vähällä mennä pyörälle, heidän
keskenään tuumiessaan, miten he asiansa parhaiten toimittaisivat.
Sillä ei siinä kyllin, että kuljettava kylä oli peloittavan suuri, vaan
myös käytävät paikat olivat heille outoja. Sentähden luki Seppälä
mielensä rohkaisemiseksi tavalliset aamurukouksensa kahteen
kertaan. Heinäsuo, joka oli enemmän maailmallismielinen, kävi
tillikkamyymälässä hakemassa sydämen vahvistusta ja Järvenpää
osti hattumaakarilta uuden silkkivuorisen hatun.

Näin hengellisesti ja maallisesti valmistettuaan päättivät he asiasta


keskenään tuumittuaan käydä senaattoreja tapaamassa heidän
kotonaan. Tähän neuvoi Seppälä, joka rakasti kahdenkeskisiä
keskusteluja, että niissä sai niin vapaasti puhua kaikesta, mitä sattui
kulloinkin sydämellä lepäämään. Tosin tuotti sellainen käyminen
heille enemmän vaivaa, kävelemistä ja kyselemistä, kun noita
korkeita herroja, joiden kaikkein luona heidän piti käydä
kumartamassa, oli niin monta. Mutta mitä ei sitä tehnyt ja vaivannut
itseänsä yhteisen hyvän tähden? Erittäin kun isännät olivat tunnetut
sellaisesta uhraavaisuudestaan yleisten asiain edistämiseksi!

Mutta kun onni tulee kieroksi, niin se tuleekin. Tämän saivat


isännätkin surukseen havaita. Missä ei ollut heidän etsimänsä
senaattori kotona, missä ei ollut senaattorilla aikaa heidän
vastaanottamiseensa; missä oli senaattorilla jotain muuta estettä.
Turhaan kävivät he, väliin juoksujalassa, keväisen päivän hiki
tukassa Helsingin pitkiä katuja, mielessään ehkä miettien: vaikea on
sentään opin tie. Ainoastaan viimeisessä heidän käymässä paikassa
saivat he asiastaan vähän aikaa puhella erään palvelian kanssa,
joka vähän kaksimielisesti siitä tuumasi, että se voi menestyä ja
jäädä menestymättä, riippuen siitä, kuinka se Senaatissa tutkitaan ja
päätetään.

Sellaisesta puheesta ei ollut suurta lohdutusta, ärähti, heidän pois


käydessään, toisille vähän happaman näköisenä Heinäsuo. Ja
kävellä on saanut itsensä väsyksiin kuin maksun edestä.

Ei ollut, se on totta, myönsi Seppälä, väsyneesti katsellen sopivaa


istuinpaikkaa itselleen. Ja niin monessa paikassa kuin me olemme
käyneet!

Niin, ei ollut, yhtyi siihen myös Järvenpää, kaivaen taskustaan


paperossin esiin, jota hän rupesi masentuneen mielensä
rohkaisemiseksi sytyttämään. Meidän vaivamme on tänään ollut ihan
turhaa.

Toisena päivänä päättivät he, välttääkseen enempää joutumasta


eiliseen opin kouluun, josta he mielestään olivat jo saaneet
tarpeekseen, Järvenpään neuvosta käydä suorastaan Senaatissa.
Täällä kohta eteisessä otti heidät vastaan kiiltonappinen ja kauniin
rihmanen herra, jopa alentui kohteliaasti kysymään heidän nimiänsä
ja asiaansa.

Heinäsuo, jolla oli toisia rohkeampi luonto ja notkeempi kieli,


rupesi kohta laveasti selittämään: he olivat isäntämiehiä kuuluisalta
Kettuniemeltä, jotka olivat tulleet alamaisimmasti pyytämään, että he
saisivat maisteri Krypqvistin, joka jo muutaman vuoden oli ollut heillä
pappina, kirkkoherrakseen, sillä se oli heidän seurakuntansa
yhteinen mieli.

Vähän hymyillen vastasi kiiltonappinen herra, että kaikki asiat,


jossa käännytään Senaattiin, ovat aina esitettävät kirjallisesti.

Niin oikein, armollinen herra, sanoi siihen nöyrästi kumartaen


Seppälä. Kettuniemeltä on kyllä kirjallisesti asiassa valitettu
Senaattiin, mutta me isäntämiehet olemme tulleet, että niinkuin — —
—.
Hyvä hyvä, keskeytti siinä kiiltonappinen herra, jonka mielestä
isäntäin suuri puheliaisuus alkoi käydä rasittavaksi, voitte siis toivoa
siksi, kuin päätös teidän valittamassa, asiassa annetaan Senaatista.

Kiittäen nöyrimmästi saadusta lohdullisesta tiedosta, poistuivat


isännät hyvillä mielin isosta talosta, käydäkseen vielä eräässä
huomattavassa paikassa asiatansa ajamassa ja sitten lähteäkseen
tietoineen paluumatkalle.
XIII.

Hyviä tietoja oli isännät Heinäsuo ja hänen kumppaninsa Helsingistä


tuoneet Kettuniemelle. Tämä herätti toisissa valittajissa uutta toivoa
ja elähytti heidän sattuneesta vastoinkäymisestä lamaantunutta
mieltään. Erittäin oli se rohkaisevaa ja ikäänkuin parantavaa
palssamia haavoitetulle sydämelle, mitä Heinäsuo tiesi kertoa. Sillä
vastakohtana toisille, jotka olivat enemmän vakavia ja hidaspuheisia,
oli Heinäsuo vilkasluontoinen ja puhelias, ja ymmärsi sen lisäksi
koskea juuri sellaisia asioita, jotka hän tiesi kuulijoitaan miellyttävän.

Niinpä hän esimerkiksi heidän matkaltaan junalla muisti yhtä ja


toista huvittavaa, joka sai kuulijat hyvälle tuulelle. Kulku oli ollut
halpaa ja nopeaa. Tuskin kerkesi junaan päästyään siunaamaan
itseään, kun mennä huristettiin sitä kyytiä, että oikein sydäntä
kouristi. Se oli toista, kuin ajaa hölkytellä hevosella puolenpäivää
naapurikaupungin väliä ja tuntea siitä vielä toisena päivänä
väsymystä. — Kun he tulivat Helsinkiin, selitti hän, ei heidän
tarvinnut muuta kuin sanoa, että olivat isäntämiehiä Kettuniemeltä,
kyllä otettiin vastaan kuin herroja ja hyvät yömajat varattiin. Sillä
heidän seurakunta onkin hyvässä maineessa joka paikassa, ja
tunnettu ympäri Suomea. — Ja millainen suuri ja komea kaupunki
Helsinki oli, siitä voi hän puhella vaikka päivän umpeensa halullisille
kuulijoille, joita ei häneltä koskaan puuttunut, hänen
kumarrusmatkastansa kertoessaan.

Sen siaan meni hän aina siitä kertoessaan sievästi ohitse, mitä he
olivat saaneet turhaan juosta, hikoilla ja vaivaa nähdä Helsingissä,
heidän etseissään senaattoreja heidän kotoaan. Mitäpä sellaisesta
olisikaan ollut muille huviksi puhuttavaa, joka omaa mieltäkin tahtoi
vähän karmia, kun sitä muisteli!

Mutta kertoa heidän käynnistään Senaatissa, jossa kiiltonappinen


herra oli heidät niin kohteliaasti vastaan ottanut ja heidän asiastaan
keskustellut, se oli Heinäsuon mieliaine, johon ei hän koskaan
väsynyt. — Hän ei voinut kyllin kiittää pääsenaattoria, jonka kanssa,
vakuutti hän, he olivat saaneet puhella vaali-asioista lähes tunnin
aikaa. Kovin hyvä oli hän ollut puhutella ja oikein kättä heille
paiskannut, kun hän keskustelun lopuksi kehoitti heitä olemaan
hyvässä toivossa, sillä heidän asiansa tulee päättymään
seurakunnan hyväksi.

Ikäänkuin vähän salaisesti tiesi Heinäsuo myös kertoa heidän


käynnistään eräässä toisessakin paikassa, josta, vaikka kieli oli siellä
tahtonut tehdä heille haittaa, he olivat asiaansa nähden saaneet
hyviä lupauksia. Ja aina kertomuksensa lopuksi lisäsi hän: »nyt minä
tiedän, kuinka sitä on tehtävä, jos niin sattuisi, että tästä vielä
jouduttaisiin semmoisissa asioissa Helsinkiin matkustamaan».

Valitusasia oli siis saatu hyvälle kannalle. Toivo lopullisesta


voitosta näytti varmalta ja yhtä lepäävältä, kuin hyvin orastunut
toukopelto. Ja siitä tuli tietysti enin kiittää isäntämiehiä Heinäsuota ja
hänen matka-tovereitaan eli oikeimmin heidän Helsinkiin tekemää
kumarrusmatkaansa. Sillä sen johdosta vasta asiat olivat kääntyneet
oikealle uralle.
Ei ollut ihme sentähden, jos suurin osa arvostelu-kykyä puuttuvista
valittajista oli hyvillä mielin ja odotti toivolla ratkaisevaa päätöstä,
kuin pimeässä vaeltaja kuun nousua.

Sitä suuremman hämmästyksen herätti sitten, kun ihan


odottamatta saatiin sanomalehdistä lukea, että K. Senaatti oli
nimittänyt Pohjakylän kappalaisen H. Pitkäsen Kettuniemen
kirkkoherraksi. Tuskin salama kirkkaalta päivältä olisi enemmän
järkähyttävästi vaikuttanut mieliin, kuin tämä uutinen. Sillä pitihän
sen olla maisteri Krypqvist eikä hän, jota nimitettäväksi odotettiin.

Tosin oli Pitkänen vaalissa saanut enimmät äänet, jotta häntä


siihen nähden saattoi toivoa kirkkoherraksi. Mutta maisterin puolella
oli paitsi valittajain suurta joukkoa Helsinkiin tehty kumarrusmatka,
jonka piti kaikki hyväksi saattaman. Ja kuitenkin oli asiat menneet
toisin. — Muuten arveltiin järkevämpäinkin keskuudessa yleensä,
että Pitkäsen nimitys tulisi viipymään vähintäin syksynpuoleen. Mutta
nyt olikin se tapahtunut niin pikaisesti, että hän saattoi tavalliseen
muuttoaikaan astua uuteen virkaansa.

Eikä siinä kyllin. Sanottua tietoa seurasi toinen yhtä odottamaton.


Ilmoitettiin nimittäin, että Tuomiokapituli oli määrännyt maisteri
Krypqvistin Pohjakylän v.t. kappalaiseksi ja että hänen oli kohta
siihen toimeen ryhtyminen. Ei maisteri ennättänyt edes
lähtösaarnaansa pitämään, kun niin odottamatta ja pikaisesti hänen
täytyi matkustaa uuteen virkapaikkaansa.

Näin päättyi Kettuniemen vaali.


Tuo juonistansa kuulu juttu,
Jok’ intomiehet yhteen haali,
Kuin eellisestä ompi tuttu.
Turhaksi kävi työ ja vaiva,
Pomojen viisaus myös suuri;
Se monen sydäntä nyt kaivaa.
Kuin moisesta on tapa juuri.

Mutt’ opiksi voi olla vasta,


Kun tulee vaaliaika toinen,
Ett’ työtä seuraa juonikasta
Lopuksi heelmä karvaalloinen.
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