Simple revision guide:

Waves:

Swash – Waves moving up the beach

Backwash – Waves go back down the beach into the sea

Constructive waves – Builds up the beach through deposition

Destructive waves – Removes sand from the beach through erosion,

Erosion processes:

Hydraulic action – The force of the water hitting the cliff

Abrasion – Rocks scrap and rub against cliff

Solution – Rocks are dissolved in the water

Attrition – Rocks hit other rocks

Erosional landforms:

Formation of a stump –

At first there is crack, this get larger due to hydraulic

action and forms a cave. The cave becomes larger due
to abrasion and forms an arch. Over time, the arch
becomes wider until it can no be supported and
collapses into the sea. This leaves behind a stump.

Headlands and bays –

Coastline that is made up of varying geology (hard and

soft rock. Soft rock is eroded faster to form a bay and
hard rock is left behind forming a headland.

Longshore drift:

Sediment is moved along the coastline through

longshore drift. The prevailing winds pushes the waves
at an angle to the beach. Swash deposits material and
backwash takes some back at the 90-degree angle. This
continues down the beach.
 Simple revision guide:

Depositional landforms:

Beaches – constructive waves depositing materials

Spits – longshore drift continues to move sediment down the

beach. When the coastline curves the spit behind to form as
sediment continues to be deposited.

Bar – spit that connects two headlands

Tombolo – Spit that connects an island to the mainland

Coastal engineering:

Hard engineering – is a technique involving the construction of significant man-made structures to

manage the coastline.

Sea wall, groynes, rock armour/rip rap

Soft engineering – is a technique involving the construction of more environmentally friendly, less
damaging and arguably more sustainable management solutions.

Beach nourishment, managed retreat