Y8 GEOGRAPHY TEST REVISION AID

Key Words Constructive Waves

Erosion: The wearing away of land  Not As Powerful
Deposition: The dropping of sediments  Low Wave height
Destructive Waves: These destroy  Created In Calm Conditions
beaches by taking away the sediments  Deposits materials and builds up on the beach
Constructive Waves: These build
beaches by depositing sediments.
Swash: Waves rolling up on the beach
BackWash: Waves rolling back onto the Destructive Waves
beach.  More Powerful
Concordant: A coast with one rock type  Erodes and Takes Material Away From The Beach
Discordant: A coast with many rock  Created In Storm Conditions
types.  High Wave Height
Spit: Created by deposition where
sediments build up land.
Stack: When the arch of a headland
collapses

Types of Erosion Types Of Weathering

Hydraulic Action Freeze-Thaw Weathering
Attrition Onion Skin Weathering
Solution Biological Weather
Abrasion Chemical Weathering

Longshore Drift Erosion

The movement of material along a
coast by waves which approach at Ice, Sea, Wind
an angle to the shore but recede
directly away from it.
 Y8 GEOGRAPHY TEST REVISION AID
What is a Spit?
Spits are formed by Longshore drift
when constructive waves moves
materials along the beach and when the
beach land ends deposition occurs
where the sediments and materials
drop and constructive waves come in
and after a long time of this process the
material will be on top of each other
very high to create land next to the
beach.
Onion Skin Weathering
Onion skin weathering is a geological
process that occurs when a rock's
outer layer peels off due to extreme
variations in temperatures.
Biological Weathering
Biological weathering occurs when
plants break up rocks with roots or root
exudates. The process is slow but may
strongly influence landscape formation.
Solution: Acids in the water dissolving the rock
Hydraulic Action: The sheer of the force waves hitting the cliff
Attrition: Rock on the beach rubbing together as the waves move
them
Abrasion: Sand and rock being thrown off the cliff.
The Bahamas want to protect its coast because the Bahamas are
more than 200 islands and a normal island has coast-around it so
if they don’t protect the coasts, they will lose their lands. The
problems of coastal erosion are the destruction of animal habitat
the economic losses of many companies and the lots of tourism.
Headland Formation
Weathering and erosion can create
caves, stacks and stamps along a
headland. First of all, a large crack is
opened by hydraulic action and
abrasion. Then the cave becomes larger
and the cave break through the
headland forming a natural arch. Then
the arch is eroded and collapse this
leaves a tall rock called Stack. Finally,
the stack is eroded forming a stamp
Freeze-Thaw Weathering
Freeze-thaw weathering occurs when rocks
are porous (contain holes) or permeable
(allow water to pass through). Water enters
cracks in the rock. When temperatures
drop, the water freezes and expands
causing the crack to widen. The ice melts
and water makes its way deeper into the
cracks.
Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering involves the interaction of
rock with mineral solutions (chemicals) to
change the composition of rocks. In this process,
water interacts with minerals to create various
chemical reactions and transform the rocks.
Hard Engineering examples: Sea Wall, groynes,rock
armour, gabions.
Soft Engineering examples: Beach replenishment, cliff
stabilation, Dune regeneration.
Hard Engineering strategies: They resist several years
and they protect very well, Expensive to build and
maintain, some of then are useful.
Soft engineering strategies: Less expensive, more
environmentally friendly increase the value of the area
can attract tourists, Not suitable where as are
developed, requires lots of enjoy maintenance.