 Rock

Geologic Processes  Soil

and Hazards  Minerals

Earthquakes, volcanic Physical Weathering

eruptions & landslides, It is the breakdown of rocks by
tsunami mechanical forces concentrated
along rock fracture.
Geologic Processes
Geological processes are the natural Oxidation - Certain minerals combine
forces that shape the physical planet. with oxygen in air or water forming
These processes occur at massive scales - oxides.
over millions of years and thousands of
kilometers. Geological processes include Erosion
Chemical Weathering
convection currents in the mantle,
erosion, weathering, and deposition. IsItthe process
isMass by which
Wasting
the process rocks
by which Earth’s
break
surfacedown through
if worn chemical
away by wind,
Exogenous Processes reactions.
It is theand
water, movement
ice. The of material
process of on a
(external) downslope andterrain
erosion moves
Oxidation rockdue toare
debris
hydrolysis gravity.
or soil
Mass wasting usually
from oneprocesses
chemical place to that on
another.slopes, is
dangeroustoand
contributes may occur in areas that
These are natural processes that leave Erosion takesthese
placechanges.
when there is
can trigger mass movement.
significant changes on the landscape and erosion takes place when there is
even in the ecosystem of area. rainfall, surface runoff, flowing
rivers, sea water inclusions
4 Types of Exogenous Processes flooding breezing and towing
hurricane, wind and etc.
 Weathering
 Mass Wasting
 Erosion
 Sedimentation There are three types of mass
wasting:
Weathering
 Debris flows
It happens without movement or  Mud flows
transportation (as opposed to
 Slumps
erosion that involves movement)
Debris Flows E
The breaking down of soils and rocks Happens when a large amounts of (
happens on the spot. sediments, usually rocks of various
sizes, fall downslope. Unlike
It is disintegration of: landslide, debris flow does not
need water to flow down.
Earth’s
 Mud Flows
Happen when a combine soil and water
flow down a slope Usually happens near
rivers or streams where soil or sand is
always moist or has been soaked in water
for a long time.
Slumps
Happen when there is a slow downslope
movement of loosely consolidated
materials or rock and soil layers. In time,
the area would look curved because of the
depression formed by the downslope
movement of land.
Sedimentation
It is the accumulation of materials such as
soil rock fragments, and soil particles
settling on the ground. This usually
occurs in the stream and sea erosions.
Overtime, the sediment load become thick
and form a new layer of ground. In some
small inland waters, this sediment layer
will eventually dry up the water and
become part of the soil.
Are caused by forces from within the
interior of Earth. The driving force is
the thermal energy of the mantle and
the crust.
 Magmatism
 Volcanism or Plutonism
 Metamorphism
MAGMATISM
Magma is very hot and it is constantly
moved by the
international heat that reaches Earth's
mantle through convective flow. Magma
forms when rock reach temperature
between 800 degrees Celsius and 1200
degrees Celsius. Magmatism happens
when magma is generated and developed
into igneous (magmatic) rocks. The
process can take place there under the
surface or under surface of earth to
become part of the crust. The additional
mass and volume to the surface of earth
forms mountains and volcanoes.
VOLCANISM OR
PLUTONISM
It is the process that usually happens after
magma is formed. The magma tries to
escape from the source through openings
such as volcanoes or existing cracks on the
ground. Magma comes out with extreme
heat and pressure and may cause
destructive explosion. Magma that reaches
the surface of earth is called lava.
METHAMORPHISM
Is the process of changing the materials
that make up a rock. The chemical
components and geologic characteristics
of rocks change due to heat, fluids, and
pressure that are increasing and
decreasing.
Two types of Metamorphism:
 Contact metamorphism
 Regional Metamorphism
CONTACT METHAMORPHISM
If rock minerals and texture changes
because of heat.
REGIONAL METHAMORPHISM
Where the change of rocks happens in a
large or more extensive area, like
mountain ranger, resulting from a larger
scale action of heat and pressure.