GEOLOGICAL

PROCESSES
 .

T WO TYPES EXOGENOUS
PROCESS
OF
ENDOGENOUS
GEOLOGICAL PROCESS
.

PROCESSES
 These processes occur on
Exogenous or near the surface of the
Earth.
Process
The agents of exogenous
process are wind, gravity,
water and organisms.

There are exogenous

processes that are
destructive.
.
 WEATHERING
It refers to the disintegration of
rocks, soil, minerals and other
materials on Earth as they
interact
. with the sub-systems of
the planet.

.
.
. .
 WEATHERING

This process does not

require
.
any movement for
it to occur.

.
.
. .
 WEATHERING

There are two types of

weathering: The Physical
weathering and the
Chemical weathering.
.

. .
Physical
Weathering

Break down of rocks by

mechanical forces.

Usually, it is triggered
by extreme heat or
drought.
Chemical 11

Weathering

 It happens when rocks break down

by chemically reacting with its
agents to form other minerals or
rocks.
 The chemicals (agents) that react
with the rocks are water, oxygen,
rain and even organism.
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
Biological
Weathering
happens when the
agent of
weathering is a
living organism.
 EROSION

It happens when the

Earth’s surface is worn
away by ;
1. Wind
. 2. Water
3. Ice
. .
 EROSION

• This is usually caused by

flooding, rainfall, rivers,
wind, hurricanes and the
like .
. • It is also caused by
human activities such us
deforestation and
. .
mining.
 MASS WASTING
• It refers to the
movement of large
masses of materials
down a slope hill due to
the pull of gravity.
• It is triggered by water
.
flow, ground shaking
and no vegetation.
. .
FORMS OF MASS WASTING
DEBRIS FLOW: Large amounts of sediments, usually rocks,
fall down the slope without water.
MUDFLOW: The combined soil and water flowing down the
slope.
SLUMP: The debris are gradually falling down because of the
planar surface.
 SEDIMENTATION
• The sediments settle
together, becoming
thick to form a new of
soil.

. .
 It takes place within or
Endogenous interior the Earth.
Process
The driving force of these
processes is the thermal
energy (coming from the
mantle).

These processes result

to earthquake, volcanic
activities and formation
of mountains and even
.

continents.
 MAGMATISM
• Magma is the origin of
igneous rocks.
• It happens when the
magma is generated and
develops into igneous
rocks.
.
• It either occurs in or on
the surface of the Earth.
. .
 VOLCANISM
• Usually happening after
the formation of
magma, the magma
tries to escape out of the
volcano.
• It is also known as the
.
Plutonism.

. .
 METAMORPHISM
• It happens when the
minerals/materials that
make up the rock
changes due to pressure
and heat.
• The minerals in a rock
.
can be changed even if
the rocks do not melt
. .