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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1 Early American Encounters
Chapter 2 England and Its Colonies
Chapter 3 A Maturing Colonial Society
Chapter 4 The Coming of Independence
Chapter 5 The American Revolution and the Constitution
Chapter 6 The Early National Period
Chapter 7 A Growing Republic
Chapter 8 The Age of Andrew Jackson
Chapter 9 The American West
Chapter 10 Learning and Belief in Antebellum America
Chapter 11 The Crisis of the 1850s
Chapter 12 Secession and the Coming of the Civil War
Chapter 13 The Civil War Begins
Chapter 14 To Appomattox Courthouse
Chapter 15 Reconstruction
Chapter 16 Reforging the Nation
Chapter 17 The Gilded Age
Chapter 18 Populism and Empire
Chapter 19 The Progressive Era
Chapter 20 World War I
Chapter 21 The Roaring Twenties
Chapter 22 The Great Depression and the New Deal
Chapter 23 World War II
Chapter 24 The Cold War
Chapter 25 The 1950s
Chapter 26 Civil Rights and the Great Society
Chapter 27 Nixon, Watergate, and Carter
Chapter 28 Reagan’s America
Chapter 29 George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and a Changing
America
Chapter 30 The Age of Terrorism
Illustration Credits
Index
“Thomas Kidd’s American History is a unique and significant contribution to the field.
The author is especially masterful in his ability to highlight the intellectual and religious
threads running through the tapestry of American history. Written in lucid prose, and
interspersing narrative and commentary, these two volumes will captivate the imagination
of a generation of students.”
—Bruce Ashford, provost and dean of faculty, Southeastern Baptist
Theological Seminary, Wake Forest, NC

“Every teacher knows the frustration of trying to find a good textbook. The annual ritual
makes them doubt any textbook exists that engages students, balances coverage with
detail, and avoids the dreariness of ideological fashions. American history textbooks are
among the worst offenders. Thomas Kidd has taken on the challenge and has written a
survey of American history that goes beyond solving the problem. He highlights the
experiences of ordinary people whose lives intersected with great events, brings religion
back in from the margins of national life, and equips students to understand the often
confusing world into which they were born.”
—Richard Gamble, professor of history, Anna Margaret Ross Alexander
Chair of History and Politics, Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI

“In this volume of early American History through Civil War and Reconstruction, Kidd
not only provides students with an exceptionally well-documented account of our
political history, but an astute assessment of the Christian movements that shaped the
course of our nation, be they the Puritans of New England or the evangelicals of the
abolitionist movements. This clear and even-handed account cuts against the banality we
find in most history textbooks today.”
—David Goodwin, president, Association of Classical Christian Schools

“This American history textbook sets a new standard for balanced treatment of political
and cultural issues. Brisk and readable, it gives coverage of American history all the way
through the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the election of Donald Trump, which so many
textbooks don’t reach. This new narrative is particularly valuable for balancing attention
to minority groups and events crucial to the shaping and development of Christian
culture and its impact on the main events of American history. It is about time that an
American history textbook took notice of figures such as C. S. Lewis and Pope John Paul
II and their transformative influence on American religion.”
—Susan Hanssen, associate professor of history, history department
chair, University of Dallas, Dallas, TX
“Thomas Kidd is a talented historian with a unique gift for in-depth research and
engaging writing. This work is no exception. In this two-volume set, Kidd applies his
skills to an area where they are desperately needed in America today—civics education.
Smart and fair, nuanced and balanced, Kidd takes us from the American Founding to the
Civil War, from populism to progressivism, from World War I to the Cold War, from the
Roaring Twenties to the Great Society, from Andrew Jackson to FDR, from Reagan to
Clinton, from 1492 to September 11. Elegantly and attractively written and illustrated,
this text is not to be missed for your student.
—Paul Kengor, professor of political science Grove City College, Grove
City, PA

“Thomas Kidd has succeeded well in providing a high quality American history text that
integrates the usual political and social history with its religious dimensions. Kidd writes
in a clear accessible manner and is always well informed. He is judiciously balanced in
his evaluations.”
—George Marsden, professor of history emeritus, University of Notre
Dame

“Thomas Kidd, who has written excellent books on historical individuals like Benjamin
Franklin and Patrick Henry, now explores the entirety of American history in this
carefully researched and clearly written text. It is an ideal book for students new to
American history as well as for older readers who would like a sprightly, objective, and
discerning refresher.”
—Mark Noll, professor of history emeritus, University of Notre Dame,
and research professor of history, Regent College

“There has long been a need for a survey textbook that gives balanced attention to the
important role of Christianity in American history. Thomas Kidd’s American History
admirably meets that need and much more. Well written, accessible, interesting,
beautifully illustrated, and academically sound, this usable and one-of-a-kind resource
deserves a wide audience in both the secular and Christian college classrooms.”
—Samuel Smith, graduate program director, history department chair,
Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA

“Kudos to Thomas Kidd for returning Christianity to the narrative of American history.
At the same time, he has conveyed in his measured, balanced, and accessible style, the
multiethnic and multicultural tapestry that American history is, and always has been.”
—H. Paul Thompson Jr., dean of humanities, history department chair,
North Greenville University, Tigerville, SC
“Thomas Kidd has spent years teaching us how to think Christianly and historically
about our shared past. American History is an achievement worthy of all that we have
come to expect from Professor Kidd’s pen. Thorough, engaging, and mature, this work
will prove indispensable to students of U. S. history for generations to come.”
—John D. Wilsey, associate professor of church history, The Southern
Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY
 American History, Combined Edition
Copyright © 2019 by Thomas S. Kidd

Published by B&H Academic

Nashville, Tennessee

All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-5359-8225-2

Dewey Decimal Classification: 973

Subject Heading: UNITED STATES—HISTORY / UNITED STATES—
CIVILIZATION / UNITED STATES—RELIGION

Scripture quotations are taken from the Holy Bible, King James Version (public domain).

The web addresses referenced in this book were live and correct at the time of the book’s
publication but may be subject to change.

Cover design: Washington Crossing the Delaware” by George Caleb Bingham, a Gift of
Walter P. Chrysler, Jr., in honor of Walter P. Chrysler, Sr.

Quotations by Martin Luther King Jr. reprinted by arrangement with The Heirs to the
Estate of Martin Luther King Jr., c/o Writers House as agent for the proprietor New
York, NY.
Copyright:
© 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. © renewed 1991 Coretta Scott King
© 1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. © renewed 1996 Coretta Scott King

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 VP 24 23 22 21 20 19
To Jonathan and Joshua Kidd
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T hanks to my wonderful, supportive colleagues at Baylor, including

History Department chair Barry Hankins and Byron Johnson, director
of Baylor’s Institute for Studies of Religion. Thanks to my Baylor research
assistants, including Kristina Benham, Matt Millsap, and Paul Gutacker;
to my agent and friend Giles Anderson; and to the great staff at B&H
Academic, including Jim Baird, Chris Thompson, and Sarah Landers. As
always, I am so thankful for my wife, Ruby, and my sons, Jonathan and
Josh.
 INTRODUCTION

W riting an overview of American history—or of any nation’s history—

is a daunting task. There’s so much to cover, yet so much has to be
left out. Most people who have ever lived left us little to no surviving
records of their lives. Historical overviews usually focus on luminaries
such as presidents, tycoons, inventors, and celebrities. And they focus on
great events such as battles, economic disasters, and presidential elections.
My overview of American history focuses a great deal on such characters
and events too. But I have tried where possible to weave in anecdotes of
regular people as well. Often my justification for weaving in such stories is
their utter typicality, or the way they illuminate people’s everyday
experiences and struggles.
Focusing on great events also risks giving the impression that those
events had the same significance for everyone in America, but that has
rarely been the case. Take the Revolutionary War journal of Baptist
chaplain Hezekiah Smith, for example. The July 1776 weekend that the
Declaration of Independence was signed, Smith wrote one line in his
journal: “Something unwell, tho’ kept about.” He was sick and did not
know about events transpiring in Philadelphia that weekend. What seems
inordinately significant in retrospect may not have seemed so important at
the time. Conversely, events and people that seem momentous at the time
may not appear that way in retrospect.
To narrow the focus of this book and make it manageable, I have
emphasized certain major themes in American history. Some of the focus
emerges from my own interests and perspective. Readers should know
that I am a Christian, and a Baptist in particular. I identify with the
historic evangelical tradition and the faith of figures such as the Baptist
champions of revival and religious liberty in the eighteenth century. This
commitment profoundly shapes my view of history. Therefore, I give a lot
of attention to religion. I admittedly think that religious people (which in
America has mostly meant Christians), for all their faults, have generally
been a force for good in American history. I also illustrate that America’s
best ideas and most stirring speeches have often been rooted in the
language and concepts of faith.
Another major theme of this book is racial and ethnic conflict. From
the coming of the first colonizers, and the first shipments of slaves, racial
tension and violence have been enduring themes in American history.
They remain so today. There are obvious signs of progress in race relations
in American history such as the end of slavery and the civil rights
movement. But just when we think we’ve entered a “post-racial” America,
racial controversies and racial violence roil American society again. These
themes, both valuable and painful to consider, are ones to which Christian
historians should give special attention.
A final major theme is the state of American culture, especially with
regard to issues such as virtue, traditional moral norms, mass media, and
entertainment. These issues are in the background of the whole book.
Beginning in the late nineteenth century, however, entertainment and
mass media have become progressively central to everyday American life.
In an indirectly related development, our most basic cultural institutions,
such as family and marriage, have come under increasing duress.
Especially since the 1960s, Americans have been jettisoning some of our
most basic assumptions about a good society and a wholesome life. We
have simultaneously been “amusing ourselves to death,” in the words of
scholar Neil Postman, as mass media, sports, entertainment, and
marketing have become increasingly paramount in our daily lives. I tend
to observe and describe rather than excoriate and prescribe in this book.
But the accelerating pace of social change, and Americans’ concomitant
obsession with entertainment, will be obvious.
A book on American history is something like national autobiography.
It tells us how we got where we are. It cautions us about mistakes and sins
we have committed in the past and urges us not to go there again. It
encourages us to understand why the past is often pertinent to the
present. It inspires us by the courage of historical heroes and stiffens our
resolve as we try to honor their legacies. Christians believe the kingdom of
God is our ultimate commitment, and we should confuse no temporal
nation with that kingdom. But we are also thankful for the ways God has
moved in American history, redeeming untold millions of people and
building his church in each generation. I hope that readers will grow in
their appreciation for the role faith played in the American past and
discern the ways in which America has been (or has not been) a congenial
place for people of faith to flourish.
 1
Early American Encounters

T he earliest human settlements in America are shrouded in

archaeological mystery. For almost a century, scientists thought the first
people arrived in North America some 13,000 years ago. These were the
“Clovis” people, named for the New Mexico town where their carved
spear points were unearthed in 1929. But archaeologists working at
Buttermilk Creek, a central Texas dig site, recently found evidence of
human settlement, including tools and weapons, that date to as early as
15,500 years ago.
For some Christian readers, this will raise a question. Had God even
created humankind 15,500 years ago? This is not the place to debate about
the topic of human origins. But the chronology of America’s original
human settlements will look quite different depending on how you view
the age of the earth and how long ago you believe humanity originated.
This is an instance where one’s faith makes a direct difference in how one
assesses history.
Using a method known as “optically stimulated luminescence,”
scientists at Buttermilk Creek tested the soil in which the artifacts were
found to determine when the minerals in the dirt were last exposed to
sunlight. That test dated the site to 15,500 years or older. Discovery of a
similarly dated settlement in Chile uncovered the footprint of a child next
to a hearth. Scientists date charcoal from the hearth at about 14,500 years
old. Archaeologists say these sites raise new questions about how the
original Americans moved into the Americas from Northeast Asia. Did
they all go across an Ice Age land bridge called “Beringia,” located at the
Bering Strait, and move southeast across the continent? Or did some travel
on boats hugging the Pacific Coast, entering the Americas from points
farther south? We don’t know for sure, but there is little disagreement that
most of the first Americans came from Northeast Asia. They established
societies here long before Christopher Columbus “discovered” America.
Eventually Beringia disappeared due to rising ocean levels. The new
people of the Americas became cut off from Asia as well as from the
European and African continents that would so heavily shape America’s
future. By the time of Columbus’s arrival in the late 1400s, the Americas
had hundreds of indigenous societies with different religions, languages,
and governments. These societies did not see themselves as “Indians”—
that term would have made no sense to these disparate tribes. It was
Europeans who lumped all Native American people together as one
common ethnicity.

Native Americans and the “Three Sisters” of Farming

The earliest Americans were nomadic and hunted massive mammals with
stone-tipped spears. Over time the great mammals died out due to
overhunting and climate change. The first kinds of prey included
mammoths, camels, and giant armadillos that could weigh up to a ton.
Now the hunters went after smaller animals, more reminiscent of today’s
typical game. Others fished and gathered seeds, nuts, and berries. But the
critical change came with the switch to agriculture around 5000 BC. Caves
in Mexico have yielded corn cobs scientists have dated as 6,000 years old,
or even older.
Corn, squash, and beans—the “three sisters”—were the cornerstone of
ancient Native American agriculture. This was especially the case in
Central America, where great societies, including the Mayas and the
Mexicas (“me-SHEE-kas,” called “Aztecs” by Europeans) thrived on farm
crops.
Farming and its accompanying stability allowed the Mayas and Mexicas
to leave a deeper cultural imprint than hunter-gatherers had. Their
populations grew, they developed written languages, and they left
impressive works of art and architecture. Much of that cultural heritage
was significant in Mayan and Mexican tribal religion. Around AD 800 a
Maya artisan fashioned and decorated a cup for drinking hot chocolate,
known today as the Vase of the Seven Gods. Divine figures on the vessel
depict multiple levels of the cosmos, and an inscription explains that the
god who “gave the open space its place, who gave Jaguar Night his place,
Was the Black-Faced Lord, the Star-Faced Lord.”
Agriculture, particularly the cultivation of corn, spread northward into
the American Southwest shortly after the time of Christ. By about AD
1000, major Native American farming settlements had sprung up in the
Southwest (in modern-day New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado).
Illustrating their prodigious architectural skills, the Anasazi and other
Southwest Indians built impressive cliff dwellings and apartment-like
pueblos, including the massive, multistory Pueblo Bonito in Chaco
Canyon, New Mexico. That pueblo required 30,000 tons of sandstone
blocks to build. The Anasazi also constructed vast networks of irrigation
channels to sustain their farms in the arid environment. But extended
drought conditions as well as aggression by other native groups led to the
demise of the Anasazi by about AD 1300.
 Figure 1.1. Mundo Perdido pyramid, Temple 5C-54 (the Lost World Pyramid), part
of a large complex dating to the Preclassic. Tikal, Peten, Guatemala. Restored
west face.

The Mound Builders

Native settlements also spread up the length of the Mississippi River Valley.
Many early Indians erected remarkable earthen mounds that continue to
mark the landscape today. Among the most impressive, and oldest, were at
Poverty Point, in Louisiana. Construction began there around 1400 BC.
Poverty Point’s “Bird Mound,” named for its shape, stands seventy-two
feet high, jutting above the flat surroundings of the Mississippi Delta.
Recent discoveries suggest that this enormous, pyramid-like mound
probably went up in a few months with thousands of workers hauling
some 27 million basketfuls of dirt. It was one of the great architectural
feats of ancient history, but how ancient Indians built and used the Bird
Mound remains a mystery.
priests, and his men carried chains and iron collars with which to bind
Indian prisoners. They met any native resistance with ferocious
punishments, including burning people at the stake. Disease again
followed this Spanish expedition, possibly exacerbated by the herds of pigs
Soto brought along to feed his men. The pigs may have been carrying
pestilences such as tuberculosis or anthrax. Whatever the case, the arrival
of Soto and other European incursions into the Southeast fundamentally
refigured the area’s populations. Over the next couple of centuries, the
native population plummeted. Some tribes ceased to exist while others,
such as the Cherokees and Catawbas, rose as new conglomerations of
once-separate peoples.
The Spanish sought to establish the encomienda system wherever they
went, and they made fleeting efforts to build European-style settlements on
the American mainland. In 1565, they founded St. Augustine, Florida,
which became the first continuously settled European town within the
future United States. The Spanish had competitors on the Atlantic coast,
however. They crushed a French Protestant (Huguenot) colony in
northeast Florida that had been founded a year before St. Augustine. The
Spanish established missionary stations and villages up the Atlantic coast as
far as the future site of the English colony at Jamestown. But with the
coming of new French and English colonies in the 1600s, the Spanish
found it increasingly difficult to control eastern North America anywhere
north of Florida.
Spanish officials sought to bring Christianity to the natives of the
Americas, often through the work of the Franciscan missionary order.
Conquistadores such as Cortés and Soto typically brought priests with
them to participate in the rites of conquest. But as suggested by Bartolomé
de las Casas, there seemed to be an inherent contradiction between
subjugation and evangelization of the Indians. Catholic and Protestant
missionaries alike would struggle to convince many Native Americans to
do much more than affiliate with the missions. Some Indians lost faith in
native religions and shamans, who could not protect them from disease
and conquest. But widespread devotion to Christianity required
“indigenization,” or the sense that the faith was Native Americans’ own,
not just an imposition of the colonizers.
A key moment in the process of indigenizing Catholic Christianity in
Spanish America came in 1531, when a new Christian convert named Juan
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