Unit 1

My Routine

Class Activity:
Ask your partner the following questions, take note of the answers
they give, then write sentences about him/her and read out
your sentences to your colleagues,
 When do you get up?
 What do you do when you get up?
 When do you go to work?
 How do you get to work?
 When do you take your breakfast?
 What do you eat for breakfast?
 When do you get home from work?
 When do you take your siesta?
 When do you take your lunch?
 What do you eat for lunch?
 What do you do in the evenings?
 What do you have for supper?
 When do you go to bed?
Reading
May gets up at 6 o'clock in the morning;
she brushes her teeth, performs her
ablution and prays; then she takes her
bath, dresses up and has a cup of tea and
English cake. She goes to work at 8 o'clock
by bus. She takes her breakfast at 11 o'clock
and she has beans, bread and salad with a can Coke and bottled water for
breakfast. She gets home from work at 4 o'clock. She never takes siesta. At 5
o’clock, she takes her lunch and she eats roast chicken and French fries for
lunch. In the evenings she watches her favorite television series. She has her
supper at 9 o'clock in the evening and goes to bed at half past ten.

1
 My Routine
Answer the following questions about the passage
1) When does May get up?
………………………………………………………………………………
2) What does she do in the evenings?
………………………………………………………………………………
3) How does she get to work?
………………………………………………………………………………
4) What does she do when she gets up?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
5) What does she take for lunch?
………………………………………………………………………………
6) When does she take siesta?
………………………………………………………………………………
Grammar Check
The present simple tense is used to express habitual actions and facts.
Example: (1) Collins drinks Pepsi before going to bed. (Habitual action)
(2) Jennifer travels to Singapore on holidays. (Habitual action)
(3) Cows give us milk. (Habitual action)
(4) We sell ice cream. (Habitual action)

Revise the verbs and auxiliary (helping) verbs below.

I drink I watch I go I do I hav I a

e m
You drink You watch You go You do You hav You ar
e e
We drink We watch We go We do We hav We ar
e e
The drink The watch The go The do The hav The ar
y y y y y e y e
He drink He watche He goe He doe He has He is
s s s s

2
She drink She watche She goe She doe She has She is
s s s s
It drink It watche It goe It doe It has It is
s s s s

My Routine
Exercise
Fill in the blank spaces with the best alternative from the brackets.
Maria is a secretary. She………………………
(worked/work/works) for Global Peace Initiative.
anon-governmental organization. She. …………
(files/file/filing) papers and ………………...
(arrangement/arranges/arrange) for meetings
between her boss and other executives. She also.
………………… (checks/checking/check) her diary
…………………….(remind/reminded/reminds) her
boss of his official appointments. Her boss, Mr.

Jeffries is a kind gentleman, he ………………….

(told/tells/telling) Maria almost every day that
she is one of the best employees in his organization. Maria loves her job.
Vocabulary: employee, appointment, official, executive, arrange, file,
global, diary, initiative
Note: we say
on Sunday/ Monday/ Tuesday/ Wednesday/ Thursday/ Friday/ Saturday,
in January/ February/ March/ April/ May/ June/ July/ August/ September/
October/ November/ December;
in 1975, in 1982, in 2008; in Summer/Autumn/Spring/Winter;
at night/mid-night/mid-day;
in the morning/afternoon/evening;
on holidays; at weekends
Writing

3
In not less than 60 words write about your daily routine
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………........
Unit 2
Holidays
Class Discussion
 Do you think that holidays are important
, Why/Why not?
 Where do you go on holidays?
 How do you get there?
 How do you spend your holidays?
 Do you think that exotic holidays are
better than holidays in your country?
What makes you think so?
 Have you ever travelled to another country as a tourist? If yes, where did
you go? And if no, which country would you like to visit as a tourist?
 Do you know of any tourist attractions in your country? What are they?
 What are the national holidays in your country?

Reading
My holiday

I spend my holidays with my father, mother and sister in Jamaica.

Jamaica is a very beautiful island on the Caribbean Sea, and has beautiful
beaches lined with coconut trees. We always travel every day from the
capital, Kingston to Montego Bay, which is Jamaica's "tourist capital". It
is located on Jamaica's north coast. I go windsurfing and go on cruises
with my family on the Caribbean Sea. While in Montego Bay, I visit the
Greenwood Great House, where Elizabeth Barett Browning the famous
4
 English poetess used to live. I also visit the river falls and go rafting. I
also visit the National Art Gallery of Jamaica where there are displays of
sculptures and paintings. While returning to my country, I bring lots of
notes, coins and souvenirs with me from Jamaica.

Holidays

Vocabulary: river fall, rafting, gallery, display, sculpture, painting, note,

coin. Souvenir, poetess, coast, sea, cruise, located, beach, coconut, spend
Questions
1) Where does the writer spend his holiday?

………………………………………………………………………………
2) With whom does he go on holiday?
………………………………………………………………………………
3) Which place is Jamaica's "tourist capital"?
………………………………………………………………………………
4) What does the writer do while on holiday?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
5) What does the writer take home from Jamaica?
………………………………………………………………………………
6) In your opinion why did the writer write this passage using the present
simple tense?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

Grammar Check
*Find examples of present simple tense from the passage in the previous
page.
* Rule: Did/Didn't/Do/Don't/Does/Doesn't + Infinitive

5
We say: He didn't eat. / Did he eat? / Do you eat? / They don't eat. / Does
she eat? / She doesn't eat.
The infinitive is the base form of the verb.
Note: It is wrong to say, "Does she does her work?"
Rather we say, "Does she do her work?"

Holidays

Fill in the blank spaces with the correct alternative from the
brackets.
I ………………… (spends / spend / spending) my

holidays in Kuala Lampur. Kuala Lampur is

the capital of Malaysia. We ………………….

(travel / traveling / travels) there by plane from

My native country Australia. While in Malaysia

I ……………………(visiting/ visits/ visit) the

Petronas twin tower , where I ………… (get/ gets/ getting) a beautiful view
of the city. I also ……………. (goes/ gone /go) up to the sky Bridge where I
can have a good view of other surrounding cities. I also (swimming/ swim
/swims) in the warm ocean waters and every weekend, my brother and I
…………….. (climb/ climbed /climbing) Mount Kinabalu.

Writing
In not less than 60 words write about your holidays using the present simple
tense

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………......

Unit 3

At School
Class Discussion
 Do you remember your first day
at school?
 Who took you there?
 How did you feel?
 What was your best subject at school?
 DO you still meet your former schoolmates?
 Do you have an alumni association? if yes are you a member and how
often do you meet?
 In your opinion what are the facilities you feel should be in a school?
 Do you think that all school subjects are important?
 What was the color of your school! Uniform?
 Did you attend day school! or a boarding school?
 How close were you to your headmaster/headmistress?

Reading
My worst day at school
It was fifteen years ago, then I was in the fifth grade in primary school.
After the morning assembly my friend Sam came up with a strange idea that
we should go to the school orchard to
hunt birds. I agreed as I wanted to do
something exciting. I reminded Sam that
we had no catapults, but he told me not
to worry that he had two catapults hidden in

7
 his school bag. I was so happy and we set out on our adventure. As we
entered the orchard, we spotted a tree with so many nightingales settled on
its branches and chirping while working on their nests. Sam whispered to me
to tiptoe behind him till we get close to the tree which was a meter away
from where

At School.

we were standing. When we got close to the tree, I brought out my catapult,
picked a smooth pebble, set my catapult and took an aim at a nightingale.
Suddenly, I heard someone scream. I was terrified, and before I knew what
was the screaming continued, and before I could decide on what to do, I saw
the school happening, Sam had taken to his heels and left me in utter
confusion. Meanwhile, guard in front on me staring angrily at me. I asked
him what I did wrong, and he told me that my pebble had hit his wife on the
left eye and that she was bleeding I was taken to my headmaster's office,
who flogged me twelve lashes with his walking stick in front of my
classmates, and then ordered my parents to pay the hospital bills of the
guard's wife. It was indeed a horrible day for me.

Questions
1) Who brought the catapults to school?

………………………………………………………………………………
2) Where did the writer and his friend go to hunt birds?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
3) What did Sam tell the writer to do when they spotted the nightingales?

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
4) What happened when the writer was taken to the headmaster's office?

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………
5) in your opinion do you think that the writer and Sam will still be friends?

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

At School.

Grammar Check
Past Simple Tense
We use the past simple tense to express an action which happened in the past
and ended before another action happened.

Example:
May woke up in the morning, brushed her teeth, took her bath and prayed.
After praying, she are a piece of English cake and drank a cup of tea, then
kissed her mother good-bye, entered her car and drove to work.
Practice: Following the above example, in not less than 70 words, narrate
how you spent your last weekend.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Unit 4

At the Cinema
Class Discussion:
 Have you ever been to a cinema? If yes
, which cinema did you go to?
 What is your favorite film?
 Do you like Indian films? Why/Why not?
 Whom do you go with to the cinema?
 How many cinemas are there in your city?
 Which is the best cinema in your city? What makes you think it is the
best?
 Who is your favorite actor/actress?
 Which do you prefer? Watching films at home or watching films in
the theatre?
 How much does a ticket to the cinema in your city cost?
 What are the things you can eat in the cinema?
 How do you feel after watching a horror film?
 Do you think that the government should censor some films?
Why/Why not?
Reading
The Cinema
Technology has made many gifts to the world.
Cinema is one of them. At first, cinema could

10
show only the speechless figures. Then, it
improved and showed the figures in action.
Later, speech and music have been fitted to cinema. Now, cinema can show
pictures with voice and music, with sound and noise. We can see the tiger
and hear its roaring. We can see the bird and hear its melody. We can see the
maiden singing and the mad man raving. We can see the drama and plays in
the cinema. Cinema is now-a-days, very common. A single city has
numerous cinema halls.
Cinema has many advantages for us. It is a very good means of
entertainment. We hear valuable songs and music in the cinema. We see
interesting drama and play in the cinema. Cinema is not only interesting but
is sometimes instructive. The trailer and the documentary pictures give us
much knowledge. We see the pictures of distant cities, oceans, mountains,
deserts and the important pictures in the cinema.

Cinema is in many ways harmful. The harm is not for the machine and
instrument but for the choice of pictures. Sometimes very bad love-pictures
and the pictures of imaginary crimes are shown in the cinema. They have a
very bad effect upon our people. Some people get addicted to cinema. They
forget their other duties.

Vocabulary: addicted, duties, imaginary, harmful, effect, means, valuable,

instructive, trailer, documentary, knowledge, distant, numerous, rave, roar,
maiden, censor

Questions:
1) In what ways is the cinema harmful?
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………................
2) What are the advantages of the cinema?
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
3) What could you see in the cinema at first?
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
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 4) What do we gain from the trailer and documentary pictures?
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
5) Which word in the passage means the same as "many"?
…………………………………………………………………………

At the Cinema
Class Activity
Guess what types of movies these are?
Ideas: romance, comedy, thriller, war, horror, science fiction, action

 In turns narrate the plot of your favorite movie to your classmates.

Grammar Point
Past Continuous Tense
we use the past continuous tense to express an action, which was in progress
in the past before it was interrupted by another action.
Example: I was sleeping when Suzan came.
Or: When Suzan came I was sleeping.

12
It shows that my action (sleeping) was continuing in the past before it was
interrupted by another past time action (Suzan came). In this case, I started
sleeping before Suzan came and when she arrived at that point in time I was
sleeping, so her arrival interrupted my sleep.
Homework: In less than 120 words, write a summary of your best film.

Unit 5
Telephone Conversation
Class Discussion
 Do you have a telephone?
 Who do you call most of the time?
 For how long do you speak on phone every day?
 What are the topics you usually discuss on phone?
Can you live happily without your telephone? Why/Why not?
 What are the things you can do with your mobile phone?
Note: Telephone conversations use a number of standard phrases that
are specifically used only when telephoning in English. Telephone
conversations, especially business telephone conversations, also follow
certain patterns:
 Someone answers the phone and asks if he/she can help.
 The caller makes a request - either to be connected to someone or for
information.
 The caller is connected, given information or told that he/she is not in the
office at the moment.
 If the person who is requested is not in the office, the caller is asked to
leave a message.
 The caller leaves a message or asks other questions.
 The phone call finishes.

Role Play (practice the following business conversation on telephone)

Ms Anderson (sales representative Jewels and Things): ring ring...
ring ring... ring ring

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Secretary (Henry Smith): Hello, Diamonds Galore, this is Peter speaking.
How may I be of help to you?
Ms Anderson: Yes, this is Ms Janice Roberts calling. May I speak to Mr.
Franks, please?
Henry Smith: I'm afraid Mr. Franks is out of the office at the moment.
Would you like me to take a message?

Telephone Conversation
Ms Anderson: Uhm... actually, this call is rather urgent. We spoke
yesterday about a delivery problem that Mr. Franks mentioned. Did he leave
any information with you?
Henry Smith: As a matter of fact, he did. He said that a representative from
your company might be calling. He also asked me to ask you a few
questions.
Ms Anderson: Great, I'd love to see this problem resolved as quickly as
possible. Henry Smith: Well, we still haven't received the shipment of
earrings that was supposed to arrive last Tuesday.
Ms Anderson: Yes, I'm terribly sorry about that. In the meantime, I've
spoken with our delivery department and they assured me that the earrings
will be delivered by tomorrow morning.
Henry Smith: Excellent, I'm sure Mr. Franks will be pleased to hear that.
Ms Anderson: Yes, the shipment was delayed from France. We weren't able
to send along your shipment until this morning.
Henry Smith: I see. Mr. Franks also wanted to schedule a meeting with you
later this week.
Ms Anderson: Certainly, what is he doing on Thursday afternoon?
Henry Smith: I'm afraid he's meeting with some clients out of town. How
about Thursday morning?
Ms Anderson: Unfortunately, I'm seeing someone else on Thursday
morning. Is he doing anything on Friday morning?
Henry Smith: No, it looks like he's free then.
Ms Anderson: Great, should I come by at 9?
Henry Smith: Well, he usually holds a staff meeting at nine. It only lasts a
half an hour or so. How about 10?

14
Ms Anderson: Yes, 10 would be great.
Henry Smith: OK, I'll schedule that. Ms Anderson at 10, Friday Morning...
Is there anything else I can help you with?
Ms Anderson: No, I think that's everything. Thank you for your help...
Goodbye.
Henry Smith: Goodbye.

Telephone Conversation

Grammar Point
Past Perfect Tense
We use the past perfect tense to express a past time action that got finished
before it could be interrupted by another past time action.
Example: When I arrived home, my wife had cooked.
This sentence means that my wife had already finished cooking by the time I
got home. In other words, I got home to find the food ready.

Class Activity
Say which clause in the sentences below happened first.
1) When Adam came his wife cooked.
2) When Adam came his wife was cooking.
3) When Adam came his wife had cooked.
4) While Adam was coming his wife was cooking.

Revision:
1- When Adam came (past simple) his wife cooked (past simple).
In this case one action happened and got finished after that another action
happened and also got finished and none of the two actions interrupted the
other. Adam in this situation came first, and after that his wife cooked.
(Perhaps his wife was waiting for him to bring food items so that she could
cook.)
2- When Adam came (past simple) his wife was cooking (past

15
continuous).
In this case one past time action was in progress at the time it was
interrupted by another past time action. Adam's wife started cooking before
he came, and immediately he arrived he found her still cooking. This means
that Adam interrupted his wife's cooking by his arrival.

Telephone Conversation

3- When Adam came (past simple) his wife had cooked (past perfect).

In this case one past time action happened, got finished and took some time
before another action took place. Adam's wife finished cooking before he
came and in other words he came and found the food ready.

4- While Adam was coming (past continuous) his wife was cooking (past
continuous).

In this case two past time actions were happening at the same time. Adarn
was on his coming home and at the same time his wife was busy cooking.

Note: We use past participles for perfect tenses (past perfect/present

perfect/future perfect).

There are two types of verbs: regular and irregular verbs. A Regular verb is a
verb that when we convert its infinitive to past tense the last two letters are
"ed" and when we convert it to past participle the last two letters are also
"ed".
Example: start (infinitive) - started (past tense) - started (past participle)

Irregular verbs are verbs that when we convert their infinitive to past tense
the last two letters are not "ed" and when we convert them' to past participle
the last two letters are also not "ed".

16
Example: go (infinitive) -- went (past tense) - gone (past participle)
Homework:
Write five sentences modelled on each of the following patterns.
1) Past simple - past simple (five sentences)
2) Past simple - past continuous (five sentences)
3) Past simple - past perfect (five sentences)
4) Past continuous - past continuous (five sentences)
Unit 6
Giving Directions
Class Practice
 Practice giving directions and asking
for directions using the tips below.
 Draw a map of where you live on
the white board then describe to
your friends how to get to your
house from the language school
where you are studying English.
Here is some useful vocabulary
for asking directions in English.
Asking for directions
 How do I get to...?
 What's the best way to ...?
 What's the quickest way of
 getting to your office?
 Where is ...?
 Where are you exactly
 Second Avenue
 Ock Street
 Can you tell me the best way of getting to your office?

Some Phrases to Show Direction

Go straight on (until you come to ...).
Turn back/Go back
17
 Turn left/right (into...-street).
Go along /Cross / signpost /Opposite / Near / Between /Next to ... /at the
end (of) / on/at the corner (of) / across from
traffic lights / behind / in front of, in back of, in the middle of
Take the first/second road on the left/right 17

Unit 6
Giving Directions

 It's on the left/right.. / (to) (on) the right/left of

 To be (is) located/situated
 (just) around the corner

Getting information
"Will you be coming by car or by train?"
"It's much easier if you take the train."
"Which hotel are you staying at?"
General information in English
"We're not far from..." or "We're quite close to..."
"It's about a mile / kilometer / two blocks from..."
"We're opposite / next to / in front of / across the road from/ round the
corner from the supermarket."

Giving directions in English

"Come off the motorway / highway at Junction / Exit 12."
"It's signposted 'Manchester'."
"Follow the signs to ..."
"There's a one-way system in the centre of town."
"Take the 'A12' to 'Chelmsford'."
"Go straight on / left/right at the lights / at the roundabout /at the junction of
…and..."
"Go past the supermarket."
"You'll come to / see ..."
18
"It's the first turning on the right after the bank."
Use landmarks to help
"You'll see a large sign / roundabout."

Giving Directions
"On your left you'll see an industrial centre / a hospital / the police station."
"Just after the level crossing / shopping centre (or mall)."
"Go past the petrol station / the garage."
Reading
How to get to my house in Amsterstadam
By bike
When coming from the town-center over the Middenweg, turn left into the
Wethouder Frankelaan (there's a church on the crossing where you have to
turn left), follow this road (600m, at first: Wethouder Frankelaan, later:
Galileiplantsoen) until it makes a sharp bend to the left. In that bend, turn
right into Archimedesplantsoen. We live at number 6.
By public transport
 From Central Station: take tram number 9 until the stop called Hugo de
Vrieslaan. Turn left into the Wethouder Frankelaan, follow this road
(600m, at first: Wethouder Frankelaan, later: Galileiplantsoen) until it
makes a sharp bend to the left. In that bend, turn right into
Archimedesplantsoen. We live at number 6.
 From Amstel Station: take bus number 15 in direction Muiderpoort
station until stop Archimedesweg. Walk back into Archimedesplantsoen.
We live at number 6.
 From Muiderpoort Station: take bus number 15 in direction Amstel
Station until stop Archimedesweg. Walk straight ahead into
Archimedesplantsoen. We live at number 6.
By car
Coming from A10 (Amsterdam ring road), take exit S113 and drive into
town. (If you were coming from Utrecht/Haarlem/Schiphol, that means turn
left at the end of the motorway exit, if you are coming from Amersfoort, that

19
means turn right at the end of the motorway exit). Follow the road
(Middenweg) for a while (1.5km) at crossing with church turn right into the
Wethouder Frankelaan (there's a church on the crossing where you have to
turn right), follow this road (600m, at first:

Giving Directions
Wethouder Frankelaan, later: Galileiplantsoen) until it makes a sharp bend to
the left. In that bend, turn right into Archimedesplantsoen. We live at
number 6

Grammar Point
Present Continuous Tense
We use the present continuous tense to express an action that is happening at
the moment of speaking. Example: (1) May is drinking water. (2) I am
listening to you. (3) You are laughing at James. (4) Joe and Jessie are
swimming (5) They are playing football. (6) The gorilla is eating bananas.

Class Activity
Look at the pictures below and say what is happening

20
 Giving Directions

Exercise

Fill in the blank spaces with the correct alternative from the brackets.
1- Every day the old gentleman……………… a cigarette
(is smoking/smoked/smokes)
2- Look! The chimpanzee……………… bananas. (eats/is eating/ate)
3- I did my homework. Now I………………… television
(watching/is watching/am watching)
4- At weekends, Joe……………… to the zoo. (is going/goes/ is going)
5- Please wait for me! I…………………...(came/come/am coming)
Write ten sentences in the present continuous form.
1) ……………………………………………………………………………
2) ……………………………………………………………………………
3) ……………………………………………………………………………
4) ……………………………………………………………………………
5) ……………………………………………………………………………
6) ……………………………………………………………………………
7) ……………………………………………………………………………
8) ……………………………………………………………………………
9) ……………………………………………………………………………
10) ……………………………………………………………………………
Write five sentences in the present simple form.
1) ……………………………………………………………………………
2) ……………………………………………………………………………
3) ……………………………………………………………………………
4) ……………………………………………………………………………
5) ……………………………………………………………………………
Homework
21
In not less than 100 words write a composition about how you spend your
weekend. (Note: We use the present simple tense to express habitual actions)
page 21

unit 7
My Career
Class Discussion
 Is it important to have a career?
Why/Why not?
 What is your field of specialization?
 Why did you decide to specialize in
your field?
 In your opinion is it compulsory to work
in your field of specialization?
 Would you like to be self-reliant?
Why/Why not?
 Is being a housewife necessary for one’s children to be well brought-up?
 Do you consider your monthly salary sufficient or would you like more?

Reading
Why I love my career
What I really want out of my career is
to be happy with my job, make others
happy and to make a wealthy income
for my family and me. I am sociable
so I like working in a team. That is why
I want a good paying job to be able to
support my family and be happy with
myself at the same time. My personality has a huge effect on the career I
plan to pursue. I really want to have a job that when I wake up in the
morning I will be so excited to go to work. All of these jobs sound very
interesting but the career I am going more towards is Dental Hygiene. It is
my career of choice and I am going to try everything that I can to achieve

22
my dream. Some suggested jobs or career titles, which have been
suggested for me, are teacher, travel agent, emergency room.

My Career
nurse, performer, floral designer, photographer, dog obedience trainer, real
estate agent, flight attendant, veterinarian, musician, receptionist, and
secretary. Having a career is a blessing and I am going to make sure nothing
stops me at getting to it. To others, being happy with a job is more important
than money but it is not that easy to just jump into a field of study and not be
happy with it. Work shouldn't have to be that way.

Questions
1) What does the writer want out of his career?
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
2) Why does he want a well paying job?
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
3) What are some of the jobs which were suggested to the writer?
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
4) What career is the writer interested in?
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
5) Which sentence or sentences suggest that the writer is only interested in
his job and not the salary?
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...

23
………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………...
page 23

My Career
Office item

24
Vocabulary: filing cabinet, computer, calculator, scissors, magnifying glass,
safe, lamp, file, telephone, clip, stapler,

My Career

Grammar Point (Present Perfect Tense)

FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
 You have seen that movie many times.
 Have you seen that movie many times?
 You have not seen that movie many times.
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
Use 1 Unspecified Time before Now

Past Present Future

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified

time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the
Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year
ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment,
that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific
expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so
far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
 I have seen that movie twenty times.
 I think I have met him once before.
 There have been many earthquakes in California.
 People have traveled to the Moon.
 People have not traveled to Mars.
 Have you read the book yet?

25
 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
 A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

My Career

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English
learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
Topic1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like
saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that
you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used
to describe a specific event.
Examples:
 I have been to France.
THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING
IN FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE OR SEVERAL TIMES.
 I have been to France three times.
YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
 I have never been to France.
THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF
GOING TO FRANCE.
 I think I have seen that movie before.
 He has never traveled by train.
 Joan has studied two foreign languages.
 A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.

Topic 2 Change over time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened
over a period of time.
Examples:
 You have grown since the last time I saw you.
 The government has become more interested in arts education.

26
  Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university
since the Asian studies program was established.
 My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

My Career

Topic 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals
and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:

 Man has walked on the Moon.

 Our son has learned how to read.
 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
 Scientists have split the atom.

Topic 4 an Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has
not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for
the action to happen.
Examples:
 James has not finished his homework yet.
 Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
 Bill has still not arrived.
 The rain hasn't stopped.

Topic 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which
have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the
process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
 The army has attacked that city five times.
 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
 We have had many major problems while working on this project.

27
  She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody
knows why she is sick.

My Career
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at
some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action
happened is not important.

Past Present Future

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience.

We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year,
this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Past Present Future

Examples:
 Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
 I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
 They have had three tests in the last week.
 She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has
worked for three different companies so far.
 My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year"
means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which
requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now.
It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:

28
  I went to Mexico last year.
I WENT TO MEXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE.
 I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365
DAYS AGO AND NOW page28

My Career

Use 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs

Past Present Future

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we

use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has
continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:

 I have had a cold for two weeks.

 She has been in England for six months.
 Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-

Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words
"live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even
though they are NOT Non- Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:

 You have only seen that movie one time.

 Have you only seen that movie one time?

29
ACTIVE/PASSIVE
Examples:

 Many tourists have visited that castle. ACTIVE

 That castle has been visited by many tourists. PASSIVE
page 29

Unit 8

World of Wonders

Class Discussion
 Have you ever heard of the wonders
of the ancient world? What are they?
 Do you think that they are truly
wonderful? Or in your opinion
are there more wonderful things
than they are? If so; what are they?
 What in your opinion are the seven
wonders of the modern world?
 Are there structures in your country which you consider "wonderful"?
What are they and what makes them wonderful in your opinion?

Reading
The Wonders of the Ancient World
The only one of the Seven Wonders of
the Ancient World that survives. Built
as a tomb for Fourth dynasty Egyptian
King Khufu and constructed over a 20 year period concluding around 2560
BC.The Great Pyramid was the tallest man made structure in the world for
over 3,800 years.

30
Completed in 1653 the Taj Mahal was
built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
as a mausoleum in memory of his
favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal Combining
elements from Persian, Indian, and Islamic
architectural styles. And is cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one
of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.
World of Wonders

Often referred to as "The Lost City of

the Incas", Machu Picchu is one of the
most familiar symbols of the Inca
Empire. The Incas started building it
around AD 1430 but was abandoned as
an official site for 70 the Inca rulers a
hundred years later at the time of the Spanish conquest of the g Inca
Empire. Although known locally, it was largely unknown to the outside
world before being brought to international attention in 1911 by Hiram
Bingham, an American historian. Since then, Machu Picchu has become an
important tourist attraction.

The Great Wall of China is a series

Of stone and earthen fortifications
in northern China, built, rebuilt,
and Le maintained between the
5th century BC and the 16th century
to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacks
during various successive dynasties. The entire Great Wall, with all of its
branches, stretches for 8,851.8 km (5,500.3 mi). At its peak the Ming Wall
was guarded by more than one million men. It has been estimated that
somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million Chinese died as part
of the centuries- long project of building the wall.

31
Petra, renowned for its rock cut
architecture, lies in a basin among
the mountains which form the
eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba).
The Nabataeans constructed it as their capital city around 100 BC. It has
famously been described as "a rose-red city half as old as time"

World of Wonders

The Roman Colosseum was completed in 80 In AD.

Capable of seating 50,000 spectatorst he Colosseum
was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles
such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions,
re- enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on
Classical mythology

Built by the Maya civilization located in the northern

centre of the Yucatán Peninsula, its history is
uncertain but it is thought that Chichen Itza rose to
regional prominence towardsthe end of the Early
Classic period (roughly 600 AD). A recent study of
human remains taken from the area found that they
had wounds consistent with human sacrifice.

Originally constructed as a church between 532

and 537, later a mosque, now a museum. Famous
in particular for its massive dome, it is considered
the epitome, you of Byzantine architecture and to
have 'changed the history of architecture."] It was
he largest cathedral in the world for nearly a
thousand years.

Completed in 1694 the Potala Palace was the chief

32
residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai
Lama fled to India, after an invasion and failed
uprising in 1959. Today the Potala Palace has been
converted into a museum by the Chinese. Thirteen
stories of splay buildings containing over 1,000
rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues.

World of Wonders
Stonehenge is composed of earthworks
surrounding a circular setting of large standing
stones and sits at the centre of the densest complex
of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England,
including several hundred burial mounds. Believed
to have been erected around 2500 BC. The dating of
cremated remains found on the site shows that
burials took place there as early as 3000 BC, when the initial ditch and bank
were first dug.

Questions

1) How long did it take to complete the construction of the Great Pyramid?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
2) Who built the Taj Mahal?
………………………………………………………………………………
3) What is the Great Wall of China?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
4) What was the Roman Colosseum used for?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

33
………………………………………………………………………………
5) What is the Potala Palace now used for and what was it used for in the
past?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

World of Wonders
Grammar Point (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
FORM
[has/have + been + present participle]
Examples:
 You have been waiting here for two hours.
 Have you been waiting here for two hours?
 You have not been waiting here for two hours.
USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

Past Present Future

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the
past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks,"
and "since Tuesday" are all durations, which can be used with the Present
Perfect Continuous.
Examples:
 They have been talking for the last hour.
 She has been working at that company for three years.
 What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
 James has been teaching at the university since June.
 We have been waiting here for over two hours!
 Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
USE 2 Recently, Lately

34
Past Present Future
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such
as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general
meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to
emphasize this meaning.
Examples:
 Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

World of Wonders
 She has been watching too much television lately.
 Have you been exercising lately?
 Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
 Lisa has not been practicing her English.
 What have you been doing?
IMPORTANT
Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately"
or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as
"Have you been feeling alright?" It can suggest that the person looks sick or
unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that
you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests
you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to
insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in
any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed
Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect
Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.
Examples:
 Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
 Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
35
 You have only been waiting here for one hour.
 Have you only been waiting here for one hour?
ACTIVE/PASSIVE
Examples:
 Recently, John has been doing the work. ACTIVE
 Recently, the work has been being done by John. PASSIVE

Unit 9

Our Future World

Class Discussion

 What do you think the world will be like in the next 100 years?
 Do you think that the same curriculum will still be taught in schools in
the next fifty years?
 Will our customs and traditions remain the same in the next seventy
years? What makes you think so?

Reading
Read the paragraphs and match them with the headings below.
1. The Effects of Overpopulation
2. Energy Revolution
3. High Technology

36
 4. Changes on Earth
(A).........................................................................................................
Since life first appeared on the Earth four billion years ago, there have
Huge been tremendous changes. Ice ages have come and gone and
volcanoes have erupted. Earthquakes have shattered ancient

Our Future World

mountains and changed the course of rivers. Others have displaced some
species, which are more favored by new environments. Nowadays scientists
are studying the changes, which are likely to take place in 50 years' time.
Here are some of them:

(B)………………………………………..
A rapidly increasing population is one of the causes of social and
environmental problems. The population growth brings the problem of
consumption. If we cannot feed 6 billion people today, how will we satisfy
the needs of 8 billion people or more by 2030? Global food shortages will
become much more serious than today, leading to poverty.

(C)..............................................................
Renewable energy technologies are now ready to be used and will meet the
world's energy demand by 2030. We will find new energy sources like wind
and solar power that won't pollute and will never run out. They are also less
expensive compared to other sources of energy.

(D)………………………………………..
Wireless technology will be everywhere. There will be no wires on and
behind your desk. We'll be able to control people around us with a tiny
microchip and through the access to the internet.

Here are some more predictions about the future:

37
 Electric currents applied to the soil will make valuable plants grow
larger and faster.
 There will be no streetcars in our large cities. All traffic will
be below or high above the ground.
.

Our Future World

• People will be able to see the bus coming closer to their stop by means of a
website.

Exercise
Match the reasons to the given effects due to the changes in our
planet
Reasons Reasons
1.Electric currents a. change in the course of rivers
2.Earthquakes b. changes in the levels of consumption
3 Growing population c .make plants grow faster

Grammar Point
Future Perfect Tense
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to."
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often
express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem
too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become
clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

Past Present Future

FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:

38
  You will help him later.
 Will you help him later?
 You will not help him later.

Our Future World

FORM Be Going To
(am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
 You are going to meet Jane tonight.
 Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
 You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1 "Will" to express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A
voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often,
we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help.
We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to
do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we
refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
 I will send you the information when I get it.
 I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
 Will you help me move this heavy table?
 Will you make dinner?
 I will not do your homework for you.
 i won't do all the housework myself!
 A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
 A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
 A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:

39
  I will call you when I arrive.
 If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure
everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

Our Future World

 Don't worry, I'll be careful.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea
that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter
whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
 He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
 She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
 A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
 I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
 Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
 They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
 Who are you going to invite to the party?
 A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction
about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the
future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over
the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples,
there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
 The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
 The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
 John Smith will be the next President.
 John Smith is going to be the next President.
40
  The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
 The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT: In the Simple Future, its not always clear which USE the
speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one-way to interpret a
sentence's meaning.

Our Future World

No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning
with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as
soon as, if, unless, etc. instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples:

 When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
 When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You will never help him.

 Will you ever help him?
 You are never going to meet Jane.
 Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:

 John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. ACTIVE

 The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. PASSIVE

41
 Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. ACTIVE
 A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. PASSIVE

42