PRESENTATION ON THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ON THE MOTORING INDUSTRY

Divided into the following categories:

INTRODUCTION
by 99380584

ADVANTAGES
by 100101305 and 100101850

DISADVANTAGES
by 100097605

CONCLUSION
by 100082550
 INTRODUCTION

Aside from covering some of the history of AI, the main point of this introduction is to illustrate that the impact of AI on the

motoring industry is an existential one, whereby the motoring industry would NOT exist were it not for AI which is in itself

the car manufacturing plants & what they produce without needing to be intelligent. (Svensson, 2021, pp. 363–370)

“Bluntly, we do not have intelligent machines.” (Candès, et al., 2019, p. 2)

In respect to the field of “Artificial Intelligence (AI), the mantra of the current era”, Michael I. Jordan says: “Sixty years later

... high-level reasoning and thought remain elusive.” (Jordan, 2019)

Now that’s been made clear, let us proceed into the finer details of how such statements could be made by asking a few

pertinent questions.
What is the real meaning of modern-day Artificial Intelligence?

 Some people say “it’s the ability to extract significant information” [and in regard to this one solitary aspect of modern-

day AI, one must admit that AI is far more capable at it than humans].

 However, having an intellectual capacity as humans do [among many other attributes], is only possible as a result of

WHO we are, not WHAT we are, for unlike AI man is not a thing; we are not information processing devices.

 But it’s important to remember here [and one cannot stress this enough]; we are not talking about natural intelligence,

but artificial, in other words man-made / not real intelligence, which most people seem to forget, partly because the

word “artificial” is overshadowed by the immediate use of the word “intelligence” which has been and will continue to

be a source of much confusion and contention among the uneducated. Mislabelling generates confusion without a doubt.

So, since the meaning of the words “artificial” & “intelligence” don’t quite give us a clear enough picture of what we’re

dealing with here, let’s ask another pertinent question.

What exactly is AI, both conceptually and physically?

 Conceptually AI is the automation / mechanisation of humans’ physical abilities as well as some thought processing
abilities and
 Physically AI is a combination of two things working in unison (powered by electricity): hardware and software.

The conceptual explanation of what AI is, is crucial to keep at the forefront of one’s critical thinking and the clue as to why,
is in the very word “automatic”, for if it’s automatic there is:

 no thinking process going on here,

 no intellectualising,
 no discerning,
 no coming to knowledge and understanding over anything and
 no reasoning and to give but one example: machines cannot reason in order to determine whether or not a cat is present
in an image, instead, it performs (advanced) pattern matching. (Candès, et al., 2019, p. 2)

It’s all just a series of automatic / mechanical responses like the kind that happen immediately after pressing the button on
a light switch, which in turn lets the electricity pass through some wires to light up a bulb.
We’re clearly talking about processes that require no intelligence on the part of:

 the light switch, or

 the light bulb, or
 the electricity wires, or
 the source of energy passing through said wires,

and thank God for that, because if the plastic, metal, glass and the energy source just mentioned were required to be intelligent
in order for us to turn on the lights at night, we’d be waiting a long time.

It would be like trying to get blood out of a stone and even candles would fail as a substitute, for plastic, metal, glass, or
electricity is no more intelligent than the wick and wax a candle is made of.

At this point some might be tempted to interject with comments such as:

“AI is something more than just a candle or an electric circuit”,

but is it really?
We said previously that physically speaking AI is a combination of two things working in unison (mainly powered by
electricity): hardware and software.

Think not that hardware is like the equivalent of the human body and that software is like the equivalent of a human awareness,
consciousness, spirit, or a soul, or whatever other synonym one might be tempted to refer to it as.

AI’s decision-making algorithms are only as good as the programmers that wrote them who cannot anticipate what hasn’t yet
happened, thus demonstrating that software is nothing more than a collection of human-written programmes or instructions
that instruct a computer how to carry out particular tasks and are stored on various types of storage media such as: hard drives,
solid state drives, or external drives which ultimately translate to a bunch of raw materials worked upon and put together by
man or man’s machinery to shape them into hardware which we call motherboards, processors, etc. which in essence are once
again electronic circuits on a more microscopic level.

Granted software does more than just to light up a room, or the streets at night; hence the illusion of intelligence because of
what it does on our monitor screens when we use said software / program for various purposes.

Before so called software came to be there was mainly the automation / mechanisation of humans’ physical abilities,
followed by the discovery of the binary system of computation now in use by AI software which finally brought about the
automation / mechanisation of humans’ ability to perform mathematical calculations, or to take stock and make an
inventory of retrievable information which is not to be mistaken with the ability to reason, discern, understand, or know
things which are completely different matters all together and nothing to do with what a computer is capable of.
To act of oneself, or unadvisably, is the meaning of the ancient Greek verb automatizein. “UNADVISEDLY” means at the
directive of no mind, not as a result of an actual awareness, or consciousness of one’s existence and consequential needs.

Thus, it could be said that automation /

mechanisation began with the invention of
the wheel; the poster child for ancient
ingenuity, leading to the invention of
wheeled carts and all the way up to what we
now call cars, although circular objects have
plaid a part in the mechanisation of every
business sector, not just the motoring
industry.

This particular wooden wheel was

discovered in 2002 and is between 5.100 to
5.350 years old making it the oldest in the
world ever found though certainly not the
first.

Yes, it may not look like much on its own,

that is, until you look at the inner workings
of a mechanical watch.
Mechanisation / automation at its best, made possible by a multitude of circular objects moving one another
with the aid of cranks, or cylindrical shaped objects such as coiled springs, etc.
It’s not until 1956 when mathematician and computer scientist John McCarthy held a conference at the now famous Dartmouth
on “artificial intelligence” that the latter confusing expression was first used and coined, thereafter making its way into popular
usage, though artificial intelligence is much older than we think. (Svensson, 2021, p. 364)

It goes all the way back to the Catalan (or rather, Majorcan) writer Ramon Llull (1232-1316) who “invented a system which
fascinated such figures as Giordano Bruno and Leibniz, a system which has been considered a distant precursor of computer
science.” Furthermore, Ramon Llull’s mechanism of rotating concentric rings created to assist memorising was the first such
device on offer. (Bonner, 2001, pp. 377–392; Fidora & Sierra, 2011, pp. 33–37; Sales, 1997, pp. 15–21)

Speaking of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), in 1666 he published his “Dissertation on the Art of Combinatorics,”
in which, following on from Ramon Llull, he aimed to create a universal symbolic language that would replace all discourse
with calculation. In numerous, and even more recent, writings, the binary system is credited to Leibniz as its discoverer, or
inventor. (Brancato, 2016, pp. 151–172; Leibniz & Loemker, 1989, pp. 73–84; Leibniz, Strickland & Lewis, 2022; Lodder,
2009, pp. 169–178)

Such a system had no application during Leibniz's lifetime, but since the 1940s, it has served as a crucial foundation for
electronic digital computers. There are, however, accounts of much older number systems, mostly from Asia, that also use
two symbols. (Bruderer, 2017)
Moving on from the subject of how far back in history the work on artificial intelligence began and after having already
explained what AI is both conceptually and physically, it should be rather obvious by now that when talking about the impact
of AI on the motoring industry, the kind of impact we are discussing here is an existential one.

The question is how long before humanity will give up its obsession with, as Michael I. Jordan put it:
 “the heady aspiration of realizing in software and hardware an entity possessing human-level intelligence. I will use
the phrase “human-imitative AI” to refer to this aspiration, emphasizing the notion that the artificially-intelligent entity
should seem to be one of us, if not physically then at least mentally (whatever that might mean).”
and really start to look deeper into the:
 “discipline of “Intelligent Infrastructure” (II), whereby a web of computation, data, and physical entities exists that
makes human environments more supportive, interesting, and safe.”
 “Such infrastructure is beginning to make its appearance in domains such as transportation.”
 “For such technology to be realized, a range of engineering problems will need to be solved that may have little
relationship to human competencies (or human lack-of-competencies). The overall transportation system (an II system)
will likely more closely resemble the current air-traffic control system than the current collection of loosely-coupled,
forward-facing, inattentive human drivers. It will be vastly more complex than the current air-traffic control system,
specifically in its use of massive amounts of data and adaptive statistical modelling to inform fine-grained decisions.
Those challenges need to be in the forefront versus a potentially-distracting focus on human-imitative AI.” (Jordan,
2019)
Even without what is to come that will completely revolutionise transportation, for better or worse, AI still represents the
physical manifestation of the motoring industry in its entirety as it would simply not exist were it not for AI.

AI is not just the software that runs car manufacturing plants as well as the plants themselves; it’s also the wheels of a car and
the motor that powers the wheels and all the other man-made, or machine made inanimate, or moving parts which when put
together make up what we call a transport vehicle, the totality of which saves us from having to transport things, or ourselves
by ourselves from A to B by either walking, or manually carrying things.

AI represents mankind’s successful attempt to automate and mechanise some of the physical actions we had to manually
perform back in prehistoric times before we developed tools that can do things for us which is ultimately what AI is; a multitude
of convenience tools. Just as one wouldn’t think of a hammer as clever, for the same reasons one ought not to think of AI as
clever either.

Any contraption that does things for us with or without the use of software is considered to be AI, even the first car ever made
long before the arrival of electric cars and their fancy capacity to relay information back to us in a human recorded voice, or
computer synthesised human like voice along with visuals on GPS monitor screens. Monitor coming from the word
monitoring, keeping stock of where x, y, z is, which requires no intelligence on the part of the radio waves used by GPS
receivers to determine positional coordinates, as it equally requires no intelligence on the part of the physical materials used
to create the AI GPS tracking system that at one time before its creation we might have thought of as intelligent.
The industrial revolution certainly took care of the mechanisation of certain human physical actions. However, the effort to at
least in theory successfully simulate logical deductions at work as would be performed by software and thus demonstrate that
programable computers could also perform certain activities of the human mind which led to the mechanisation of thought
processes to some limited extent, was fulfilled much later by the arrival of programmable electronic computers.

And since at least the mid-1950s the question on many lips has been: can a machine really think, or is it simply imitating what
humans can do? Early supporters of artificial intelligence believed that methods for teaching computers to perform certain
tasks typically associated with intelligence, like playing a board game, could be applied to mechanise a wide range of other
cognitive tasks, which in the end turned out not to be possible.

After decades of programming work and much-needed hardware and software advancements, programmes operating on
smartphones are now able to defeat human grandmasters in chess. The first chess programmes could hardly finish a game.
However, the techniques they employ are incomparable with mechanisms that may conceivably operate within human minds.

Hence, instead of claiming that computers are intelligent, or intellectually superior to humans, the scientific communities
studying computer and data science, cybernetics, machine learning (ML), etc., have now come to the consensus that
intelligence is not needed to plan a route or play chess. whereas members of the non-scientific community at large, partly due
to their lack of understanding on the subject and partly due to their tendencies towards materialism rather than dualism, still
entertain ideas, or beliefs that AI might actually be intelligent, or could one day be intelligent.
According to dualism, the mind is non-physical [or, at the very least, has non-physical properties] and, therefore, cannot be
explained in purely physical terms. Whereas according to materialists, the mind could be explained physically, which
leaves open the possibility of so-called minds produced artificially, this in spite of the fact that it’s a scientific proven fact that
all so called matter is illusory as everything is made up of atoms, neutrons, protons etc., in other words energy.

At the start of it all AI researchers were attempting to programme things that stretched the boundaries of computing, towards
interactive computer systems that had yet to be created, they needed the best computers available and the best at the time
meant ridiculously big and expensive yet still not good enough.

The way computers work hasn’t much changed since then so how come AI has gotten better over the years? Well, it’s not
because it’s now become intelligent. The biggest contributors to AI improvement came not by replicating human thought
and intelligence but from building a better infrastructure: resulting in faster speeds for data transmission and significantly
more data storage space.

It was always going to be a wating game for the infrastructure to improve in order for computers to get better, something early
computer scientists and investors in the AI industry didn’t think they would have to fall back on and be patient for the arrival
of as there wasn’t ever going to be an alternative method to achieve this, hard as everyone tried yet failed. (Haigh, 2023, pp.
33–37; Svensson, 2021, pp. 363–370)
Speaking of said [to be precise] 83-year long waiting period for AI infrastructure to get to where it needed to get for artificial
intelligence to significantly improve, below are some of the most popular, though certainly not all the milestones recorded in
the history books that lead to where we are now on the AI front.

 Alan Turing introduced the Turing Test in 1950.
 The Three Laws of Robotics were proposed by Isaac Asimov in
the same year.
 The first AI-based programme was created in 1951.
 The first game-playing self-learning programme was developed
in 1955.
 The MIT AI lab is established in 1959.
 On GM's assembly line, the first robot is introduced in 1961.
 The first AI demonstration of natural language understanding
occurred in 1964.
 Eliza, the first chatbot, was created in 1965.
 At Stanford AI Lab, the first autonomous vehicle is developed in
1974.
 Carnegie Mellon uses a neural network to develop the first
autonomous car in 1989.
 IBM Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in a chess match in
1997.
 1999 sees Sony release AIBO.
 The MIT AI labs demonstrate their first emotional AI in that
same year.
 DARPA launches the first autonomous vehicle challenge in 2004.
 Google begins developing a self-driving car in 2009.
 Report writing skills are demonstrated by Narrative Sciences AI
in 2010.
 IBM Watson defeated the Jeopardy champions in 2011.
 In the same year, Cortana and Siri Google Now went
widespread.
 Elon Musk and associates declared in 2015 that they would be
donating $1 billion to Open AI.
 Google's Deep Mind beats the Korean AlphaGo champion in
2016.
 Stanford released the AI 100 Report in 2016.
 The Centre for Human Compatible Artificial Intelligence is
established by UC Berkeley in 2016.

Even though we still have a long way to go, the advances in AI currently being made are coming thick and fast in support of
our ever-increasing computing power, the explosion of digital data, and the speed of our communication infrastructure. In
many ways, the commercialisation of AI is still in its early stages, but it will have a significant impact on our world as we
know it—perhaps even more so than the internet and mobile phones affected our way of life in the past.
 BENEFITS OF AI IN THE MOTORING INDUSTRY

 There are numerous benefits of AI within the car manufacturing industry at the:

(i). Design Phase

(ii). Manufacturing Phase
(iii). Distribution Phase
(iv). Sales Phase
(v). End-User Phase
1. BENEFITS AT THE DESIGN PHASE:

At this stage AI assists with the increase in productivity, reduction in costs and improving of
the overall quality of vehicles.

 Design Optimization.

 Simulation.

 Predictive Analytics.

 Generative Design.

Therefore, AI at this stage, aids to revolutionise Automobile manufacturers’ operations to create

vehicles that are safe, economical, eco-friendly.
2. BENEFITS AT THE MANUFACTURING PHASE:

At this stage AI aids in streamlining the production process, raising quality, cutting expenses,
and increasing efficiency.

 Quality Control.

 Predictive Maintenance.

 Robotics & Automation.

 Supply Chain Management.

AI technologies are essential to changing, or aiding the manufacturing phase to adapt & adjust
to shifting consumer expectations, whilst creating quality cars quickly.
3. BENEFITS AT THE DISTRIBUTION PHASE

At this stage AI provides a number of advantages to logistics, distribution & delivery of vehicles
to customers & dealerships.

 Route Optimization.

 Demand Forecasting.

 Real-Time Tracking.

 Customer Satisfaction.

AI significantly contributes to the enhancement of distribution by increasing efficiency of

deliveries, cost effectiveness & therefore customer satisfaction.
4. BENEFITS AT THE SALES PHASE

At this stage AI aids with marketing, customer happiness & contact details, streamlining sales
processes and the coming to wiser business judgements:

 Personalized Marketing.

 Chatbots & Virtual Assistants.

 Pricing Optimization.

 Customer Support.

AI greatly contributes to the improvement and streamlining of sales, client & customer
satisfaction, offering insightful data on consumer behaviour, contact information & market
dynamics.
5. END-USER BENEFITS OF AI

AI in self-driving cars can do a number of things by simply gathering and analysing vast
amounts of data from user interactions, sensors, cameras, and other sources, including traffic
patterns, real-time traffic, and weather conditions:

 improve safety,

 reduce travel time,

 save on costs,

 provide enhanced user experience and

 be good for the environment.

 DISADVANTAGES OF AI IN THE MOTORING INDUSTRY

 The most currently well-known negative issues and challenges surrounding the subject of
electric / connected / autonomous vehicles run, or assisted by AI technology can be broken
down into six categories:

(i). Manufacturing defects.

(ii). Malevolent human interference.
(iii). Adverse economic effects.
(iv). Middle / lower-class exclusionism.
(v). Dumbing-down of future generations.
(vi). No ethics / emotions.
1. Manufacturing Defects

 Black-box problem.

 Airbags.

 Seat belt defects.

 Structural defects.

 design defects.

 technical system failures

2. Malevolent Human Interferences:

 Misuse of GPS trackers.

 Hacking.

 Graffiti.
3. Adverse Economic Effects

 Structural Unemployment.

4. Middle / Lower-Class Exclusionism

 Only for the well-off / rich.

5. Dumbing-Down of Future Generations

 The skill and ability to drive ourselves from A to B will become a lost art.

 Over reliance upon AI can lead to laziness, problems to future generations.

 Since the release of e-hailing apps, the way that people commute has changed

significantly. Rather than owning a car, more people are choosing to forgo owning a

vehicle because transportation is now easily accessible with a few phone taps.
6. No Ethics / Emotions

Important characteristics, attributes, or traits of mankind such as:

 intelligence,

 emotions,

 ethics

 empathy &

 morality,

are difficult to incorporate into AI currently.

 CONCLUSION

 We can see the benefits in the AI industry and just how much they have made the industry into
what it appears today. Without AI in the automobile industry the number of cars that can be
produced per rota would be significantly lower. Meaning profits to loss would be staggering
for an automobile company. AI makes up a vast proportion of the automobile industry. Without
the assisted help from AI the motion in productivity would be far less.

 With AI there to assist in the manufacturing process this means that the manager, or CEO of
the company can worry less about the running of the business and focus more on sales and
employees. Meaning less stress and more time allocation to the larger tasks.
 To give a wider view of the conclusion one would like to talk about the safety that AI
implements not only to the driver of the vehicle but everyone on the outside of the vehicle. As
we all know human error can cause a catastrophic event. With AI to assist with this, lives are
much more protected. Meaning the stress put on the driver is far lower, resulting in fewer
accidents overall.

 Moving towards an outsider's perspective. Let's say you bought a car, and it costs you £50,000,
What would you expect? Quality assurance is one of the biggest factors that you would consider
when purchasing a car. AI ensures that all parts are put together in a safe and representable way,
with the quality of cars rising every year. Thanks to the new AI software implemented in the
manufacturing process, risks have been lessened more each year since the introduction of AI
back in 1982.
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