TEST 4 Paper 1 Reading and Use of English (1 hour 30 minutes) For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fis each gap, There is an exame at the beginning (0) Example: 0 A items B objects © stuff D_ produce fl What a waste! Research has shown that one in ten (0)... bought in the sales will never be used. This has always been the (1)... and everything points to this year being no (2)... if anything, it will be worse. People become alittle bit crazy during the sales (3)... which, these days, lasts from November through to the New Year, Huge (4)... on the high street and online will lead to a mountain of waste being sent to tandfil sites or the incinerator as bargain (5)... buy tons of goods they don't realy need, There isa (6) ...... Between consumption and waste, so when people buy more things in the sales there will be a(n) (7)... in how much gets thrown away. Environmental groups are asking consumers to think before they buy. The temptation to splash out when (8)... are slashed by up to 75% is difficult to resist, but think twice before you buy something that’s just going to end up on the rubbish tip 1A point B case © purpose —D_matter. 2A contrast —_B alternative€ trouble Different 3 A period B term © duration —D_ interval 4 A deductions B discounts € rebates ——D_offers 5 A searchers B_ hunters. © consumers D_ watchers 6 A link B contact © union D_ bond 7A raise B addition increase ~—-D_ gain 8 A fares B prices © fees D rates18 TEST 4 "mau Bulyauios 6uluseay so sunoy may e uI4RIM daajs NOK J) Alowiow! sanoiduu! dees ‘pe ul ‘daajs 5 y61u pos e saop se ‘oo wed 94 (91) 321p pue aspaiaxe ‘asin02 40 (51) aun Keys nok anqre Ayeruous ‘10W ay aUINNSU! 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Use the that fits in the gap in the same Word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS. example: [OTWTOINTOLE TRIE TUTC ‘You have probably seen photographs of those (0) ...... WONDERFUL, WONDER paintings found on the walls of caves across Europe. Less familiar are the (17) -- markings also found there. tts MYSTERY Not as if they had been lying there (18)... forall this Discover: time, just that they had been largely ignored as (19)... 7 7 MEAN doodles. Now, however, (20) are suggesting that they SCIENCE may represent the first step on the path to modern writing, Archaeologists have found a (21) ose rnseaen OF strange symbols vary in the caves, including geometric figures such as triangles, arrangements of dots and lines, and something that looks very much like the modern hashtag, ‘Naturally, the (22) - drawings and paintings of bison SPECTACLE ‘and horses and hunting scenes caused the most excitement and interest when they were discovered, but the attention now being paid to these symbols is forcing a re-examination of cave art and the (23) -« made about the people who ASSUME Created it. Our understanding of early human development is (24) changing with such new discoveries. 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Puc ‘94 Buys ‘gousiues isi 24) 0} BuIUeEWL Je) Us B Sey 1! 24} OS BoUeIUEs Pudd9s ou) eiaIdwH0D ‘9F-Ez SuORseNb 10 ys16ug 40 esp pue Bulpeoy L4edegTEST 4 Reading and Use of English You are going to read an article about second-hand bookshops. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or 1D) which you think fits best according to the text * Second-hand bookshops Second-hand bookshops are an endangered species. Both official statistics and personal experience bear this out, The one proper second-hand bookshop in the area where | live - a ramshackle old place squeezed between an estate agent and a milliner ~ disappeared while | was on holiday. & nasty shock for all local book lovers. By proper | mean it sold only books and not any old second-hand, or ‘pre-laved' as they say, rubbish. There are quite a few shops now, usually charity shops, where you can get second-hand books, but it's only small part of their stock. It was a wonderful place for browsing and making exciting discoveries. There were a couple of small café tables and chairs so you could sit and read, and the proprietor would offer to make you a cup of coffee on ‘a small camping stove he had in the back. He would even offer to make bacon and eggs if he thought you were worth a chat. It's only in that kind of a place that kind of thing can happen, and | wish there was more of it Browsing is at the heart of shopping for books. A recent study has shown that people still find most of their ‘books by in-store browsing and this is taken as evidence of the continuing importance of real bookshops for selling real books, but even these are disappearing from the high street. Besides, their stock, though large, is often quite predictable, whereas a second-hand bookshop is full of surprises and serendipity comes into play. More often than seems feasible you find something you didn’t know you were looking for or didn’t realise you wanted, ‘The largest second-hand books website searches through 140 million books for sale, but browsing mong the shelves is rewarding in ways which surfing the net can never be, despite the sometimes-generous discounts. If there is a particular book you want then, yes, the Internet is just the ticket: you type in the title, pay by credit card, and your book arrives the next day. Perfect. But you don’t get those happy accidents, the wonderful discoveries that occur when you browse in a real second-hand bookshop, where the books are not neatly ordered and categorised; and where you might find a Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers annual stuck between a history of the Aztecs and a book on conchology. | don’t mean to give the impression that I'm after comic books when | trawl the second-hand bookshops. First editions are not my thing (though if find one at the right price then | won't turn my nose up at it), nor fine bindings, antiquarian books, or signed copies (though | have come across a few at rock bottom prices). What ''m after, now that | think about it, are books that | feel should have read. | was a bad student and read everything except what was on the set book list, and am trying to catch up. Also, many of the books | want are out of print. ‘There are obvious reasons why second-hand bookshops are on the way out. As already mentioned, there is the Internet. Another factor affecting the sale of second-hand books is the spread of charity shops, You would think this is an unarguably good thing, though whether a having a large number of charity shops in your town signals economic decline or a growth in benevolence I'm not qualified to say. | have often used such shops to buy second-hand paperbacks and to get rid of books I'm not going to reread. 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Jo siadedsmau aul|uC 10 ‘punose sy00q [e>Ishyd BUIBEN| Ueyp UaIUAUOD aJ0U! 531 Se "Bulpeas Kepljoy ue asow 10} wayy asn Jana siapea.-a ym ajdoad AUeW IqNop | “YsypIOB e Jo 1ey OY sueds ‘vontuane Supnpas st ‘Bunok ayy Suowe Ajjepadsa "auiaru) ayi Moy pue Sulpedi UI auIpap arp BuAUaWIE) ssaid aya Ul sajsrue as op nog ‘uonUarYe e1pa ‘Aue 3! ‘Ysnu S9AI8901 ye\ uO OU S| YORENYS Siu ‘sanueyp se pave3si6ai ale pue “sjanaj 19mo] 12 5}00q aDud yey ‘(s1B=IUNIOA Ka payers Ajutewi ae K2up) anoge| pue »Pois aauj 02 ssarDe aney reUN sdoUs \ALM ayadwo> 3,ue> Aduuls Kat, “Gulya jeas aup Jo [eAInINS ‘tp suayeaiyp 2! suado doys yueu> seyjoue aun Yrea asneraq ing 's4oog noge GuIyjawios MOU Ayjem>e ysi16ug 40 esp pue Bulpeoy L aedegTEST 4 Paper 1 Reading and Use of English ‘You are going to read four teenagers’ views on fashion. For questions 87-40, choose from the people A-D. The peop ‘may be chosen more than once. A « Fashion is definitely an important part of popular culture and many young people buy fashion magazines to keep up with the latest trends, even though they couldn't afford most of the clothes modelled there. That, can be considered a negative aspect of fashion - that young people are persuaded to spend more than they «an afford on clothes that may soon be out of fashion. But on the whole think fashion isa good thing. I's {good to want to dress well and make a good impression and has a positive psychological effect as well. If you lock good, you feel good. Some people do take this too far and judge people on what they wear, and even cut them from their socal circle if they don’t wear the right brands, and some become so obsessed by it that they neglect everything else, including their studies. The majority, though, are sensible about it and see it for what it is. Another postive is that it is good for the country economically: its a big business and we have some of the top designers in the world 8 First impressions do count and we often ‘place’ people by what they are wearing as well as more obvious signs like their accent and so on. Some people dress to draw attention to themselves while others don't. Many people my age, both boys and girls, are obsessed with how they look, in every detail from top to toe. This is normal with teenagers, but | think it goes too far when people get shunned or ostracised for not hhaving the right look. That's why I think school uniforms are a good thing. Everyone looks roughly the same, though even here people will make additions and adjustments that make them stand out. Then there's also the question of money: some can afford the top brand names and look down on those that can't. They'd. buy their uniforms at YSL or Versace if they could. There's no denying fashion’s cultural impact, and it's probably a sign of an advanced culture that has the time and resources to spend on what is a luxury. a want to look nice and dress well as much as anybody else, but that doesn’t mean you have to spend hours 2 day thinking about what to wear or what to buy, and then pay through the nose for it; or go on a diet so that you can fit into the clothes you suddenly can't live without. | think, on the whole, that fashion does more harm than good. | understand that it brings a lot of money into the country and is considered a cultural asset in that it spreads our cultural influence around the globe, but it also has a downside. The ‘main problem is that it presents an ideal body image that very few people can live up to. | mean, rather, an unreal image. Young people, still trying to find out who they are, are susceptible to this kind of advertising and persuasion, and it can ruin lives. Also, | understand the business treats models badly, despite one or two becoming enormously rich and famous. > in my view, fashion is an art form. It’s certainly more important to more people than paintings or poems and has a broader cultural impact. Only popular music has a greater impact on young people than fashion It makes people feel better about themselves. | read that it brings in £26 billion a year and provides employment to hundreds of thousands of people, so there's no denying its importance as a business. It has come in for alot of criticism recently over the effect it has on young girls and its mistreatment of aspiring models, but how widespread is that? If you gave me facts and figures about how many young girls developed eating disorders because they read Vogue, then | might alter my opinion. They are young {and gullible and living in a dream world. It's true that, for some, being seen to be in the know about all things fashion takes up time better spent trying to pass exams, but something else would be the cause if it weren't fashionis TEST 4 es _ZPees pue 29s Kay ey Aq papensiad Ase axe ajdoad Bunok yeys > Yala s9—162 Oe 41894 1818 Jo aos Aq porsefau Bulag “sop v se ‘suonuoW (ee {sanjasursya anoge 1anaq J995 aldoad sayeu! 31 ey MaIA s.q sazeys (a) {S240 Uo Yonw oo puads sawnawos ajdoad Buno yen y YaIM seai6e som Y>iyM, ysi6ug Jo esp pue Burpeoy L4edeqTEST 4 Paper 1 Reading and Use of English ‘You are going to read an extract from a newspaper article. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. (Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph which you do need to use. FRACKING “Europe would do well to emulate the shale boom in the United States,’ says one expert. ‘For a start, it would bring down energy prices. And it would lessen dependence on other countries for energy” (an = Across Europe, companies have tried and failed to emulate the success of fracking in the US. This has ‘more than a little to do with public and political opposition. It is feared that fracking will destroy the landscape, contaminate drinking water and clog country lanes with heavy duty vehicles. | what is facking, and why does it provoke so ich opposition? As you would expect, those in the energy business claim that itis a safe and efficient way of extracting gas and oil from the ground, while environmentalists and community groups say itis a destructive and dangerous technology whose economic benefits are not worth the damage done to the environment. fl a3 It's the next part of the process that gives rise to a lot of the controversy. As shale gas is trapped in dense layers of rock and cannot flow freely by drilling alone, hydraulic fracturing is used to ease the flow, This involves pumping millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure to ‘open fractures in the rock. (al Although the natural gas extracted by these ‘methods burns cleaner, emitting less carbon dioxide, doing so can have a negative impact on the environment. Both water supplies and water pollution are concerns. Because millions of gallons are used in the fracking process, some of it has to be diverted from other uses; and the possibly dangerous chemicals used can be released through spills, leaks or badly constructed wells. For example, after a site is fractured, the waste water must be treated and then disposed of or reused, but the practice of storing waste water in open pits gives rise to concerns about the contamination of freshwater aquifers. One study found raised levels of radium, bromide and other contaminants in waste water released into local streams. fs In one or two areas in the US, people claim that they can set fire to their tap water as a result of, fracking, and this got a lot of media attention, However, itis now known that the water was flammable before fracking. Another area of concern is climate change. Again, this is a hotly debated topic, mostly about the amount of methane, 3 ‘major greenhouse gas, released by racking, In 2013, cone study showed that up to that point the volume of methane gas released by fracking was lower than anyone had thought. But more recently, other research, using satellite imagery, has found that levels may be higher than was previously thought. (46 ; 7 So, given these potential problems, should Europe jump on the fracking bandwagon, as our expert advised? We need the energy it provides, and the economic benefits and independence that come with it. 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Ie 02 aney ‘22ue ls ue Auewua9 Sulpnput ‘sainuno> ueadosng esanas “auop uaaq sey uoneioidxa apy se} os 2K 'sp ayy weUA Seb ajeys ajqeranopa1 a1ow sey ‘adoun3 ye\p 15966ns sfaruns “anssi snojus}U0> 2S! pue “UMoUy fjjeinboljo> $1 se BUDpeW, 10 ‘Guumpey ayespAy Uo sayjas woOg areys sip INE ‘anny aq Kew! ‘plum Jo aos - yuauiuosiaua aya pue ajdoad 20g 01 - siabuep ayp anoge sue Buisres-ney ‘ulos apew aney Bure asoddo oy asoun, Puy UEWUOIIALA atp UO 32ay}9 aUlOs 2q 01 sey 21041 ~ panjonut st eaue abny e os ‘sareas Je1onas ueds souls awos ‘sp au ut ~ sysodap '5e6 pue jJ0 ajeys 2612) oyur de 03 suaonpoud ‘A612u9 pamoyje aney sanbiuLpar asaya a|yM. Laedeq 15uz yO esp pue BuipeayPaper 1 Reading and Use of English ‘You are going to read a magazine article in which four critics write about their job. For questions 47~56, choose fro the critics (A-E). The critics may be chosen more than once. Which critic 's probably a theatre critic? a) stresses the need to remain detached? [aa] hints at a political dimension? [ag] doesn’t mention what their field of criticism is? 50] ) has experience practising the art they criticise? Ei] says self-awareness is an important quality in a critic? & ‘thinks critics are sometimes better at their craft than some of those they criticise? [53 claims a bad review may be well received by its subject? & claims that they have helped broaden the scope of their chosen field of criticism? 555] ‘says good criticism helps create a suitable environment for artists to work in? 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