REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LOCAL STUDIES

The reasons for the increasing numbers of tumultuous affray are situated in several

spheres. First and foremost, the socio-economic position in different areas might create a climate

of tension and conflict between individuals and groups. In addition, economic deprivation is

proven to stimulate people to resort to violence as a means of expressing their frustration and

despair. According to Mateo, People resort to violence. (Mateo, 2021).

Cultural factors can also be identified as one of the leading causes of tumultuous affray.

Thus, in Filipino culture, the measures of “hiya” or shame, the concepts of “honor” and

“personal reputation” contribute to scenes of violence when people feel insulted and dissed. The

role of alcohol consumption cannot be underestimated as it impairs the ability to make anything

related to judgments and Israelis encourage hostile behavior, which frequently results in scenes

of confusion and violence. (Sarmiento, 2019).

The legal frameworks and their enforcement can also contribute to tumultuous affray. For

example, in the Philippines, the Revised Penal Code, specifically Article 251, deals with the

crime of “death caused by a tumultuous affray” and outlines the penalties and conditions for

which individuals can be charged. However, the challenges in law enforcement, including

identifying perpetrators in chaotic situations and the general inefficiency in the judicial system,

often result in inadequate deterrence (Lawphil.net, 2020).

In addition, local studies identified environmental factors – the impact of overcrowded

housing and the lack of proper public safety, which can create conditions for this type of conflict.
For example, in remote areas with insufficient police presence and weak social infrastructure,

disputes and feuds can grow into a tumultuous affray due to an absence of timely intervention by

government authorities. Other studies show that insufficient education and the lack of programs

for the comprehensive development of young people also contribute to the increased

involvement of conflict’s participants. (‌Cadano, M., 2023).

Environmental factors, including overcrowded living conditions and inadequate public

safety measures, further contribute to the incidence of tumultuous affrays. In areas with limited

police presence and poor community infrastructure, disputes are more likely to escalate into

violent confrontations due to the lack of timely intervention (Project Jurisprudence, 2021).

Another significant factor is the influence of community and societal conditions.

Research has found that children exposed to adverse environments, such as poor neighborhoods

and inadequate social support, are more likely to develop antisocial behaviors that contribute to

public violence. Factors like maternal mental health, parental hostility, and social support

systems play a critical role in shaping these outcomes. (Gartland, D. et al., 2019)

Overall, addressing the increase in tumultuous affray in the Philippines requires a

multifaceted approach, tackling economic issues, cultural attitudes towards violence, and

improving the effectiveness of the legal and law enforcement systems.

REFERENCES

Death caused in tumultuous affray (Article 251). (2021).

https://www.projectjurisprudence.com/2021/05/death-caused-in-tumultuous-affray-article-

251.html

M‌ateo, M (2021) Death Caused In A Tumultuous Affray.

https://www.bigwas.com/2014/05/death-caused-in-tumultuous-affray.html

G.R. No. 213792. (2020). Lawphil.net.

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2015/jun2015/gr_213792_2015.html

Sarmiento, I. (2019). Studocu; Studocu. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/philippine-

college-of-criminology/introduction-to-criminology/lecture-notes-cdi-102-updated/84657012

Gartland, D. et.al. (2019). What factors are associated with resilient outcomes in children

exposed to social adversity? A systematic review. BMJ Open, 9(4).

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024870

‌Cadano, M. (2023). The reasons of inactive youth engagement in the community: a case study in

Barangay District III, Babatngon, Leyte. 123. 44-60. 10.47119/IJRP1001231420234683.