CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Deforestation, which is defined as the vast clearing or removal of forests or

woods, is a phrase derived from "de-" meaning removal and "forest" referring to huge

regions dominated by trees. It comprises converting forest area to non-forest uses,

which is often fueled by human endeavors like farming, urbanization, logging,

infrastructural development, and industrial growth. The terrain and ecosystem are

altered as a result of this process, which significantly reduces the amount of forest

coverage.

This study will focus on Peninsular Malaysia. Deforestation in the area is

particularly concerning owing to Malaysia's geographical location, since it affects not

just the nation's natural heritage but also has huge worldwide repercussions due to its

effects on biodiversity and climate.

Deforestation is a serious worldwide environmental problem with far-reaching

effects. It involves the large-scale destruction of trees and the conversion of wooded

land for various purposes. It is a serious problem with many aspect that touches on

everything from social and economic growth to ecology and conservation.

 Global deforestation has risen over the past century, with the earth as a whole

being affected even if the tropics are the most affected. Environmental issues are now

a major concern for countries everywhere. Even Malaysia, a country well-known for

its varied ecosystems and strong economy, is affected by the general degradation of

the environment. This study aims to examine the impact of deforestation on the

national security of Malaysia. Since Malaysia are unique with it geographic location

and diverse ecosystems, it is being exposed to deforestation problems.

Malaysia's national security is greatly affected by the loss of forests. By

cutting down a lot of trees, the country loses its natural defence against threats from

other countries and also has to deal with problems inside the country. For starters,

cutting down trees makes climate change worse, which makes Malaysia more likely

to be hit by natural disasters and bad weather. Loss of tree cover also changes the

water cycle, which can cause problems like not having enough water and even wars.

Deforestation also threatens the integrity of land, since illegal settlements often appear

after trees are cut down. These threats show how important it is for the government to

take action right away to stop deforestation.

For example, forest protection programmes and sustainable land use practises

are needed. International partnerships and cooperation are also very important for

stopping deforestation because they let people share best practises and information.

Lastly, educating and raising knowledge about the environment are very important for

getting people to live in a way that doesn't harm it. Lastly, stopping deforestation is

important not only to protect Malaysia's national security but also to keep its natural

resources and wildlife safe.

 Malaysia is endangered to natural disasters such as floods, typhoons, storms,

landslides, and the effects of climate change, rising sea levels, air and land

temperatures due to climate change as well as those caused by human disaster. These

environmental issues are large-scale events that occur within or outside the borders,

will have a negative impact on the lives of the people and hinder the smooth running

of the government trade.

Forests are very important for keeping the world climate system in balance

because they take in and store carbon from the air, keep water systems working,

protect biodiversity, and give animals a place to live. There are three different types of

woods in Malaysia (Begum et al., 2020). These are protected forests, permanent

reserved forests, and state land forests. Figure 1 shows a picture of the total amount of

forest land in Malaysia over time. In 1990, there were about 18.8 million hectares of

forest land. That number dropped to 17.9 million hectares in 1993, but it rose again in

1997, reaching 18.47 million hectares. The trend went back down in 1999, and by

2008, the overall forest land had dropped to 17.68 million hectares (ha). One major

reason for this loss of forest land could be that too much logging and development is

destroying forests and cutting down trees. A little over a million hectares (4.23%) of

Malaysia's forest land were lost between 1990 and 2010.

Figure 1. Annual trend of total forest land in Malaysia [taken from
http://www.nre.gov.my/en-my/Forestry/Pages/Statistics-Forest.aspx]

In recent years, Malaysia's rate of cutting down trees has been a worry. The

rate of cutting down trees in the country has been alarmingly high, according to data

and figures. Loss of forest cover has been linked to many things, including logging,

more farming, and building roads and other structures. These actions have destroyed

environments and homes for many plant and animal species that are important to

them. The high rate of deforestation also makes climate change worse by releasing

more carbon into the air. Protected places, national parks, and programmes for

reforestation and afforestation are some of the things that are being done to deal with
this problem. To handle Malaysia's forests in a way that will last for future

generations, however, it will be hard to find a balance between economic growth and

protecting the environment.

Table 1. Deforestation rate in Malaysia [taken from

https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?
title=Global+Forest+Resources+Assessment&author=FAO&publication_year=2015]

Deforestation also puts Malaysia's territorial unity at risk, which could lead to

disputes and wars over territory. To deal with these dangers, governments need to set

up programmes to protect forests, encourage environmentally friendly ways to use

land, make the police stronger, and work together with nearby countries and foreign

groups. To promote environmental awareness and urge people to live in a way that

doesn't harm the environment, it is important to educate and make people more aware,

especially young people. Malaysia can better fight deforestation and keep its citizens

safe by using technology like geographic information systems, remote sensing, and
satellite tracking and surveillance. To sum up, it's impossible to say enough about

how deforestation threatens Malaysia's national security. This issue need to move

quickly to reduce these risks and secure a sustainable future.

1.2 Problem Statement

Forests cover about 30 percent of the planet's land mass, but humans are

cutting them down, clearing these essential habitats on a massive scale. As much as

67% of Malaysia were covered by rainforest. Between 2002 and 2020, Malaysia lost

2.7 million hectares of humid primary forest, which is equivalent to 34% of the

nation's overall loss of tree cover during that period (Internet Geography, 2022).

Malaysia's humid primary forest lost 17% of its overall area during this period.

Malaysia's security significantly affected by a range of environmental issues of

deforestation. These challenges pose multifaceted threats such as effect to biodiversity

and climate change that demand urgent attention and comprehensive strategies to

develop effective policies and interventions.

The growth of Malaysia's palm oil sector and illegal logging have resulted in

massive deforestation, which has a negative impact on the nation's capacity to sustain

its economy and adhere to international environmental obligations. Many

environmental problems, like deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss, are

caused by illegal logging. These problems can lead to bigger environmental crises like

climate change and other types of environmental damage. This will be a threat to

Malaysia’s future youth. Future generations will have to deal with a problem where

the ozone layer is thinner because more carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted into the

atmosphere as a result of the deforestation issue if it is not resolved now.

1.3 Research Objectives

1) To understand how deforestation took place in Malaysia

2) To examine the impacts of deforestation towards economic and biodiversity

losses to Malaysia's national security.

3) To seek the measures taken by the government and any other responsible party

to curb deforestation.

Research Question

1) Why deforestation occur in Malaysia?

2) How it started and what kind of damage it has caused?

3) What measure can be taken to stop deforestation in Malaysia?

4) What is the deforestation effect toward Malaysia’s national security?

5) Where is the most affected location in this deforestation issue?

1.4 Literature Review

Deforestation is a global environmental issue that has significant

implications for various aspects of society, including national security. This

literature review aims to explore the existing research findings on the effect of

deforestation on Malaysia's national security. By synthesizing the available insights,

this review will highlight the knowledge gaps and suggest potential future research

directions in this field.

Several studies have investigated the impacts of deforestation on different

aspects of the environment and society. Therefore, there is a clear knowledge gap in

understanding the specific relationship between deforestation and national security

in Malaysia.

1.4.1 Plantation Industries

According to Gaveau et al. (2016), the relationship between deforestation

and industrial tree plantations on Borneo, revealing that between 1973 and 2015,

18.7 million hectares of old-growth forest were cleared. Industrial plantations

expanded by 9.1 million hectares, with 4.5-4.8 million hectares planted within five

years of forest clearance. This rapid conversion has been greater in Malaysia than

Indonesia, with oil-palm plantations developing on cleared degraded lands. The

study concludes that plantation industries are the primary driver of deforestation in

Malaysian Borneo.
1.4.2 Deforestation on Tourism Industry

Iskandar Ismail (2011), stated that Cameron Highlands of Malaysia have a

considerably different climate now that deforestation, the second greatest producer

of carbon dioxide after the burning of fossil fuels, has occurred. The study that

examined temperature data from 1970 to 2006 discovered a spike in temperature

and a drop in relative humidity, suggesting that deforestation has had a detrimental

effect on the climate and tourist sector in the area. According to the report,

sustainable development is required to guarantee the Cameron Highlands tourist

sector's continuous success.

1.4.3 Government Policies and Regulations

Government policies and regulations in Malaysia have been examined as

they relate to deforestation and conservation efforts. The effectiveness of these

policies in curbing deforestation remains a subject of debate (Vijay et al., 2016).

1.4.4 Environmental Impact

According to Posa et al (2011), deforestation in Malaysia has significant

environmental consequences, including habitat loss for endangered species,

increased greenhouse gas emissions, and disruptions to local ecosystems.

1.4.5 Cause of Deforestation

Fitzherbert et al. (2008) stated that the research has pointed to the expansion of

oil palm plantations as the leading cause of deforestation in Malaysia. Additionally,

infrastructure development and urbanization have also contributed to forest loss.

1.4.6 Measures That Have Been Implemented To Address The Issue Of Illegal
 Logging In Peninsular Malaysia

The strategies that have been implemented include allocating more forest

resources to undertake effective forest law enforcement, amended NFA 1984 to

introduce higher penalty and imprisonment, increased capacity building and human

resources in the enforcement division and equipped them with modern detecting

technology such as GPS, remote sensing, hyperspectral imaging and electronic

tracking (Abdul, 2010).

1.4.7 Mangrove Deforestation in Southeast Asia

Richards and Friess (2015) examined the rates and drivers of mangrove

deforestation in Southeast Asia. While their study provides insights into the causes

and extent of deforestation in the region, it does not discuss the implications for

national security in Malaysia. Similarly, Barber et al. (2014) focused on the mitigating

effect of protected areas on deforestation in the Amazon, without addressing the

specific context of Malaysia.

1.4.8 Factors Contributing To Deforestation in Malaysia

Several studies have identified various factors contributing to deforestation in

Malaysia. Meyfroidt and Lambin (2011) highlight that competition for productive

land between different land uses is a major driver of deforestation. This competition

often arises due to the expansion of large-scale oil palm and timber plantations, which

are key contributors to deforestation in Indonesia and may also apply to Malaysia

(Gaveau et al., 2016). Additionally, small-scale agriculture and plantations, logging

roads, and mining activities have been identified as significant causes of deforestation

in both Indonesia and potentially Malaysia (Gaveau et al., 2016).

1.4.9 Forest Protection and Sustainable Use of Forest Resources

Furthermore, unintended effects of national strategies aimed at forest

protection and sustainable use of forest resources can also contribute to deforestation

in Malaysia (Meyfroidt & Lambin, 2011). These strategies may inadvertently lead to

increased deforestation due to inadequate implementation or lack of enforcement.

1.4.10 Factors Influencing The Fate of Forests in Malaysia

Consumers' decisions, certification schemes, and moratoriums also play a role

in influencing the fate of forests in Malaysia (Meyfroidt & Lambin, 2011). The

demand for forest-risk commodities, such as palm oil and timber, drives deforestation

as these products are often sourced from areas with high forest cover (Henders et al.,

2015). Certification schemes and moratoriums aim to regulate the production and

trade of these commodities, but their effectiveness in curbing deforestation requires

further investigation.

1.4.11 Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

Tropical forests, despite covering less than 10% of Earth's land surface,

support at least two-thirds of the world's biodiversity (Vijay et al., 2016). However,

deforestation and forest alteration pose a severe threat to tropical forests and the

biodiversity they harbor. The largest areas of vulnerable forest are found in Africa and
South America, which also contain globally high concentrations of mammal and bird

species at risk of extinction (Vijay et al., 2016). This highlights the critical importance

of addressing deforestation in these regions to mitigate biodiversity loss.

1.4.12 Role of Oil Palm Plantations

Oil palm plantations have emerged as a major driver of deforestation in

Malaysia and other regions. In Southeast Asia, 45% of sampled oil palm plantations

originated from areas that were forests in 1989, while the percentage was 31% in

South America (Vijay et al., 2016). This indicates the significant conversion of forests

into oil palm plantations, particularly in Southeast Asia. In contrast, Mesoamerica and

Africa observed only 2% and 7% of oil palm plantations originating from forested

areas in 1989 (Vijay et al., 2016).

1.4.13 Deforestation and Carbon Loss

The production of commodities, including oil palm, in the analyzed case

countries accounted for 40% of total tropical deforestation and resulting carbon losses

(Vijay et al., 2016). Furthermore, over a third of these impacts were embodied in

exports in 2011, indicating the global implications of deforestation (Vijay et al.,

2016). This highlights the need to address the role of commodity production and

international trade in deforestation mitigation efforts.

1.4.14 Socio-Economic And Political Factors That Contribute To Deforestation

in Malaysia

While the aforementioned research findings provide valuable insights into the

causes of tropical deforestation in Malaysia, there are still knowledge gaps that need

to be addressed. For instance, the specific socio-economic and political factors that

contribute to deforestation in Malaysia require further exploration. Additionally, the

impacts of deforestation on biodiversity loss and climate change mitigation efforts

need to be better understood (Giam, 2017).

1.4.15 The Expansion of Oil Palm Plantation

The expansion of oil palm plantation has resulted in trade-offs between

environmental preservation and economic benefits (Rist et al., 2010). While oil palm

expansion has led to increased incomes, employment generation, and poverty

reduction, it has also caused tropical deforestation and loss of biodiversity (Rist et al.,

2010). Policies such as rainforest protection and sustainability certification can help

address these trade-offs and promote sustainable practices within the palm oil industry

(Rist et al., 2010).

Future research should focus on developing comprehensive strategies that

address the complex drivers of deforestation in Malaysia. This could involve

exploring alternative land-use practices that balance economic development with

forest conservation, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions and

certification schemes in reducing deforestation rates. Additionally, studies should

investigate the potential synergies and trade-offs between different land uses to

identify sustainable pathways for land management in Malaysia.

1.5 Research Methodology

In this study, qualitative research methodology are being used. Qualitative

research is an investigative methodology that looks at the subjective experiences and

viewpoints of individuals or groups in order to comprehend and study social

phenomena.

Next, the data used in this research being obtained from primary sources such

as books obtained from Tun Jeneral Ibrahim Library of National Defence University

of Malaysia. The secondary sources also being used such as journal article, e-book

and research paper found online. These internet sources is known for it authenticity

and is accredited by the academics.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

The Forest Transition Theory is an idea in the fields of ecology and the

environment that talks about how forest cover changes over time as a society grows

economically and population-wise. This theory says that there is a "forest transition"

that leads to reforestation or afforestation after deforestation. An American

geographer named B. L. Turner II is known for his work on land-use change and

forestry and is a key figure in the development of the Forest Transition Theory.

Turner and his coworkers did a lot to come up with the idea of forest changes and

spread it widely.

In the first stage, before the transition (pre-transition), there is a lot of forest

cover, and people often use the woods for small-scale farming and resource

extraction. In the second stage (transition), as a society's economy grows and more

people move to cities, woods are cut down to make room for farming, building roads

and factories. It is common for forest cover to decrease during this time. As the

economy grows and more people move to cities, land use changes from farming and

resource extraction to urban and industry areas. This is called stage 3 (post-transition).

This step could lead to reforestation or afforestation, which would mean that there

would be more forest cover.

According to the forest shift theory, the change is caused by a number of

things, such as improvements in farming methods and technology that make current

farmland more productive, which means less need to clear forests. As cities grow and

people depend less on woods for food, people are moving from rural to urban areas to
make a living. There also are rules and policies made by the government that

encourage planting trees and protecting wildlife.

The Forest Transition Theory helps us understand how land use changes, as

well as why trees are cut down and planted again in different parts of the world. It

affects how forests are managed, attempts to protect them, and plans for sustainable

development.

Overall, the Forest Transition Theory is a good way to think about how

economic growth and changes in forest cover are connected in a dynamic way. It

shows that as societies get better at making money and using technology, they might

switch from cutting down trees to planting new ones, though the exact time and type

of change can be very different.

1.7 Scope and Limitations

This study looks into the effects of cutting down trees on the environment,

such as habitat loss, loss of wildlife, soil erosion, and the release of greenhouse gases.

Also, think about how these effects might indirectly affect national security.

Next, this study focus on the possible threats to national security that come

from cutting down trees, such as making people more vulnerable to natural disasters,

affecting water supplies, and spreading diseases. Also, think about how cutting down

trees might affect Malaysia's ability to deal with these threats. This study also look at

the current forestry and conservation policies and governance structures and suggest

ways to make them better that will protect the country.

The limitation of this study are the complexity of this issue that is caused by

many causes that are all connected. It can be hard to tell the difference between the

direct and secondary effects on national security. Moreover, it's hard to say what will

happen in the future when it comes to deforestation and national security because of

things like possible changes in temperature, policy, and land use.

These problems need to be fixed on how cutting down trees affects Malaysia's

national security, along with giving a nuanced and well-informed opinion on the

topic. To get around some of these problems, it's important to work with experts from

different areas.
1.8 Significance of Research

I) To industry

The study's results will help others learn more about deforestation and come

up with practise and policies that are based on facts and can successfully fight this

important issue. This study was done to help make plans for more sustainable land

use, conservation, and economic growth in Malaysia at this very important time in its

history. It can also be used as a model for similar places around the world.

II) To researcher

Next, the researcher might add to what is already known about the subject. On

the other hand, by doing this research, the researcher may learn more about the study

area and become better at it. The researcher will get to know the people who are

directly or indirectly involved in this study over the course of the study.

III) To community

The goal of this study is to help people understand and protect the world's

irreplaceable forests and ecosystems by showing how environmental, economic, and

social factors combine in complex ways to cause deforestation. This study will also be

useful for the university because it can be a reference for other students to use. Aside

from that, it might be fresh data that helps academics the next time around.
1.9 Chapterisation

1.9.1 Introduction

Chapter 1 is an introduction to this study. This chapter explains roughly about

the deforestation issues in Malaysia. It also contains some problem statement,

research objectives that need to be achieved by the end of this thesis and it also

portrayed the conceptual framework that being used while conducting this study.

1.9.2 CHAPTER 2 : CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION IN MALAYSIA

Chapter 2 is about deeper understanding on the causes of deforestation issues

in Malaysia. The causes are illegal logging, mineral extraction and population

pressure.

1.9.3 CHAPTER 3 : EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION TO MALAYSIA’S

NATIONAL SECURITY

Chapter 3 will explain on effect of deforestation to Malaysia’s national

security. Deforestation in Malaysia has brought about a number of significant

environmental impacts, which have far-reaching effects on local ecosystems, climate

change and biodiversity.

1.9.4 CHAPTER 4 : MEASURES TO STOP DEFORESTATION

Chapter 4 examine about the measures taken by the government and all others

responsible party to curb the deforestation issues in Malaysia.

1.9.5 CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION

Chapter 5 is about finalizing all over the chapter that have been discussed in this

study. The researcher also has concluded the main finding and some research

limitation for this study.

 CHAPTER 2

2.0 CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION IN MALAYSIA

2.1 Introduction

Forests often referred to as the lungs of the planet to bear the burden of this

endless thirst for land and timber as global population grows and demands for

resources rise. In order to fully understand the complex reasons driving deforestation,

this chapter 2 will examine both the surface-level causes and the underlying causes of

this ecological problem. Deforestation has deep origins, ranging from economic

incentives to agricultural expansion and the unrelenting pursuit of development. As a

result, it casts doubt on the delicate balance that must be struck between human

demands and the preservation of our planet's essential ecosystems.

Chapter 2 will explore what is the causes that has been contributing to

deforestation in Malaysia. People need to pay attention to this problem because it

could have an effect on many things, including the environment, the economy, and the

stability of society. The growth of palm oil plantations and illegal logging are two of

the main problems in Malaysia that caused by deforestation. By learning about the

reasons behind deforestation and how they affect national security, the right steps can

be taken to protect Malaysia's future and lessen the bad effects.

2.2 Illegal logging

The harvesting, processing, shipping, purchasing, or selling of timber in

contravention of national legislation is referred to as illegal logging. It frequently

entails the removal of timber from forests without the required authorization, permits,

or compliance with environmental and conservation laws. There are serious negative

effects of illegal logging on the environment, society, and economy which has lead to

deforestation, which in turn causes the extinction of important species and

ecosystems. Malaysia, which is well-known for its breathtaking tropical rainforest,

has seen a significant decline in its forest cover as a result of illegal logging.

Numerous plant and animal species are in danger of extinction as a result of this fast

deforestation, which threatens the delicate balance of ecosystems. According to Hoare

(2015), an estimated 35% of all timber production in Malaysia comes from illegal

sources, while 10% of illegal timber in the international market originates from local

forests.

Although the primary reason of illegal logging in Peninsular Malaysia has

never been identified, several non-governmental organization (NGO) have asserted

that corruption in the forest authority, a lack of effective law enforcement, and a lack

of enforcement activities are to blame. It has been observed that Peninsular Malaysia

is home to an extremely dense tropical forest, parts of which are situated far from the

public, media, and monitoring organizations, in isolated locations deep within the

forest. As a result, in certain places there is little chance that forest offenders will be

found and apprehended. This problem is also encouraged by certain state-created

laws.
 For instance, it has been claimed that certain states charge prices for timber

that are far higher than the projected stumpage value of the standing timber, and it is

believed that some state governments have charged extremely high tender prices for

the right to harvest timber (Rusli.M, 1999). The market value of standing timber is

referred to as stumpage. It's the amount a buyer is prepared to spend on standing trees

on a specific plot of property. A number of variables, including the kind of timber, its

amount, quality, and the state of the local market, can affect stump pricing. In the

forestry and timber industries, this phrase is frequently used to indicate the value of

trees prior to their harvest. After paying the landowner or timber owner for the

stumpage rights, the buyer harvests and transports the wood in order to turn it into

wood products. The size, accessibility, species, and general dynamics of the timber

market all affect stump pricing. Because of this, forestry corporations have started to

log areas that were not assigned to them in an effort to recoup as much of the costs

associated with their timber harvesting operations.

So, this illegal logging occurs due to lax and ineffective enforcement that

leaves people free to cut down the forest for their own benefit. The finding by Noor et

al. (2020) stated that when offenders exploit the weaknesses in the current system

used by the forest authorities, illegal logging may take place. The trend of illegal

logging in Peninsular Malaysia from 2001 to 2010 shows a linear increase in the

number of cases, with the highest number of cases recorded in 2010. The study found

that the average percentage of illegal logging cases during this period was 18% per

year, indicating a relatively low but increasing trend (Gani et al., 2013).
 Other than that, illegal logging not only harms the environment and economy

but also engenders social problems. Indigenous populations, typically depending on

forests for their livelihoods, risk relocation and the destruction of their traditional

ways of life. The expansion of illegal loggers into indigenous territory leads to

confrontations, as these tribes reject the destruction of their ancestral grounds.

2.3 Mineral extraction

Deforestation in Malaysia caused by mineral mining has a huge effect on the

environment. In order to get to the valuable minerals below the earth's surface, mining

often requires clearing a vast area of land. This process of clearing land directly adds

to cutting down trees, which upsets ecosystems and causes important species to

become extinct. For many years, quarrying activities that involves the extraction of

rocks and minerals have been the primary industry in Malaysia and many countries

worldwide (Salim, 2017).

The structure of the land is changed by mining, which makes it more likely to

wash away. Getting rid of plants, which naturally keep the earth stable, makes it more

likely for soil erosion to happen, which causes rivers and other bodies of water to

become muddy. This process not only lowers the quality of the water, but it also hurts

aquatic environments, which makes the environmental problems even worse. Mineral

extraction causes trees to be cut down, which is bad for Malaysia's timber business.

Not only does cutting down huge areas of forest mean losing valuable timber

resources, but it also hurts the long-term health of the timber business, which affects

jobs and money.

 Moreover, when mineral extraction and cutting down trees happen together, it

can be bad for farmers. Deforestation can damage the soil and change the weather in

the area, which could make farming less productive and raise worries about food

security.Deforestation caused by mineral mining has effects on more than just the

environment and the economy. It also has effects on the people who live in Malaysia.

Indigenous groups that live in or near forests are often forced to leave their homes

when mining takes place. When these groups are moved against their will, it changes

their traditional ways of life, which leads to social breakdown and cultural loss.

2.4 Expansion of palm oil plantations

The impact of landscape development on the value of ecosystem services in a

tropical watershed is covered in Pahang, Malaysia where substantial forest loss has

occurred as a result of development. There are clear link between development and

soil loss, with agricultural and developed areas accounting for the majority of the loss

(Foo & Hashim, 2014). Even though oil palm has grown to be a major commercial

plantation, it cannot make up for the losses brought on by soil erosion and forest

clearing. The demand for palm oil, driven by international markets, has led to the

clearing of vast areas of forested land. Malaysia is the world’s second largest palm oil

producer and exporter after Indonesia. Malaysia’s palm oil production accounted for

26 percent of world production and 34 percent of world exports in 2020 (Malaysia -

Agricultural Sector, 2022).

 The impact of oil palm expansion on biodiversity is significant. Oil palm

plantations have replaced large areas of forests in Southeast Asia, leading to habitat

fragmentation, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions (Fitzherbert et al., 2008b).

These plantations support much fewer species than forests and often fewer than other

tree crops. The expansion of oil palm cultivation is a major threat to biodiversity,

particularly in regions with high biodiversity value. The ecological impact of oil palm

expansion depends on the extent to which it causes deforestation and its ability to

support biodiversity. The document emphasizes the urgent need for strategic action to

mitigate the ecological consequences of oil palm expansion on biodiversity.

Oil palm cultivation in Malaysia is identified as a significant driver of deforestation,

with dramatic decline in forest cover between 1975 and 1995 (Dayang, 2011).
2.5 Summary

The discussion in Chapter 2 has led to some important findings causes of

deforestation. Deforestation is a significant environmental challenge characterized by

a multitude of causal factors. Deforestation is attributed to several factors, including

the loss of biodiversity, mining of minerals, and the erosion and degradation of soil,

all of which collectively lead to the devastation of forested areas.

Mineral extraction constitutes an additional factor that contributes to the

occurrence of deforestation. Mining operations, particularly those pertaining to fossil

fuels, necessitate extensive deforestation and excavation of large land areas. The

aforementioned activities have the potential to result in significant ecological harm

and may also give rise to challenges related to land reclamation in subsequent periods.

In a nutshell, the primary factors contributing to deforestation encompass the

loss of biodiversity, mining of minerals, and expansion of palm oil plantation. All of

these things put Malaysia's national security at risk by putting its natural resources at

risk, making the country more vulnerable to natural disasters, and threatening the

country's general ecological stability.

 CHAPTER 3

3.0 EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION TO MALAYSIA’S NATIONAL

SECURITY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter will discuss about the implication of deforestation towards

Malaysia’s national security. Deforestation in Malaysia has had a significant impact

on both the country's national security and human security. This critical issue has

gained attention due to its far-reaching consequences that extend beyond the

environmental implications. The destruction of forests and the subsequent loss of

natural resources pose numerous challenges, including socio-economic and livelihood

of the people consequences.

By clearing vast areas of forests for agriculture, logging, and urbanization, the

country has experienced the loss of precious biodiversity, destruction of habitats,

disruption of ecosystems, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters.

Deforestation has also contributed to climate change and global warming, leading to

altered weather patterns, rising temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather

events. Soil erosion and degradation have further worsened, threatening agricultural

productivity and food security. All of the impacts mentioned above greatly disrupts

people's lives because of its wide-ranging effects and everyone without exception will

be affected by the extreme deforestation.

3.2 Loss of biodiversity

Deforestation is an activity of permanent destruction clearing of earth’s forests

on a massive scale, damaging huge land areas by removing indispensable sinks for

CO2, destroying complex eco-systems, and causing a significant loss of biodiversity

(Omran & Schwarz-Herion, 2019). The depletion of biodiversity as a consequence of

deforestation in Malaysia presents substantial risks to the country's national security.

The process of deforestation results in the degradation of habitats, hence causing the

displacement of a multitude of plant and animal species. The disturbance of

ecosystems results in a reduction in biodiversity, thereby leading to the destabilization

of ecological equilibrium. Biodiversity is the range of plants and animals that live in a

certain area or around the world. There are more kinds of plants and animals than any

other environment on Earth. When the jungle is cut down, biodiversity goes down,

and some species may become threatened or even go extinct.

One of the most obvious and direct effects of cutting down trees is the loss of

biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity in Malaysia can have significant implications for

the country's national security, since it can lead to the disturbance of ecosystems that

play a crucial role in providing important ecosystem services, such as the provision of

clean air, water, and natural resources. Furthermore, the decline in biodiversity has

adverse effects on the possibility of scientific breakthroughs and the advancement of

medicinal research, hence exacerbating the nation's general security and well-being.

Hence, it is imperative to promptly implement policies aimed at mitigating

deforestation, preserving biodiversity, and safeguarding Malaysia's national security.

 A lot of different kinds of plants and animals live in Malaysia. Many of them

can be found in its pristine jungles. But every time a tree is cut down, a lot of species

lose their native homes. This loss of species not only upsets fragile ecosystems but

also puts Malaysia's safety at risk. It makes the country less able to handle natural

disasters, react to climate change, and keep its ecosystems stable when it loses

biodiversity. When the forest home of animals is destroyed, it leads to habitat loss,

which can have devastating effects on wildlife. Animals may face extinction if they

cannot adapt to new environments or migrate to other areas.

Surveys of species richness in Malaysia show that the number of species in oil

palm habitats is 34.9% lower than in forest habitats. Also, 79.6% of the species that

live in forest habitats were not found in oil palm habitats (Internet Geography, 2022a).

Pygmy Elephants, Orangutans, Sumatran Rhinos, and Malayan Tigers are just a few

of the species that are in danger in the rainforests of Malaysia. Many possible cures

for diseases that can kill people are lost along with species because the trees has been

wiped out. Deforestation also disrupts food chains and breeding patterns, leading to

decreased populations and genetic diversity. Furthermore, animals are often killed

during the clearing process or by increased human-animal conflicts as their territories

overlap with human activities. The loss of habitat due to deforestation is a significant

threat to biodiversity and the survival of many species.

Ecosystem disruption brought on by biodiversity loss can cause food web

collapse and the loss of ecosystem services like pollination and water purification,

among other negative effects on the environment. Additionally, by decreasing genetic

variety and increasing population susceptibility to illnesses and environmental

changes, it compromises the survival of species. Furthermore, the loss of one species

might have a domino effect on other species that depend on it for habitat or food. The

destruction of many habitats also restricts a species' natural range and migration

habits, endangering the species' ability to survive.

3.3 Contribution to Climate Change

Deforestation also poses a major threat to Malaysia's national security. Being

vulnerable to climate change directly impacts the safety of the country by making

political, economic, and social problems worse. Deforestation contributes to climate

change primarily by releasing stored carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere when

trees are cut down or burned. Trees absorb CO2 during photosynthesis and store

carbon for long periods. When these trees are removed, not only is this carbon storage

capacity lost, but the carbon stored in the trees is also released, contributing to the

enhanced greenhouse effect.

The changing climate poses significant risks to national security, acting as a

"threat multiplier" that can lead to increased demands for military involvement in

humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and maintaining order worldwide (Gunn,

2017). Urgent action and recognition of climate change-related missions are

recommended to address the security implications of climate change (Gunn, 2017).

Additionally, the loss of trees disrupts the process of transpiration, where trees

release moisture and cool the air, leading to hotter and drier climates in tropical

rainforest areas, further exacerbating climate change But when trees are cut down, the
carbon that they stored is released back into the air. This makes global warming and

climate change worse. Malaysia's national security is in danger because of climate

change, which causes things like rising sea levels, extreme weather, and problems

with farming.

Deforestation can make it hard to get water, which can cause problems within

Malaysia and with nearby countries over limited resources. Deforestation also raises

the chance of natural disasters like floods and landslides, which can destroy a lot of

property and force people to leave their homes. Lastly, cutting down trees threatens

Malaysia's borders because people are breaking into protected areas and building

illegal settlements, which makes cross-border battles more likely.

3.4 Economic Losses Due To Deforestation

The economic implications of deforestation in Malaysia are significant.

Deforestation has been driven by commercial activities such as mining, commercial

farming, hydroelectric power production, logging, and the production of palm oil and

tropical hardwoods. These activities have provided economic profits and generated

jobs for locals, contributing to economic development. However, the long-term

economic costs of deforestation are substantial. Furthermore, some countries may

impose sanctions or refuse to pay out loans to countries that are not properly

managing their rainforests, which can have negative effects on the economy.

Therefore, while deforestation may provide short-term economic gains, the long-term

economic implications are costly and can have far-reaching effects on the economy

and trade.
3.4.1 Impact on Timber Industry

Deforestation in Malaysia has had a significant impact on the timber industry,

leading to economic losses. The extensive clearing of forests has resulted in a

reduction in the availability of timber resources, which has negatively affected the

industry's productivity and profitability. With the decline of forest cover, the supply

of timber has decreased, leading to higher costs for logging companies and reduced

revenues. Furthermore, deforestation has disrupted the ecosystem and affected the

quality of timber, making it less desirable in international markets. The timber

industry, once a major contributor to Malaysia's economy, now faces challenges in

sustaining its growth and competitiveness due to the economic consequences of

deforestation.

Malaysia's timber business has been affected by deforestation, which has cost

the country money. Because so much forest has been cut down, there is less supply of

wood available, which affects the industry's ability to make money and be productive.

When the forest cover has decreased, the amount of wood available also decreases.

This has caused mining companies to pay more for wood and make less money.

Deforestation has also damaged the ecosystem and lowered the quality of the wood,

which makes it less desirable in foreign markets. Once a major part of Malaysia's
economy, the timber business is now having trouble continuing to grow and be

competitive due to the impact of logging.

Malaysian farmland is affected by massive tree felling. For starters, Shevade

and Loboda (2019) stated that cutting down forests for agriculture makes the land less

fertile for growing food. Because of this, food yields decreased, and the people of the

area lost their jobs working in agriculture. Second, cutting down trees changes the

ecosystem balance in the area, which affects water and pollination processes and

ultimately lowers crop yields. Deforestation also increases the likelihood of soil

erosion and landslides, which make agricultural areas more vulnerable to natural

disasters. Finally, deforestation makes it difficult to obtain timber and other products

made from forests, which are an important source of income for rural areas. Overall,

tree felling in Malaysia affects the country's agricultural industry and threatens

people's ability to earn a living and feed their families.

3.4.2 Effects on Agriculture

The effects of deforestation on agriculture in Malaysia are significant. Firstly,

the clearing of forests for agriculture reduces the availability of fertile land for food

production. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in crop yields and the loss of agricultural

livelihoods for local communities. Secondly, deforestation disrupts local ecosystems,

which affects pollination and water cycles, further impacting agricultural productivity.

Additionally, deforestation increases the risk of soil erosion and landslides, making

agricultural areas more vulnerable to natural disasters. Finally, the loss of forests also
affects the availability of timber and non-timber forest products, which are important

sources of income for rural communities. Overall, deforestation in Malaysia has

severe economic implications for the agricultural sector, threatening food security and

the livelihoods of local communities.

3.4.3 Tourism Decline

Tourism plays a crucial role in Malaysia's economy, but deforestation has

resulted in a significant decline in this sector. With the destruction of natural habitats

and landscapes, Malaysia's appeal as a tourist destination has been diminished.

Deforestation has led to the loss of biodiversity, which directly affects ecotourism

opportunities. The destruction of forests and wildlife habitats also impacts Malaysia's

cultural tourism, as indigenous tribes and their unique ways of life are disrupted.

Additionally, deforestation has contributed to soil erosion and increased pollution,

further deterring tourists. This decline in tourism not only affects the revenue

generated by the industry but also has ripple effects on other economic sectors tied to

tourism, such as hospitality and transportation. To mitigate these losses, it is crucial

for Malaysia to prioritize sustainable practices and conservation efforts, ensuring the

preservation of its natural beauty and cultural heritage for future generations.

Aside from that, deforestation has caused a huge drop in the tourism industry,

which is very important to Malaysia's income. Malaysia is now less attractive as a

tourist destination due to the destruction of habitats and natural scenery. Biodiversity

loss due to logging has a direct impact on the possibilities of ecotourism (Raihan et

al., 2022). Malaysian cultural tourism is affected by the loss of forests and wildlife

habitats as it changes the lives of indigenous groups and their unique way of life.
Deforestation has also caused soil erosion and more pollution, making tourists less

likely to visit. Tourism is declining, which affects not only the money generated by

the industry but also other industries that depend on tourism, such as transportation

and accommodation. To keep these losses to a minimum, Malaysia needs to

emphasize conservation and sustainable practices. This will help protect the natural

beauty and cultural history of the country for future generations.

3.5 Displacement of indigenous communities

Deforestation in Malaysia has had significant consequences for the indigenous

communities residing within the country. As the demand for natural resources,

including timber and palm oil, continues to rise, extensive clearing of forests has

occurred. This has resulted in the displacement of countless indigenous communities

and a multitude of challenges for their social, economic, and cultural well-being.

These practices are predominantly driven by economic interests, both local and

international, resulting in the loss of significant portions of Malaysia's once-abundant

rainforest.

The indigenous communities of Malaysia play a vital role in the social,

cultural, and ecological fabric of the nation. With their deep connection to the land

and rich traditional knowledge, they have been custodians of the forests for

generations. Not only do these communities possess valuable insights into sustainable

resource management and biodiversity conservation, but they also contribute to the

preservation of unique cultural practices, languages, and identities. Recognizing and

protecting the rights of the indigenous communities is not only a matter of social
justice, but also crucial for the sustainable development and conservation of

Malaysia's natural resources.

Malaysia's indigenous peoples have long relied on the jungle for food, housing,

medicine, and other essentials. Their ancient ways of life are being destroyed as a

result of the loss of their main resource. As the jungle being vanished, their cultural

life also at risk and they can lose it.

3.6 Summary

When talking about why trees are being cut down in Malaysia, it's impossible

to stress how important national security is to the environment. There are many

reasons why this problem is a major threat to the safety of the country. To begin, the

growth of palm oil farms has caused a lot of trees to be cut down, which means that

natural resources and ecological stability have been lost. Second, illegal cutting hurts

the country's efforts to protect the environment and be more sustainable, which causes

more trees to be cut down. Lastly, cutting down trees makes climate change and

extreme weather events worse, which is bad for Malaysia's general environmental

safety and resilience.

 CHAPTER 4

4.0 MEASURES TO STOP DEFORESTATION

4.1 Introduction

Reducing deforestation in Malaysia is crucial since it has numerous ecological

and socioeconomic ramifications. In addition to sustaining biodiversity, forests also

control climate, supply clean water and air, stop soil erosion, and aid indigenous

tribes. These vital biological processes are upset by deforestation, which results in the

extinction of many plant and animal species, higher greenhouse gas emissions, less

rainfall, and jeopardized livelihoods. Furthermore, forests are extremely valuable

economically because they support tourism, the production of lumber, and other

ecosystem services. Therefore, reducing deforestation is essential for Malaysia's

sustainable development, natural resource protection, biodiversity preservation, and

climate change mitigation.

It is crucial to stop deforestation and how biodiversity conservation fits into

this equation. Sustainable development and the preservation of Malaysia's rich natural

heritage can worked out by comprehending the causes and effects of deforestation,
putting effective conservation strategies into practise, fortifying policy and legislation,

raising awareness and promoting education, and embracing sustainable agricultural

practices.

Hunting activities that could endanger biodiversity are the subject of laws and

restrictions. Pollution, logging, therefore establishing a crisis for the environmental

security. The government's policy also heavily relies on research and monitoring

initiatives, which provide important data for informing and creating more efficient

conservation techniques.

4.2 Biodiversity Conservation

Biodiversity conservation is crucial in mitigating deforestation in Malaysia.

Biodiversity conservation ensures the preservation of ecosystems and the protection

of a wide range of plant and animal species. This in turn helps to preserve the balance

of forests and contributes to the long-term sustainability of development. It

encompasses the creation and administration of protected areas and national parks, the

advancement of reforestation and afforestation efforts, the adoption of sustainable

logging methods, and the initiation of community-centered conservation projects.

Malaysia is on the right track in its efforts to preserve, conserve and protect the

nation's natural biodiversity, however, several gaps remain, including a lack of public

awareness and challenges to implement laws and enforce actions against biodiversity

loss (Hamid, 2022).

 Biodiversity conservation plays a crucial role in mitigating deforestation.

Research has shown that protecting and preserving biodiversity-rich areas can

effectively reduce deforestation rates. For instance, a study by Jones et al. (2018)

found that establishing protected areas and implementing strict regulations

significantly reduced deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. This finding highlights

the importance of designating and effectively managing protected areas to safeguard

biodiversity and prevent deforestation.

Biodiversity protection not only protects the distinct plant and animal species,

but also sustains the local communities that rely on forests for their means of living.

Moreover, it contributes to the preservation of crucial ecosystem services, such as the

facilitation of pollination, maintenance of soil fertility, and storage of carbon, all of

which are vital for the preservation of a robust and thriving environment. Hence, the

preservation of biodiversity is crucial in mitigating deforestation and guaranteeing the

sustained welfare of Malaysia's ecosystems and population.

4.3 Spread Awareness to Public

The significance of public awareness and education in addressing the impact

of deforestation on Malaysia's national security cannot be overstated. Through the

promotion of environmental consciousness, individuals are made cognizant of the

adverse consequences of deforestation on the natural environment and its

interconnectedness with matters of national security. Education projects have the

potential to emphasize the significance of adopting sustainable lifestyles and the

imperative of safeguarding Malaysia's forests.

Raising public awareness about the consequences of deforestation is essential

for promoting sustainable practices and behavior change. Research has demonstrated

the effectiveness of educational campaigns and outreach programs in spreading

awareness. For example, a study by Silva et al. (2019) showed that an educational

campaign targeting local communities in Brazil led to increased knowledge about

deforestation and a greater willingness to engage in sustainable practices. This finding

emphasizes the need for targeted awareness campaigns to educate the public about the

importance of forest conservation and the negative impacts of deforestation

Furthermore, involving young people in conservation efforts encourages

active participation in the preservation of ecological resources and develops a sense of

accountability towards the natural environment. Malaysia has the capacity to develop

a societal framework that gives environmental conservation a high priority by raising

public awareness and advancing educational programmes.

Malaysia understands the value of incorporating nearby people in efforts to

promote sustainable logging. The goal of cooperative initiatives with local and

indigenous groups is to incorporate customary knowledge and methods into

contemporary forestry management. Malaysia seeks to address the socioeconomic

needs of these communities while promoting responsible resource utilisation through

the involvement of local people in decision-making processes.

4.4 Government Policies and Initiatives

Malaysia's efforts to protect forests have been very important in reducing the

damage that cutting down trees does to the economy. To protect and maintain forests,

the government has put in place a number of policies and programmes. Some of these

attempts are creating protected areas, making law enforcement stronger, and

encouraging environmentally friendly ways to cut down trees. Malaysia wants to keep

the timber business going, protect biodiversity, keep farming productive, and

encourage ecotourism by protecting its forests. Not only do these conservation efforts

help the environment by stopping trees from being cut down, but they also create jobs

through ecotourism, agroforestry, and wood certification programmes

Even so, there are still problems like illegal logging, a lack of knowledge, and

problems where economic growth and protection are at odds with each other. For

Malaysia's forests and economy to last in the future, it is important to improve law

enforcement, encourage sustainable consumption, and get more people involved.

The implementation of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and

Forest Degradation) programs can contribute to national security by ensuring the

well-being of local communities (Duchelle et al., 2017). Safeguard information

systems should be developed to monitor and report on the impacts of REDD+

interventions (Duchelle et al., 2017). Different types of interventions, such as

incentives and disincentives, can have varying impacts on tenure security,

participation, subjective well-being, and forest clearing (Duchelle et al., 2017).

Meaningful participation in REDD+ initiatives is crucial for their success (Duchelle et

al., 2017). Future research should focus on developing effective social safeguards and

exploring the long-term impacts of REDD+ programs on national security.

As an example, the implementation of a nationwide REDD+ program in

Guyana has been successful in reducing tree cover loss and avoiding carbon emissions

(Roopsind et al., 2019). However, tree cover loss increased after the payments ended,

indicating the need for continued support to ensure forest protection (Roopsind et al.,

2019). Malaysia also not left behind in carrying out this effort. Malaysia has made

some progress in addressing illegal logging through key policy areas at the federal

and state level. The National Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and

Degradation (REDD+) Strategy 2016-25 now includes sustainable forest management

and reduction of illegal logging as key action areas. However, a review of the causes

and severity of illegal logging has not been conducted, and a national action plan to

tackle the issue has not been adopted. Efforts have mainly focused on sustainable

forest and timber certification.

Efforts to curb corruption in the forestry sector have been intensified, and the

government has renewed its resolve to tackle corruption after the 2018 general

election. Transparency of information on the Malaysian forest sector has improved,

but transparency in the allocation of resources remains low. Property, use rights, and
tenure arrangements are defined and documented, but there is no legal requirement for

setting out tenure and use rights on publicly accessible maps. Mechanisms for

resolving conflicting or overlapping property rights exist, but court processes are

lengthy, and implementation of court decisions by the government has been poor.

The legislation and regulation for forest management are largely coherent, but

discrepancies exist between the different state forest legislation and the National Land

Code. The National Forestry Act and the National Forest Policy provide a framework

for forest management, with separate legislation in each state. Legislation and

regulations are in place to prevent the import of illegal timber, but implementation is

not systematically monitored. The government has introduced a Government Green

Procurement (GGP) policy, making it mandatory for all government ministries and

agencies to increase their procurement of green products. However, the policy does

not specifically mandate the purchase of legal or sustainable timber.

4.4.1 Forest Conservation Efforts

Malaysia has taken a number of steps to save its forests in response to the

growing problems caused by deforestation, with a particular emphasis on sustainable

logging methods. Recognising the forestry industry's economic significance, the

nation has worked to strike a balance between resource exploitation and long-term

environmental protection.

Forest conservation efforts involve the establishment of protected areas, the

enforcement of regulations, and the promotion of sustainable land-use practices.

Research by Souza et al. (2017) demonstrated that the creation of protected areas in

the Brazilian Amazon significantly reduced deforestation rates. This finding

underscores the importance of government-led conservation efforts in preserving

forests and preventing deforestation.

Protecting and conserving forests is crucial for maintaining national security.

Hamilton and Casey (2014) emphasize the need for high-resolution global databases

of continuous forest cover to monitor and protect mangrove forests. Strengthening

forest protection measures, such as implementing stricter regulations, increasing

surveillance, and promoting community involvement, can help mitigate deforestation

and its associated security risks.

4.4.2 Sustainable Logging Practices

Using responsible forestry management techniques is a crucial part of

Malaysia's commitment to sustainable logging. This involves using selective logging

methods, in which younger trees are left to reforest the forest while only mature,
commercially useful trees are taken down. To further reduce the ecological damage

and regulate logging activities, strict laws are applied.

Promoting sustainable land use practices is essential for reducing deforestation

and its impacts on national security. Kassie et al. (2010) highlight the economics of

sustainable land management practices in the Ethiopian Highlands, emphasizing the

importance of sustainable practices in maintaining ecosystem services and

livelihoods. Malaysia can learn from such practices and implement sustainable land

use policies, including agroforestry systems and responsible agricultural practices, to

minimize deforestation and promote long-term national security.

Promoting sustainable logging practices is another crucial aspect of preventing

deforestation. Research by Putz et al. (2012) highlighted the effectiveness of reduced-

impact logging techniques in minimizing the negative environmental impacts of

timber extraction. This finding suggests that implementing sustainable logging

practices can help maintain forest ecosystems while meeting the demand for timber

products.

4.4.3 Reforestation Programs

Reforestation programmes are essential in reducing the economic consequences of

deforestation in Malaysia. These programmes have the objective of replenishing the

nation's forested areas by engaging in the planting of trees and providing care for their

development. By engaging in this action, individuals actively help to the rejuvenation

of the timber industry, which has had substantial economic setbacks as a result of

deforestation. Moreover, reforestation serves to mitigate the decline in biodiversity,

which has detrimental consequences for Malaysia's agriculture. By revitalizing the

forest ecology, the nation can also allure tourists, thereby enhancing its tourism

sector. Reforestation programmes are crucial in mitigating the economic damages

resulting from deforestation in Malaysia.

Reforestation programs aim to restore deforested areas by planting trees and

promoting natural regeneration. Research by Chazdon et al. (2016) demonstrated the

potential of reforestation in restoring biodiversity and mitigating deforestation. The

study found that reforestation efforts in Costa Rica led to the recovery of native tree

species and the return of wildlife populations. This finding emphasizes the importance

of investing in reforestation programs as a means to restore forest ecosystems and

counteract deforestation

Malaysia prioritises reforestation initiatives as a proactive measure to combat

deforestation and rebuild damaged ecosystems, in addition to sustainable logging

techniques. These initiatives seek to protect biodiversity, lessen the negative

consequences of climate change, and replenish the nation's forest cover.

Reforestation is the process of planting trees on land that has been cleared of

trees or abandoned. Malaysia has initiated extensive afforestation programmes,

utilising a blend of indigenous species and rapidly growing, commercially profitable

trees. Through the deliberate selection of favourable regions for planting, the nation
aims to augment carbon sequestration, elevate soil fertility, and establish enduring

supply of timber.

Including nearby communities in reforestation initiatives improves their

efficacy and is consistent with sustainable development concepts. Malaysia supports

neighborhood-based reforestation initiatives to instill in its citizens a sense of

accountability and ownership. By offering jobs and alternate sources of income, these

programmes empower communities while also promoting environmental

conservation.

4.5 Summary

In summary, Malaysia has demonstrated its dedication to forest protection by

implementing proactive replanting initiatives and sustainable logging techniques.

Malaysia adheres to international certification requirements, engages local

communities, and places a high priority on responsible forestry management in an

effort to achieve a careful balance between environmental preservation and economic

development. These initiatives are a reflection of a comprehensive strategy that

acknowledges the relationship between economic growth, ecological health, and the

country's long-term security. Malaysia is becoming a global leader in sustainable

resource management as it works to improve and broaden its conservation methods.

Combating deforestation necessitates an all-encompassing strategy that

incorporates government programmes and efforts, public awareness campaigns, and

biodiversity protection. Key tactics to fight deforestation include safeguarding places

rich in biodiversity, educating the public, and putting into place efficient government

initiatives like reforestation projects, sustainable logging methods, and forest

conservation campaigns. To investigate the long-term efficacy and socioeconomic

effects of these strategies, additional research is necessary. Future research should

also concentrate on finding novel techniques and technological advancements that can

improve the effectiveness and scalability of initiatives to reduce deforestation.

 CHAPTER 5

5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary

Protecting biodiversity needs a diverse and team-based approach. It need a

complete plan to deal with the tough problems that our planet's many ecosystems face

by combining protected areas, legal frameworks, educational programmes,

environmentally friendly practises, and business responsibility. This article shows

how these strategies are linked and stresses the need for a coordinated worldwide

effort to protect and preserve biodiversity for future generations.

In conclusion, the economic impact of deforestation in Malaysia is significant

and far-reaching. The loss of forests has led to several consequences, including a

decline in the timber industry, loss of biodiversity, negative effects on agriculture, and

a decline in tourism. However, the government has implemented various policies and

initiatives to address deforestation, such as forest conservation efforts, sustainable

logging practices, and reforestation programs. Additionally, there are economic

opportunities in sustainable practices, such as timber certification programs, eco-

tourism development, and agroforestry initiatives. International collaboration and aid,

including foreign investment and support from international organizations, have also

played a role in addressing deforestation.

However, challenges and obstacles, such as illegal logging activities, lack of

awareness and education, and conflicts between economic growth and conservation,

still exist. To tackle these issues, recommendations include strengthening law

enforcement, promoting sustainable consumption, and encouraging public

participation. Overall, a comprehensive approach is crucial to mitigate the negative

economic impacts of deforestation in Malaysia and ensure a sustainable future.

5.2 Main Findings

Deforestation in Malaysia has far-reaching implications that go beyond

environmental degradation. The loss of crucial biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems,

and degradation of natural resources have significant environmental impacts. Changes

in rainfall patterns, soil erosion, and loss of water regulation services contribute to

environmental vulnerabilities. Additionally, deforestation affects industries such as

timber and palm oil, which are significant contributors to Malaysia's economy. This

economic dependence makes the country susceptible to the adverse effects of

deforestation, including reduced agricultural productivity.

Moreover, deforestation contributes to climate change, leading to increased

temperatures, altered weather patterns, and an elevated risk of natural disasters. These

climate-related events pose a threat to infrastructure, agriculture, and overall

economic stability.

Furthermore, the socio-economic risks of deforestation are significant. The

displacement of indigenous communities and loss of livelihoods are social

consequences of deforestation. Social unrest may emerge as communities face

challenges related to resource scarcity and environmental degradation. These

environmental and socio-economic impacts contribute to a complex web of security

challenges. Vulnerabilities in resource availability, economic stability, and

community well-being may escalate tensions and pose threats to national security.

Addressing deforestation's impact on national security requires integrated

policies that consider environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Sustainable

land use practices, strengthened legal frameworks, and effective enforcement

mechanisms are essential for mitigating these security risks. Comprehensive policies
are needed to address deforestation and its wide-ranging implications. It is crucial that

the government and relevant stakeholders work together to implement sustainable

land use practices and effectively enforce environmental protection laws.

In conclusion, deforestation in Malaysia has severe environmental, economic,

social, and security implications. It is imperative to address these issues through

comprehensive policies and sustainable land use practices to mitigate the risks posed

by deforestation. By taking concerted action, the country can safeguard its natural

resources, protect its economy, and ensure the well-being of its communities while

enhancing national security.

5.3 Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research

5.3.1 Limitations

One significant limitation in conducting research on deforestation in Malaysia

is the technological constraints. Remote sensing and satellite imagery are commonly
used to monitor deforestation, but there are limitations to these methods. For instance,

cloud cover can hinder the accuracy and frequency of satellite imagery, making it

challenging to obtain consistent data on deforestation. Additionally, the availability

and accuracy of Geographic Information System (GIS) data can be inconsistent,

making it difficult to accurately assess the extent of deforestation in certain areas.

Moreover, the limitations of technology in monitoring deforestation can hinder efforts

to accurately track changes in forest cover over time.

Another significant constraint in curbing deforestation in Malaysia is the

policy and legal barriers. Inadequate enforcement of existing laws and regulations

governing deforestation is a major obstacle in addressing this issue. Despite the

existence of laws and regulations aimed at protecting forests, there is a lack of

effective enforcement, allowing illegal logging and land clearing to continue

unchecked. Furthermore, implementing sustainable forest management policies poses

significant challenges, as it requires cooperation and coordination among various

stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, and private

enterprises. Additionally, legal barriers to conducting research on deforestation, such

as restrictions on accessing certain areas or obtaining relevant data, can impede the

collection of accurate and comprehensive information.

In a nutshell, the limitations in conducting research on deforestation in

Malaysia must be addressed in order to effectively curb this issue. Technological

constraints, such as remote sensing and satellite imagery limitations, as well as the

availability and accuracy of GIS data, present challenges in accurately monitoring

deforestation. Additionally, policy and legal barriers, including inadequate

enforcement of existing laws and regulations, challenges in implementing sustainable

forest management policies, and legal barriers to conducting research, hinder efforts

to address deforestation in Malaysia. It is essential to overcome these limitations

through collaboration among researchers, government agencies, and other

stakeholders to develop innovative solutions to curb deforestation and protect

Malaysia's invaluable forests and biodiversity.

5.3.2 Recommendations for Future Research

5.3.2.1 Improving systems for satellite surveillance and monitoring

 Improving satellite surveillance and monitoring systems is a crucial suggestion

for reducing Malaysia's deforestation. Authorities can efficiently monitor and track

wooded areas, identifying and stopping illicit logging and deforestation activities, by

enhancing these systems. Utilising high-resolution satellite imagery, one can promptly

respond to possible hotspots for deforestation and observe changes in the land cover.

Furthermore, the use of cutting-edge technologies such as data analytics and remote

sensing can support reliable data collection on deforestation rates and enable real-time

monitoring. Better enforcing forest conservation rules and facilitating proactive

efforts to reduce deforestation are made possible by this expanded monitoring

capability. Malaysia may make significant investments in and use of cutting-edge

satellite monitoring and surveillance technology to bolster its efforts to stop

deforestation and protect its priceless forest ecosystems.

5.3.2.2 Increasing the efforts of law enforcement to stop illicit logging

Increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement measures against illicit

logging is a vital component of Malaysia's deforestation reduction strategy. This

entails strengthening the tools and capacities of law enforcement organisations in

addition to enacting stronger rules and sanctions. Authorities will be able to

effectively discourage and counteract the illegitimate operations of illegal loggers by

doing this. Furthermore, for enforcement efforts to be effective, cooperation between

various stakeholders—including local communities, NGOs, and government agencies

—is essential. This may entail exchanging intelligence and information, working

together on operations, and giving local communities the authority to monitor and

report on illicit logging activities. To effectively combat illicit logging, the main

advice in this area is to prioritise and fund the enforcement of laws and regulations.
5.3.2.3 Monitoring and reporting rates of deforestation on a regular basis

One of the most important things Malaysia can do to stop deforestation is to

regularly monitor and report on deforestation rates. By enabling the monitoring and

assessment of deforestation activities, this technique offers important insights into the

scope and effects of deforestation in the nation. Policymakers and pertinent

stakeholders can make well-informed decisions and carry out focused activities to

effectively combat deforestation by routinely analyzing and reporting on deforestation

rates. Additionally, by giving the general public and the global community accurate

and current information on deforestation trends, this technique fosters accountability

and openness. Frequent monitoring and reporting also make it possible to pinpoint

regions of deforestation, which makes it easier to apply targeted conservation efforts

there. Ultimately, Malaysia may create evidence-based policies to effectively address

and mitigate deforestation by placing a high priority on the frequent evaluation and

reporting of deforestation rates.