Quantitative Methods Workshop III

QUANTITATIVE METHODS III
1
Correlation and Regression —
Pearson and Spearman
Correlation and
Regression show
the relationship
between two
continuous variables.
2
Correlation and Regression
• This chapter covers two kinds of correlation
• Pearson correlation (r) is used to assess the relationship between two
continuous variables (for each subject)
• Spearman rho correlation () assesses the relationship between two two
sorted lists
3
• The Pearson is the most commonly used form of correlation; hence, it
will be discussed first
• NOTE: If the term “correlation” is used, presume that it is Pearson, unless
stated otherwise
4
• Determines the relationship between 2 continuous variables
• Regression range: −1…+1
5
• Regression sign (+ or −) indicates the direction of the correlation
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Correlation r Variable directions

Positive
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Positive 0…+1
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Positive 0…+1 (X Y)
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Positive 0…+1 (X Y) or (X Y)
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Negative
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Negative −1…0
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Negative −1…0 (X Y)
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Negative −1…0 (X Y) or (X Y)
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• Regression value indicates the strength of the correlation
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−1 0 +1
Strong Strong
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−1 0 +1
Strong Weak Strong
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• Each dot depicts a pair of variables
83
107
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• The regression line is the average pathway through the points
19
• Test time and test grade are positively correlated
r = .815
p < .001
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• Test time and test grade are negatively correlated
r = .815 r = -.803
p < .001 p < .001
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• Test time and test grade are not correlated
r = .815 r = -.803 r = -.072

p < .001 p < .001 p = .704
22
• Example
• An instructor wants to discover if there is a correlation between the length of
time spent taking an exam and the grade on that exam
• The instructor gathers two pieces of data for each student
1. Minutes spent taking the exam
2. Grade on the exam
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• Hypotheses
H0: There is no correlation between the length of time spent
taking the exam and the grade on the exam
H1: There is a correlation between the length of time spent
taking the exam and the grade on the exam
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• Use data set:
Ch 08 - Example 01 - Correlation and Regression - Pearson.sav
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• Pretest checklist
 Normality*
 Linearity**
 Homoscedasticity**
*Check before correlation and regression run
**Check after correlation and regression run
26
• Normality
• Click Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, Frequencies
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• Normality
• Move time and grade to Variable(s)
• Click Charts
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• Normality
• Select Histogram with normal curve
• Click Continue
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• Normality
• Click OK
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• Normality
• Inspect both histograms for normality
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 Normality*
 Linearity**
 Homoscedasticity**
*Satisfied
**Check after correlation and regression run
32
• Finalizing pretest checklist
– Click on Graphs, Chart Builder
33
– In the Choose
from list, click on
Scatter/Dot
– Double-click on
the first (circled)
graph choice or
drag it to the
Chart preview
area
34
– Drag time to the
X axis
– Drag grade to the
Y axis
– Click OK
35
• Double-click on the scatterplot
36
• Click on the Add Fit Line at Total icon
37
• Click on the Add Fit Line at Total icon
38
 Linearity is satisfied
Linearity satisfied Linearity violated
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 Homoscedasticity is satisfied
Homoscedasticity satisfied Homoscedasticity violated
40
• Test run
– Click on Analyze, Correlate, Bivariate
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• Test run
– Move time and grade to Variables
– Click OK
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• Results
• The Pearson correlation (r) of .815 with a p < .001 (< .05) indicates a
statistically significant strong positive correlation between the test
taking time and grade
43
• Results
• Since r = .815 is a positive correlation
•  time :  grade
•  time :  grade
44
• Hypothesis resolution
REJECT H0: There is no correlation between the length of time spent taking the exam
and the grade on the exam
H1: There is a correlation between the length of time spent taking the exam
ACCEPT
and the grade on the exam
45
• Documenting results
To determine if there is a correlation between the length of time
students spent taking a two hour exam and the score on it, we
recorded the submission time (0…120 minutes) of each exam (n = 30).
The exams were then graded. We discovered a statistically significant
positive correlation between test time and grade (r = .815) (p <
.001,  = .05), wherein students who spent longer on their exams
earned higher grades, and vice versa.
46
• Correlation vs. Causation
• Correlation means that two variables move in a predictable fashion with
respect to each other
• In positive correlations, the variables move in the same direction:
(X Y) or (X Y)
• In negative correlations, the variables move in different directions:
(X Y) or (X Y)
47
• No matter how strong the correlation, it would be inappropriate to
automatically claim that X causes Y, or that Y causes X
• Example:
• Z (Depression) may be causing:
X (Poor sleep)
and
Y (Low productivity)
48
• Three causality criteria
Criteria Rule Example
Variable A and variable B must
Association / be empirically related; there Taking a dose of aspirin
1 correlation must be a (scientific) logical lowers fever.
relationship between A and B.
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A (cause [independent The person took aspirin, and
2 Temporality variable]) precedes B (effect then the fever went down; not
[dependent variable]). the other way around.
50
A (cause [independent The person took aspirin, and
2 Temporality variable]) precedes B (effect then the fever went down; not
[dependent variable]). the other way around.
The drop in fever is not due to
The relationship between A
the room getting colder,
3 Nonspurious and B are not caused by other
submerging the person in an
variable(s).
ice bath, or other factors.
51
Spearman Correlation
• Spearman rho correlation () (−1…+1) assesses the relationship
between two sorted lists
52
Alice Bill Alice Bill

Chocolate Chocolate Chocolate Vanilla
Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry
Vanilla Vanilla Vanilla Chocolate
Spearman rho = 1 Spearman rho = -1

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54


55


56


57


58
Alice Bill
Chocolate Chocolate
Strawberry Vanilla
Vanilla Strawberry
Spearman rho = .667

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Alice Bill
Chocolate Chocolate
Strawberry Vanilla
Vanilla Strawberry
Spearman rho = .667

60
Alice Bill
Chocolate Chocolate
Strawberry Vanilla
Vanilla Strawberry
Spearman rho = .667

61
• Use data set:
Ch 08 - Example 02 - Correlation and Regression - Spearman.sav
62
• Example
• A dietician asks a patient to arrange five cards in order of preference, with the
most favorite food at the top. The dietician will then use another set of cards
to show the recommended diet. The dietician will record the two card
sequences (patient : dietician) and compare them using Spearman’s rho.
63
• Hypothesis
H0: There is no correlation between the dietician’s
recommended food ranking and the patient’s food preferences
H1: There is a correlation between the dietician’s recommended
food ranking and the patient’s food preferences
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Dietician Patient
Vegetables Fish
Fish Vegetables
Poultry Poultry
Beef Beef
Pork Pork
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• Value labels assigned for dietician and patient
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• Database showing labels and values
Labels Values
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• Test run
– Click Analyze, Correlate, Bivariate
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• Test run
– Move dietician and patient to Variables
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• Test run
– Uncheck Pearson
– Check Spearman
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• Test run
– Click OK
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• Results
• The Spearman’s rho of .900 with p = .037 (< .05) indicates a
statistically significant strong positive correlation between the food
sequences of the dietician and the patient.
72
• Hypothesis resolution
REJECT H0: There is no correlation between the dietician’s recommended food ranking
and the patient’s food preferences
ACCEPT H1: There is a correlation between the dietician’s recommended food ranking
and the patient’s food preferences
73
• Documenting results
The dietician compared the patient’s food preference (Fish,
Vegetables, Poultry, Beef, Pork) to the recommended nutrition for this
patient (Vegetables, Fish, Poultry, Beef, Pork).
Spearman’s rho produced a statistically significant (p = .037,  =
.05) positive correlation of .900 signifying a strong concurrence
between the two lists, suggesting that it should be fairly plausible to
assemble a healthy dietary plan that is suitable to this patient’s tastes.
74
Your Tasks Before Next Workshop
• To study and practice the following available resources on Blackboard

▪ Chi-Square
75

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QUANTITATIVE METHODS III

Correlation r Variable directions

Correlation r Variable directions

Correlation r Variable directions

Correlation r Variable directions

Correlation r Variable directions

Correlation r Variable directions

Correlation r Variable directions

Correlation r Variable directions

Strong Weak Strong

r = .815 r = -.803 r = -.072

Linearity satisfied Linearity violated

Homoscedasticity satisfied Homoscedasticity violated

Alice Bill Alice Bill

Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry

Vanilla Vanilla Vanilla Chocolate

Spearman rho = 1 Spearman rho = -1

Alice Bill Alice Bill

Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry

Vanilla Vanilla Vanilla Chocolate

Spearman rho = 1 Spearman rho = -1

Alice Bill Alice Bill

Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry

Vanilla Vanilla Vanilla Chocolate

Spearman rho = 1 Spearman rho = -1

Alice Bill Alice Bill

Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry

Vanilla Vanilla Vanilla Chocolate

Spearman rho = 1 Spearman rho = -1

Alice Bill Alice Bill

Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry

Vanilla Vanilla Vanilla Chocolate

Spearman rho = 1 Spearman rho = -1

Alice Bill Alice Bill

Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry Strawberry

Vanilla Vanilla Vanilla Chocolate

Spearman rho = 1 Spearman rho = -1

Spearman rho = .667

Spearman rho = .667

Spearman rho = .667

• To study and practice the following available resources on Blackboard

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