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    22. JLAy 3 bng nghiém, cho vio moi @ng nghiém Imi dung dich CHsCOOH] | __— kv. quan sat hign tuong, nhén xét, gi Cho vao mét éng ngl 323. [Ly mt &ng nghigm, cho vio 48 khodng 0,1g CHsCOONa va 2ml nuéc IN ri thém Tan Iugt vao cée Sng: dng this nhét 2-3 giot methyl da cam; {ng thir hai 1-2 gigt phenol phtalein; 6ng thir ba 1 manh gidy quy. Lic hfch va két lug, ‘10 2ml dung dich CHsCOOH IN, khoang 0,5g| INaxCOs, fy nhanh mit 06 dng d&n khi, dau dng dan khi nhing neap) \vao mét éng nghiém 6 chira Iml nude voi trong. Quan sét hién tugng, hin x¢t, gia thfch bing ede phuomg trinh phan time va ket lun. lcdt. Lic cho tan réi thém tiép 5 gigt dung dich FeCls 1%. Lac ky. Dun| s6i nhg. Quan sat hign trong, nhdn xét, gidi thich bang c4¢ phurong trink] [phan tmg va két lun, [Phan ting logi nhém carboxyl [Lay mot Gag nghiém to, cho vio 4 Ehodng 0.2g acid oxalic. Day cdc Jong nghiém bing nat o6 dng din khi, déu Sng din khi ning ngap vao Im6t dng nghiém c6 chita Imi nude véi trong. Dun néng dng nghigm, Quan sét hign tugmg, nhén xét, gidi thich bing c4e phuong trinh phan] limg va két luén, 3.4, [Phan trng halogen hoa acid thom ILay hai éng nghiém cho [dn lugt vao moi Ong 2ml dung dich bao hoa) from nude ciia acid benzoic, acid salicylic. Thém tiép vio hai 6ng 2-3) lgiot dung dich Bro/H2O. Lac ky, quan sat hign tugng, nhan xét, gidil Ithich bang céc phutong trinh phan img va két Ivan. 3.5. [Phan ing tgo phenolphtalein ‘Cho vao mt ng nghiém 0,1g anhydrid phtalic, 3-5 gigt phenol long, 2- [3-giot HoSOs dic. Khudy ky va dun néng éng nghiém. BS hén hop dang! néng 6 éng nghiém vao mot cbc thuy tinh chita 20m! nude cét. Khudy| \déu. Thu dugc dung dich phenol phtalein. Lay m6t dng nghi¢m nhé, cho 'vao 6 Iml dung dich NaOH 0,1N, thém 1-2 gigt dung dich phenol} phtalein via digu ché, Quan sét, nhén xét. Sau dé thém tiép vao dng) Inghiém NaOH. Quan sét hién tong, nhfin xét, gidi thich bing céc| iphuong trinh phan tmg va két Iufn, Oxy hod acid formic bing thudc thir Tollens {Cho vao Sng nghiém Iml nudc, 5 gigt acid formic lic déu, thém vaol ldung dich trén 3 giot dung dich thuéc thir Tollens. Lic ky. un céch| |thuy 5-10 phut. Quan sat hign tong, nhén xét, gidi thich bing céc| |phuong trinh phan mg va két lun, 65 y 4. CAU HOI LUNG GIA 1. Trinh bay céc thi nghigm chimg minh tinh chét acid yéu cia acid acetic. 2. Trinh bay thi nghigm chimg minh acid salicylic dé cho phin img thé 4i dién ty hom acid benzoic? 3. Hay gidi thich hign tugng xay ra trong thf nghiém oxy hod acid formic bing thudc thir Tollens, BAIS CARBOHYDRAT Muc tiéu hge tap 1. Trinh bay dtege ede phan img ca ban cia monosaccharid, disaccharid va polysaccharid, 2. Thc hién duge cde thi nghiém this tinh chdt cla cde hop chdt trén. 3. GiGi thich dupe cdc két qué thi nghigm. Viét dupe cde phucong trinh phan ug xdy ra, 1.CO SO LY THUYET Carbohydrat con goi la cde glucid hay saccharid. Carbohydrat la céc hgp chit hin chite polyhydroxyaldehyd, polyhydroxyceton va mét s6 dan chdt ngung ty cia ching. Céng thire téng quét ota carbohydrat c6 thd viét 18 Ca(H2O)m nhu 1a dang hydrat cla carbon. Dya vio cdu tao, ngudi ta phan carbohydrat thanh cae nh6m sau: - Carbohydrat don gin, khéng thé thuy phin thanh nhimg chat don gian hon, goi 1 monosaccharid, - Carbohydrat phite tap, c6 thé thuy phan thanh nhimg phan ti monosaccharid. 1.1. Monosaccharid. ; Cac monosaccharid 06 céng thie téng quét Ca(H2O)m voi m = n. Neu mono- saccharid c6 chita nhém carbonyl aldehyd thi goi 1a cdc aldose, cbn néu c6 chita nhém carbonyl ceton thi goi 1a cdc cetose. Trong dung dich nude, monosaccharid oé can bing hé bién gitta dang mgch ho carbonyl ty do véi dang mgch vong ban acetal (ban cetal). Vi vay monosaccharid o6 cdc loai tinh chat do dang mach hé carbonyl ty do va do dang ving ban acetal. L1.1. Timh chat do dang mach ho. 1.1.1.1, Phin img oxy hod Monosaccharid ¢6 thé bj oxy hod trong cée méi tru’ng khéc nhau nhu méi trudng trung tinh, acid, base tao thinh cdc san phim khac nhau. + Oxy hod bing thudc thir Tollens: dung dich nitrat bac trong amoni hydroxyd, ding oxy ho nhém carbonyl cia aldose dang mach hé thanh acid htt co va gidi phong ra Ag kim logi. + Oxy hoé bing thuéc thir Fehling: ban chit cia thudc thir Fehling la phite cia ion Cu** véi ion tartrat trong dung dich kiém, oxy hod nhém carbonyl thanh acid hiru co va giai phéng ra Cuz0 két tua. 67 1.1.1.2, Phan img tao thanh osazon ‘ at Hydrazin téc dung véi nhém carbonyl tyr do cho hgp chit osazon két tg £6 nhigt 46 néng chay xée dinh, D-glucose va D-fructose cho cing mét osazon, Hydrazin hay str dyng ld phenylhydrazin. Phicong trinh phan img: ‘HO CH,OH [~ ° 3 CoHNHNH, 4 : *oHeNHNH, Lt ————- LL CH,OH CHAO CH,OH Céc osazon ¢6 hinh dang tinh thé khéc nhau khi soi kinh hién vi. Vi vay, phan ting tao osazon durge ding dé nhén biét va phan biét céc saccharid. Hinh 6.1. Hinh duh tink thé Glucosazon inh 6.2. Hinh anh tinh thé Lactosazon 1.1.2. Tinh chat do dang mach vong ban acetal ‘Trong phan ti monosaccharid c6 2 loai nhém hydroxyl: - OH alcol va - OH bin acetal. Phin tmg ether hod ~OH ban acetal voi CHsOH xay ra khi cé mat khi HCI cée nhém -OH alcol khéng cho phan tmg ether 6 diu kign nay. Plucong trink phan ting: L0H H,0H CH,OWHCL (OH 5 a-D-glucopyranose Methyl c:-D-glucopyranosid 1.1.3. Phan tg phfin biét aldohexose va cetohexose Glucose va fructose la hai ding phin céu tao cia hexose, Cetohexose (fructose) trong diéu kién acid chuyén hoa nhanh sang dang furanose va phan img v6i thudc thir Xelivanov (resorcin/HCl dc) tao thanh san phdm ngung ty o6 mau 46 anh dao. Vi vay, phan img Xelivanov phn biét durge aldohexose va cetohexose. Phan ing: 68 H,0/H* Lactose ——+——» D-galactose + D-glucose (hoe men) + Saccharose— 207, D-glucose + D-fructose (ho&c men) Maltose —H20/HY -glucose + D-glucose (hoc men) . ~ Disaccharid khir cho phan img véi thudc thir Fehling, thudc thir Tollens va phan img tao osazon, 1.3. Polysaccharid Polysaccharid duge tao thanh do céc phan tit monosaccharid béi cdc lién két glycosid. Khi thiy phin bai xtc téc acid sé tgo thanh cfc phan th monosaccharid, Dai dign cua nhém nay la tinh b6t va cellulose. 1.3.1. Tinh bét Tinh b6t ¢6 céng thire phan tir chung La (CéHi0Os)n, chita hon hop gdm amylose va amylopectin, + Amylose: Phan tinh b6t tan trong nuée, duge céu tao tir nhig don vj a-D-glucose bing lign két glycosid 1,4 cia a-OH & C; cia phan tit glucose nay voi -OH 6 Cy cia phan tit khdc, goi Ia lién két 1,4”, amylose polymer cia (1-4'-O-(0-D-glucopyranosid)] + Amylopectin: Amylopectin 6 céu tao phéin nhénh do tgo lién két glycosid a-1,4” va lién két glycosid a-1,6". 70 1.3.2. Cellulose / C6 eftu trite mach hé, do cée gbe D-glucose két hyp v6i nhau bang lién ket elycosid B-1,4". Vidu: CKOH eae Re aes cxulone [1-4'-0-(B- D-ghucopyrmosig)] 2. HOA CHAT, DUNG CU 2.1, Hod chat f ~ Dung dich glucose 5% = Dung dich CHsCOONa 10% - Dung dich fructose 5% - Dung dich NaOH 10% - Dung dich lactose 5% = Dung dich Lugol (2 1%) ~ Dung dich saccharose 5% — - Phenylhydrazin I ~ Dung dich hé tinh bét 1% —- Thuéc thir Tollens - HCI dic - Thuéc thir Febling A (CuSO«/H2SO.) - CHsCOOH dace - Thuéc thir Xelivanovy (resorcin/HCla) ~ Dung dich H2SO, 10% - Dung dich HaSOs 20 % ~ Thuéc thir Fehling B (mudi kép Natri Kali tactrat) 2.2. Dung cy - Binh cau dung tich 100 ml -Kinh hién vi, gidy quy + Céc thuy tinh, éng dong - Dén cn, ludi amiang - Ong nghiém nhd a \ 7 3. NOLDUNG THUC HANH SIT Cie thi nghigm va cdc birée tién hanh 3.1. 3.1.1. \Monosaccharid Oxy hod glucose va fructose [Lay hai 6ng nghigm. Cho vio m&i Sng lin lugt 10 gigt dung dich Fehling| A, 10 giot dung dich Fehling B. Sau dé thém vao éng thir nhdt 10 gig dung dich glucose 5%, dng thir hai 10 gigt dung djch fructose 5%. Lig k9. Dun céch thuy s6i nhe 5-7 phuit, Quan sat hign tugng, nhan xét, gia thich bling céc phuong trinh phin img va két lun. 3.1.2, 313. |Phan tmg tao osazon ILAy hai Sng nghigm. Cho vao mdi éng lan lugt 10 gigt acid acetic die, 10 giot dung dich natri acetat 10%, 3-4 gigt phenylhydrazin. Sau 46 thén vao 6ng tht nhat 2 ml dung dich glucose 5%, éng thir hai 2 ml dung dich fructose 5%, Lac ky. Quan sit. Dun céch thuy s6i nhe 5-10 phist. Xu hién két tia & hai éng nghigm; Lay két tia & hai éng, soi kinh hién vi, nhén xét mau sc, hinh dang tinh thé, Ve hinh dang tinh thé. Viét phuong Itinh phan tmg. = ‘Phan ting phan biét aldohexose va cetohexose. Lay hai éng nghigm. Cho vao méi éng lan Iugt 10 gigt dung dich thuée ‘hit Xelivanov. Sau dé thém vao dng thir nhét 2 ml dung dich glucose| 5%, éng this hai 2, ml dung djch fructose 5%. Lite ky. Dun céch thuy s6i ‘nhe 2-3 phuit. Quan sat hién trong, nhfin xét, giai thich bling cdc phuong itrinh phan tmg va két Iuan. Disaccharid ~ | Thus} phan saccharose (Cho vao éng nghiém 2 ml dung dich saccharose 5%. Thém 3-4 giot dung| \Mich H2SOs 10%. Lac ky. Dun cach thuy s6i 10-15 phit. DS ngudi, ‘Trung hoa bing dung dich NaOH 10%, ‘Lay Iml dung dich sau khi da trung hoa, thém 10 gigt dung dich Febling| |A, 10 gigt dung dich Fehling B. Lic ky. Dun céch thuy sdi nhe 5-7 phi, Quan sét hign tung, nhan xét, gidi thich bing céc phuong trinh phan| limg va két luan, 3.22. [Phan biét disaccharid khie va khong khut. ILéy hai éng nghiém. Cho vao méi éng Jan durgt 10 giot dung dich Fehling| |A, 10 giot dung dich Fehling B. Sau 46 thém vao dng thir nhdt Im! dung| ldich lactose 5%, éng thir hai 1ml dung djch saccharose 5%. Lac ky. Dun| lcdch thuy sOi nhe 5-7 phiit. Quan st hién tugng, nhén xét, gidi th{ch! n2 ee —— a nt f _|b&ng c4c phuong trinh phan irfly va két ludn 2.3. |Phan tmg tao osazon cia lactose. ILAy mOt éng nghiém. Cho vao éng lin lugt 10 gigt acid acetic dic, 19 gigt dung dich natri acetat 10%, 3-4 giot phenylhydrazin. Sau 46 thém| ‘vao Sng 2 ml dung dich lactose 5%, Lhe k. Quan sét. Bun céch thuy sé inhe 10 - 15 phit. Lam lanh bing nude d4. Xudt hign két tia & éng| inghiém, LAy két tia soi kinh hién vi, nhan xét mau sdc, hinh dang tinh| thé. Vé hinh dang tinh thé, Viét phuong trinh phan (mg. . |Polysaccharid. Thuy phan tinh b6t o “hin (Cho vao binh cdu day tron, dung tich 100 ml ce dung dich sau: 20 mi \dung dich hé tinh b6t, 2ml dung dich acid H2SO4 10%. Lic kj. Dun s6i Inhg trong thdi gian 25-30 phat, Sau khi hn hgp s6i, trong qué trinh dun, icit 5 phit mot lan, ding pipet ly 5 giot dung dich dang thuy phan cho} vao 1 dng nghiém. D ngugi, thém 1-2 gigt dung dick Lugol, Khi nao|’ \ dung dich khéng cho mau xanh tim véi thudc thir Lugol thi ngimg dun, ‘Dé ngudi. Lay 1 ml dung dich vita thuy phan cho vao mét ng nghiém, (Trung hoa bing dung dich NaOH 10%, kiém tra bing gidy qui. Sau do |thém lan hugt 10 giot dung dich Fehling A, 10 gigt dung dich Fehling B. |Lac ky. Dun céch thuy sOi nhe 5-7 phét. Quan sét hign tong, nhén xét, lgidi thich bing cc phuong trinh phan img va kétluan. 1.) 9 be STtoD 4. CAU HOI LUQNG GIA Oo 1, Trinh bay phan ting phan bigt aldohexose va cetohexose. 2. Trinh bay ¥ nghia cla phan img tgo osazon. 3. Trinh bay phan tmg phan bigt disaccharid khit va kh6ng khit. 4, Trinh bay cdch xée dinh phn img thu phan tinh bét da xAy ra hoan toan hay chua. o's glk a foe B Bai 6 HOP CHAT CHUA NITO (Amin - Amid - Dj vong) Myc tiéu hye tp 1. Trinh bay duege ede phan img dinh tinh cia hop chat amin, amid va ho, chat dj vong. 2. Thye hién degc céc phan ting dinh tinh, gidi thich duoc cdc hién tong va vids duege phuong trinh ede phan ting dinh tinh cita hop chat amin, amid va hop chat dj vang. 1.COSO LY THUYET 11. Amin Amin la din cht cua amoniac khi thay thé cée nguyén tl hydro cig amoniac bing ge hydrocarbon (g6c hydrocarbon cé thé 1a alkyl, aryl, dj vong), Tuy theo sé géc hydrocarbon thay thé nguyén tt hydro trong phan ti amoniac ma c6 amin bc 1, bac 2, bac 3, mudi amino bac 4. rH R-NH, R-NH-R’ R-N-R' amin bac 1 amin bac 2 amin bac 3 mudi amoni bac 4 1.1.1. Tinh base cita hop chdt amin Trén nguyén tit nito cia amin con cap electron p ty do khéng lién két c6 vai trd quan trong trong cdc tinh chat hoa hoc cita amin nhur tinh base, tinh ai nhén. Tinh base ciia céc amin phy thuge vio mét 46 dign tir tren nguyén tir nito, mét 46 dign tir trén nguyén tir nito cang Ién ye base cang manh va ngugc lai. Oi véi cae amin mach hd, nhém amin gn véi céc géo alkyl c6 higu mg cém img déy dign tir (H) lam tang mat d6 dign tir trén nguyén tir nite. Déi véi cée amin thom ¢6 nhém dinh chic gn truc tiép trén nhén thom, cap electron p ty do trén nguyén tir nito cia nhém amin lién hop véi cde dign tir x cua nhan thom (lién hop p, =) lam gidm mét 49 dign tr tén nguyén tt nito dn t6i lam gidm lye base cla amin thom, nhung Igi lam cho phn img thé ai dién tir (Se) vao nhan thom tré nén dé dang hon. Anilin la mt amin thom don gién dau day. Dung dich trong nuéc anilin tin tai dudi dang hydrat va c6 kha nang phn ly ra anion 74 hydroxyl (-OH), dung dich anitin trong made c6 tinh base yéu nén khéng lam chuyén mau gidy qu). Tuy nhién, ching ta cé thé nhfin biét anion hydroxy! (- OH) bing dung dich FeC, + NH, NH; Oe iol + + | NH NH 3 Ia OH" + FeCl —-» 3 OQ cr + Fe(Oms t 1.1.2. Phiin ting thé 4i dign ti (65) vio nhin thom eda amin thom (anilin) Trong phan ti anilin, c§p electron p tw do trén nguyen tt nito cua nhém amin lién hop v6i cée dién tr ofa nn thom (lién hop p, *) lam ting mat 46 dign tir tn nhan thom lam cho phan img thé Ai dign tir vao nhén thom to nén a ding hon, die bigt la 6 eée vj t ortho va para, Anilin d& dang phan img voi dung dich brom trong nude 6 nhiét 46 thudng tgo tia tring cba 2,4,6-tribromo anilin. NH, NH) Br. Br; + 3B | + 3HBr Br 1.2. Amid Amid la din chit cia acid carboxylic khi nh6m hydroxy! (OH) cla nhom carboxyl (COOH) duge thay thé bing nhém amin. So oO 0 A R-Ce — R-CZ —¢ ‘OH Cu, CMe Acid carboxylic Amid Nhém djnh chire amid Do cé sy lién hop cia cip dién tir p trén nguyén tk nite voi c&p dign tir x ca nhém carbonyl trong nhém djnh chite amid nén amid khéng cho phan img dic trumg cia ceton déng thdi thé hign tinh base yéu va tinh acid yéu. Cée phan ‘ing dic trmg cia amid: ~ Phan img thé hign tinh base yéu va tinh acid yéu: tao muéi véi oxyd kim Jogi ning ho&c tao muéi véi acid v6 co manh. 75 Be a / ~ Amid d8 bj thuy phiin khi mat xtic tc acid hodc base tw acid tuong fi NaOH + NH; wee +H,0

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