User Manual

D3000 ExP
Experiment Platform
Operating Guide
ME1758/B
©2007 LJ Create. This publication is copyright and no

part of it may be adapted or reproduced in any material
form except with the prior written permission of LJ Create.
D3000 ExP Operating Guide
Contents
Contents
Chapters Pages
Overview of the D3000 System ...................................................................... 1.1 - 1.6
Switching on the D3000 ExP .......................................................................... 2.1 - 2.2
The Module Power Supplies ........................................................................... 3.1 - 3.2
Loading a Circuit Board ................................................................................. 4.1 - 4.4
Unloading a Circuit Board ............................................................................. 5.1 - 5.2
Using a Multimeter ...................................................................................... 6.1 - 6.12
Using an Oscilloscope .................................................................................. 7.1 - 7.26
Using a Signal Generator ............................................................................... 8.1 - 8.6
Appendices Pages
Fault-Switching and the Control Panel Application ........................................9.1 - 9.8
Control Panel Options .................................................................................10.1 - 10.4
Specification and Technical Information ....................................................11.1 - 11.8

Operating Guide D3000 ExP
Contents
Introduction
Introduction
This User Manual covers the following type of D3000 Base Unit:
• D3000 ExP – Experiment Platform with USB interface
In addition to providing an overview of the D3000 system, the following topics are
covered:
• Switching on the ExP.

• The ExP power supplies.
• Control of the Variable DC power supply.
• Loading a circuit board into the ExP.
• Unloading a circuit board from the ExP.
• Using a multimeter.
• Using an oscilloscope.
• Using a signal generator.
• Fault-switching.
For information concerning the operation of your student workstation in a computer

managed environment, consult the ST520 Student Workstation Tutorial. This tutorial
is supplied with a computer managed workstation, and covers the following topic
areas:
• Logging onto the management system and requesting work.

• Making responses to questions in a computer managed environment.
• Handing in completed work.
• Logging off at the end of a work session.
i
Introduction
ii
Overview of the D3000 System
Chapter 1
D3000 Study Modules
A range of D3000 study modules is available for teaching a wide

range of topic areas including electricity, electronics, automotive
engineering and avionics.
Each study module provides you with a printed circuit board (PCB)
containing electrical components that allow you to practically
investigate a particular topic area. Also included is a Laboratory
Manual, which contains theory and practical instruction, and a plastic
storage case.
1.1
Each Study Module has a name and a module number. The module
number is especially important, as it is used in a computer managed
laboratory to identify the module that you are studying.
The module number is usually printed on the front page of the

Laboratory Manual, as part of the manual title. For example, the
module number associated with the following laboratory manual:
D3000 Introduction to Electricity Laboratory Manual 0.11
is 0.11.
For many modules, on-screen learning materials are also available.
The DIGIAC 3000 ExP
In order to use a printed circuit board from the range of D3000 Study
Modules, you will need a D3000 ExP at your workstation. The ExP
provides:
• A platform for mounting the circuit board, with a lever

mechanism for easy board insertion and removal.
• All of the electrical power supply requirements for the
circuit board.
• Rotary control for Variable DC Supply voltage selection
and on/off switching of the Module Supplies.
• Switched-fault selection using the rotary control. This
function is enabled when an Instructor Key is inserted into a
front-panel jack socket.
• LED displays for Variable DC Supply voltage and
switched-fault indication.
• USB interface, allowing automatic and manual control of
fault-switching via a host PC.
1.2
The main components of the D3000 ExP are shown below:
Operating Modes
The D3000 ExP supports three modes of operation:
• In Standalone Mode the ExP is not connected to a computer.

Operation of the Module Supplies is via a rotary control on the
front panel. Fault switching is accomplished with the same rotary
control, following the insertion of an Instructor Key into the
front-panel jack socket. On removal of the key, the selected fault
becomes locked and the rotary control reverts to power supply
operation.
• In Computer Controlled Mode the ExP is connected to a PC via

the USB port. A control panel application is run on the PC,
allowing the power supplies to be operated via either the front-
panel rotary control or an on-screen slider control. Manual fault-
switching is via an on-screen hexadecimal keypad which is
enabled and disabled by the Instructor Key.
See Appendix 1 for further information on fault-switching and

the control panel application.
1.3
• In Computer Managed Mode the ExP is again connected to a

PC via the USB port, but fault switching is controlled
automatically by ClassAct or other LJ classroom management
software. After confirmation that the user wishes to route faults
via the ExP, the Control Panel applet is run silently in the
background on the PC and is minimized into an icon in the
System Tray.
Faults are inserted and removed automatically at the appropriate

points when working through fault-finding Worksheets in the
Laboratory Manuals and on-screen learning materials. Responses
are made to questions using the keyboard and display of the PC.
Power supplies are operated via the ExP front-panel rotary
control.
Further information on how to use a PC and an ExP in a

computer managed environment is provided in the ST520 Student
Workstation Tutorial that is supplied with the D3000 ExP
1.4
The Base Unit Accessory Kit
The Base Unit Accessory Kit contains 2mm connecting leads and
shorting links which are used to build circuits on any circuit board that
is fitted to the D3000 ExP.
Whenever a circuit needs to be built on the printed circuit board, the

relevant Laboratory Manual or on-screen learning materials will
provide detailed instructions and diagrams showing the connections
that are required.
The Accessory Kit also contains:
• 4mm-to-2mm adapter leads for connecting multimeters to

the circuit board.
• A BNC-BNC lead for connecting the output of a signal
generator to the SIGNAL GENERATOR connector on the
rear of the ExP.
1.5
1.6
Switching On the D3000 ExP
Chapter 2
AC Power Line
The ExP uses the AC Line supply. Power enters via a three-pin IEC
inlet on the rear panel of the unit. The main power switch is adjacent
to the inlet.
The AC line voltage (115V or 230V) required by your ExP is clearly

indicated on the rear panel.
Switching On
• Switch on the ExP by setting the rear-panel main power switch to

the 1 position. The POWER LED on the front panel should light.
• All the front-panel LEDs and displays should light for a second to
show that the unit is working.
• The ExP is now ready for use.
Switching Off
• Switch off the ExP by setting the rear-panel main power switch to
the 0 position.
Always allow a few seconds between switching off and on again to

allow the internal circuits to reset properly.
2.1
2.2
The Module Power Supplies
Chapter 3
Module Supplies
The D3000 ExP contains all the power supplies that are required for
powering any of the Experiment Boards in the D3000 range. These
are as follows:
• +5V 1.5A DC
• -5V 0.1A DC
• +12V 1A DC
• -12V 1A DC
• 0V to +12.7V 1A Variable DC
• 12-0-12V 0.5A 50/60 Hz AC
There is an additional +5V 1.5A internal rail that is not switched.
The Variable DC Supply
Note that one of the power rails provided by the ExP is a Variable DC
supply that has an output voltage adjustable between 0V and +12.7V.
Instructions will be given in the Laboratory Manual or on-screen
learning materials whenever adjustment of this control is required.
Operation
The connection and disconnection of these power supplies, and the

voltage of the Variable DC supply, are controlled by the knob on the
ExP front panel.
3.1
Fig 3.1
• Click the knob to connect or disconnect all the module supplies

from the circuit board. You will hear a relay operate, and the top
bar of the bargraph display will indicate the on/off status of the
supplies.
• Turn the knob clockwise to increase the voltage of the Variable

DC supply, and counterclockwise to reduce it. The knob has
continuous rotation. Turn it quickly to obtain the approximate
voltage required, and slowly to set the voltage precisely. You can
get better than 5mV accuracy once you appreciate how the
control works.
Note:
It is important not to confuse operation of the Module Supplies with
operation of the main power switch on the rear panel of the ExP.
The main power switch should not be switched off until you are told
to do so by your instructor.
3.2
Loading a Circuit Board
Chapter 4
• Before loading a circuit board into the ExP, it is good practice to

ensure that the Module Supplies are off. Click the front panel
control until the top bar of the bargraph is extinguished.
• Select the D3000 Study Module that is to be used, and remove the
circuit board from its plastic storage case.
• Pull the lever on the latching mechanism toward you so that is

pointing straight at you.
• Place the bottom of the circuit board onto the two spring-loaded
guides just above the control panel.
Fig 4.1
4.1
• Press down on the board and ease its black guide rails under the
pegs on the ExP side panels.
Fig 4.2
• Ease the circuit board connector into the latching mechanism – it

should spring up slightly into place when it is correctly located.
Fig 4.3
4.2
• When you are sure the circuit board is properly seated, push the
lever on the latching mechanism fully away from you. The circuit
board connector should engage cleanly with the one inside the
latching mechanism as the board is pulled up into its operating
position.
Do not force the lever if the circuit board appears to be

misaligned.
Fig 4.4
4.3
4.4
Unloading a Circuit Board
Chapter 5
• Before unloading a circuit board from the ExP, it is good

practice to ensure that the Module Supplies are off. Click
the front panel control until the top bar of the bargraph is
extinguished.
• Pull the lever on the latching mechanism toward you so that

is pointing straight at you. The circuit board will be
released from the connector.
Fig 5.1
5.1
• Press down on the board and ease it towards you until it is clear
of the pegs on the ExP side panels.
Fig 5.2
• Lift the circuit board off the spring-loaded guides and return it to
its plastic storage case.
Fig 5.3
5.2
Using a Multimeter
Chapter 6
Using a Multimeter
Units and Quantities

There are three basic quantities to be considered in an electrical
circuit:
• An EMF is applied to the circuit to provide the force or pressure

that causes the current to flow around the circuit. This EMF is
measured in volts.
• The current consists of a quantity of electrons that travel around

the circuit in a given time. This current is measured in amps
(amperes).
• As the current flows around the circuit it meets up with opposition

due to the resistance of the circuit or its component parts. This
resistance is measured in Ω (Ohms).
Multimeters
The term multimeter derives from the ability to use one instrument for
a multitude of different measurements. One instrument is capable of
taking measurements of all three of the above quantities, and switches
are provided for a wide range of values of each quantity, from the very
small (µ - micro or m - milli) to the large (k - kilo or M - Mega). Also
both direct current and voltage (DC) and alternating current and
voltage (AC) measurements can be taken with the same instrument.
• Examine the instrument(s) which you have available and

familiarize yourself with the range switch(es), display and
connection sockets/terminals.
= DC = AC COM = Common Ω = Ohms
6.1
Using a Multimeter
Types of Multimeter
There are two basic types of instrument, those that give a digital
display of the reading, and those in which a pointer is moved across a
scale by an angle that is analogous to the quantity being measured.
Digital Multimeter Analog Multimeter
POWER
OFF ON
V V
200 1000 750 200
20 20
2 2
200m 200m
20M 200µ
2M 2m
20m A
200K 10A
200m
20K
2
Ω 2K
200 2
200m
200
2m
200µ 20m
10A
A
V-Ω COM A 10A
Fig. 6.1
The digital instrument will be found to be more convenient for taking

static readings of a quantity, their accuracy tends to be very good, and
it is less likely that you will make a mistake in reading the quantity.
The analog instrument, on the other hand, has advantages when
reading quantities which are subject to change during adjustments or
otherwise. The load (in terms of current drawn) presented by the meter
to the circuit under test also varies.
6.2
Using a Multimeter
Reading the Analog Scale
Fig 6.2
The instrument scale represented above might refer to a meter with

ranges 50µA, 250µA, 2.5mA, 10mA, 25mA, 100mA, 250mA, 1A, &
5A and a selection of voltage ranges. Assuming that the 2.5mA range
has been selected, the 0-250 scale is used. The pointer is between 150
& 200, so the reading lies between these limits. There are ten divisions
between 150 and 200 on the scale so each division represents a value
of 5. The pointer is on the fifth division so the scale reading is 175.
The scale factor is determined by dividing the full-scale marked value
into the range value, 2.5mA ÷ 250 = 0.01mA. Multiply the reading by
this factor: 175 x 0.01mA = 175mA.
If the selected range is 100mA then the 0-10 scale is used and the
pointer is half way between 6 & 8. The scale reading gives us 7. The
scale factor is determined by dividing the full-scale marked value into
the range value, 100mA ÷ 10 = 10mA. Multiply the reading by this
factor: 7 x 10mA = 70mA.
6.3
Using a Multimeter
If the selected range had been 50µA then the 0-50 scale should be
used and the pointer is half way between 30 and 40. The scale reading
gives us 35. The scale factor is 35 x 1µA = 35µA.
This is a major disadvantage of the analog multimeter. It is relatively

easy to make an error in interpreting the scale and range settings. This
factor alone is responsible for many people preferring the digital
instrument. Try interpreting for yourself on the assumption that you
have selected the 250V range.
You should have arrived at a reading of 175V.
6.4
Using a Multimeter
Measuring Voltage
The meter connections for voltage measurement are shown below.
POWER
OFF ON
V V
200 1000 750 200
20 20
2 2
200m 200m
20M 200µ
2M 2m
20m A
(a) Ω
200K
20K
2
10A
200m
2K
200 2
200m
200
2m
200µ 20m
10A
A
V-Ω COM A 10A
POWER
OFF ON
V V
200 1000 750 200
20 20
2 2
200m 200m
20M 200µ
2m
(b)
2M
20m A
200K 10A
200m
20K
2
Ω 2K
200 2
200m
200
2m
200µ 20m
10A
A
V-Ω COM A 10A
Fig 6.3 - (a) DC and (b) AC Voltmeter Connections
The voltage appears across the component. Therefore the meter must
be connected in parallel with (or across) the component to measure
the volt drop across it with the circuit still connected to the supply.
6.5
Using a Multimeter
Note that this is therefore the easiest of readings to be taken, since it

involves no disconnections and is taken with the supply still
connected.
Ensure that the correct type AC or DC is selected, and always start

with the highest range and work down unless you have every
reason to expect a reasonably lower voltage. You will never damage
a meter by connecting it to a lower voltage than it is adjusted to
display.
6.6
Using a Multimeter
Measuring Current
The meter connections for current measurement are shown below.
PO W ER
O FF ON
V V
200 1000 7 50 200
20 20
2 2
200 m 20 0m
20M 200 µ
2M 2m
20m A
2 00K 10A
200 m
(a)
20K
2
Ω 2K
20 0 2
2 00m
200
2m
200µ 20m
10A
A
V-Ω CO M A 10A
PO W ER
O FF ON
V V
2 00 1000 7 50 200
20 20
2 2
200m 200m
20M 2 00µ
2M 2m
20 m A
(b)
200 K 1 0A
2 00m
20K
2
Ω 2K
200 2
200m
2 00
2m
2 00µ 20m
10A
A
V -Ω C OM A 1 0A
Fig 6.4 - (a) DC and (b) AC Ammeter Connections
The current flows around the circuit so it must be broken to allow

the meter to be connected in series with the component under test.
The circuit current then also flows through the meter and it can give
an indication of how much this current is.
This is often very inconvenient in practice, since it is not always easy

to break into a circuit in the way required.
6.7
Using a Multimeter
Measuring Resistance
The meter connections for resistance measurement are shown below.
POWER
OFF ON
V V
200 1000 750 200
20 20
2 2
200m 200m
20M 200µ
2M 2m
20m A
200K 10A
200m
20K
2
Ω 2K
200 2
200m
200
2m
200µ 20m
10A
A
V-Ω COM A 10A
Fig 6.5 – Ohmmeter Connection
It is essential that the resistor to be checked should be isolated from

the power supplies and also desirable, when possible, from the
remainder of the circuit.
Analog Multimeter - A battery in the instrument applies a voltage to

the resistor under test and then the instrument measures the current
that flows. Since the battery voltage is known the current flowing can
be calibrated into resistance. The scale is not linear since resistance is
inversely proportional to current, zero resistance resulting in
maximum current. A zeroing control is provided to allow for variation
of the battery EMF with aging.
Digital Multimeter - The instrument contains a constant current

generator, this current being fed to the resistor under test. The
instrument measures the voltage dropped across the resistor and
converts this to resistance. Since resistance is directly proportional to
voltage this is a linear function and conversion to a digital display of
resistance is simple.
6.8
Using a Multimeter
Testing Continuity
When troubleshooting electronic circuits, it is often necessary to
detect a short circuit fault condition. This is a very low resistance
(typically less than 5Ω) that is usually caused by a conductor bridging
two connections in a circuit and causing a fault.
Many digital multimeters have a special resistance range that provides

an audible tone when a short circuit is detected. This range is called
the continuity check range and is usually identified by one of the
following symbols:
Short circuit faults are simulated in some of the fault-finding activities

of the D3000 series of modules, and it is recommended that when you
suspect a short circuit, you use the continuity check range (if
available) to confirm this.
6.9
Using a Multimeter
Testing a Diode
A diode can be tested using the diode tester on a digital multimeter.
Examine the markings around your multimeter range switch. The
diode tester range is indicated by a diode symbol. It may share a
switch position with another meter range (such as a resistance range),
or it may have its own, separate switch position.
Measuring the Forward and Reverse Bias Conditions
To test the diode in the forward direction connect the positive (red)
lead to the anode, and the common (black) lead to the cathode, as
shown in Fig 6.6.
Fig 6.6 Diode Tester Connection
With the diode tester range selected, the meter will display a value for
the forward-biased diode. How you interpret this display will depend
on the model of digital multimeter that you are using.
6.10
Using a Multimeter
If your meter has a separate diode tester range, this reading will
usually indicate the forward voltage across the diode in millivolts
(mV). A typical measurement for a forward-biased diode would be
600-700mV.
However, if the diode tester range is built into an existing resistance

range (for example, the 20kΩ range), then your reading will be a
resistance measurement. A typical measurement for a forward-biased
diode would be a few kΩ.
Whichever type of diode tester you have, you will need to test a
working diode to find out the value and units of the reading you can
expect from your meter.
The diode can also be tested in the reverse direction by connecting the
positive (red) meter lead to the anode and the common (black) lead to
the cathode.
With the diode tester range selected, the meter should give an out-of-
range indication. This will be the case whether the diode tester display
is in mV or kΩ.
These measurements can also be used to determine which way round a

diode is connected in a circuit: a reading of 600mV or a few kΩ
indicating the forward biased diode and an out-of-range reading
indicating reverse bias
The method described above for testing a diode can also be used to
test the PN junctions of a transistor. A typical forward bias
measurement for a transistor would be 700-800mV or a few kΩ. The
reverse bias will again be indicated by an out-of-range measurement.
6.11
Using a Multimeter
Testing Leaky Diodes

A leaky diode will pass an increased current when reverse-
biased, when compared with a diode that is operating to
specification.
To test for a leaky diode, switch the multimeter to the 20MΩ

range connect the meter so that the diode is reverse biased
(positive (red) meter lead to cathode, common (black) meter
lead to anode).
For a silicon diode that is operating within specification, the

resistance measurement when reverse-biased should be at least
5MΩ (it may even give an out-of-range indication on the
meter). A leaky diode will have a significantly lower reverse-
biased resistance.
Note.
For use on a D3000 circuit board, 4mm to 2mm leads have
been provided in your D3000 Base Unit Accessory kit to allow
the connection of a Testmeter to your Base Unit.
6.12
Using an Oscilloscope
Chapter 7
How it Works
Your understanding of the operation of this most valuable item of test
equipment will be greatly enhanced if you have at least a basic
knowledge of its fundamentals.
glass envelope
screen
cathode focus Y plates
grid X plates
electron beam
heater
Fig 7.1
The heater, made of tungsten wire, raises the temperature of the

cathode, which is a nickel alloy cylinder coated with a mixture of
oxides.
The heated cathode emits electrons that are attracted by the high
potentials on succeeding electrodes to form a divergent electron
stream or beam.
The electric field of the focus assembly accelerates the electrons in the
beam and converges them so that they all meet at one spot at the
screen.
The internal face of the screen is coated with phosphorescent

materials that glow when bombarded by the electron beam.
7.1
The grid, which surrounds the cathode, allows control of the number
of electrons leaving the cathode, and therefore the strength of the
electron beam, and the intensity or brightness of the spot. The group
of electrodes which generate the beam are known collectively as the
electron gun.
The screen is the faceplate of a glass envelope, which encloses all of

the electrodes. This envelope is evacuated so that there are no gas
atoms to impede the free movement of the electrons in the beam. Any
voltage (potential gradient) across the Y plates will cause the beam to
be deflected up or down as it passes through.
The X plates will have a similar effect in the horizontal direction.
The oscilloscope is therefore capable of drawing graphs with

conventional X and Y axes. The inputs to X and Y channels must be
in the form of voltages which can be applied to the plates.
The primary purpose of the oscilloscope is to allow us to examine

electrical waveforms in a circuit which are readily obtainable in the
form of voltage (Y) against time (X).
The Y drive is therefore already in the correct form - a voltage.
The time scale for the X axis is provided as a function of the

oscilloscope's circuitry known as the timebase. This generates a
voltage that is steadily changing with time. The time is adjustable by
front panel controls. The waveform necessary for this purpose has a
sawtooth shape.
voltage
stroke or flyback
scan
time
Fig 7.2
7.2
The faceplate is scanned from left to right, relatively slowly, during

which time the waveform to be examined is applied to the Y plates.
The flyback is rapid and the Y signal is suppressed so that it cannot
interfere with the forward display.
7.3
Practical Oscilloscope
It is now time to examine the layout of the front panel of a typical
oscilloscope and its controls. These may seem a little awe-inspiring at
first, but you will find that you can easily master them.
All oscilloscopes have the same basic functions. If the instrument

which you have available is substantially different from that shown
pictorially here, then you will find controls which perform the same
functions, although they may sometimes have slightly different labels
on them. Start by setting all controls to known initial conditions as
follows:
POWER X-Y TIME/DIV. AT/NORM.

on/off
ms .5 .2 .1
µs
SLOPE 2 50
X-POS. +/- 5 20
10 10 LEVEL
TR
20 5
50 2
INTENS. 100 1
200 .5 TRIG. INP.
FOCUS AC 100Vp-p max.
TRIGGER DC ms µs
HF
SELECTOR LF CAL.
EXT.
LINE
Y-POS. I VOLTS/DIV. VOLTS/DIV. Y-POS. II

.5 .2 .5 .2
1 .1 1 .1
VAR.
2.5:1
CH.I 2 50 2 50 CH.II
DC DC
5 20 CAL. 5 20
AC AC
GD GD
10 10 10 10
CAL. COMPONENT 1MΩ 30pF V mV V mV 1MΩ 30pF
X-MAG. 20 5 20 5
0.2V 400Vp-p 400Vp-p
max. INV.I CHI/II DUAL ADD max.
2V HOR.
X10 TESTER INP.
TRIG.I/II CHOP
Fig 7.3
• The arrowed rectangles and squares are push-on push-off buttons.

Ensure that they are all in their out positions.
7.4
There are several round buttons in various colors with an

indicator line on them. Turn all of these so that the line is
pointing vertically upwards. This does not apply to the focus
control.
The pointed triangle on some colored knobs is a calibration

indicator. The coarse setting on the outer switch is only
correct when this arrowhead points to the left. Set them this
way now.
7.5
1 3

on/off
ms .5 .2 .1
µs
SLOPE 2 50
X-POS. +/- 5 20
10 10 LEVEL
TR
20 5
50 2
INTENS. 100 1
200 .5 TRIG. INP.
TRIGGER DC ms µs
HF
SELECTOR LF EXT.
CAL.
LINE
2 1
.5 .2
.1
VAR.
1
.5 .2
.1 2
2.5:1
CH.I 2 50 2 50 CH.II
DC DC
5 20 CAL. 5 20
AC AC
GD GD
10 10 10 10
1MΩ 30pF V 5 mV V 5 mV 1MΩ 30pF
20 20
400Vp-p 400Vp-p
HOR.
TRIG.I/II CHOP INP.
4 4
Fig 7.4
Adjust the controls shown in Fig 7.4 as follows:
• TRIGGER SELECTOR 1 to the upper (AC) position.

• Y AMPLIFIER inputs 2 both to the lower (GD) position.
• TIMEBASE 3 set upwards to the 1ms/div position.
• Y AMPLIFIER sensitivity 4 both counterclockwise to the
20V/divposition.
Note that the lower panel in Fig 7.4 above contains the controls for
two Y amplifiers. There is provision to operate the oscilloscope with
either one or two traces (graphs) so that two waveforms of the same
frequency (or harmonically related) can be observed at the same time.
7.6
This is achieved by switching the electron beam from one trace

position to the other and, at the same time, switching the inputs to the
Y plates.
The upper panel contains the controls for the screen and for the
timebase settings. You will also see some controls marked TRIG or
TRIGGER. These are to maintain a stable trace. More will be said
about this function later.
7.7
Operation
• Locate the power switch ( 1 in Fig 7.5 below) and switch ON.
1 4

on/off
ms .5 .2 .1 µs
SLOPE 2 50
X-POS. +/- 5 20
10 10 LEVEL
TR
2 20
50
5
2
INTENS. 100 1
200 .5 TRIG. INP.
TRIGGER DC ms µs
HF
SELECTOR LF CAL.
EXT.
LINE
Fig 7.5
After a brief warm-up period you will find that you have a line across
the screen caused by the spot moving from left to right across the
screen under the influence of the internal timebase.
• Adjust the brightness or intensity 2 to give a line of minimum

intensity for comfortable viewing.
• Adjust the focus 3 to give the sharpest line.
• Adjust the X POSITION 4 to centralize the line across the

screen.
• Switch the TIMEBASE selector (see Fig 7.4) fully

counterclockwise to the 200ms/div position.
If you have a watch or clock available with a second hand, time how
long it takes for - say - five passes across the screen. You should find
that it takes about ten seconds for five scans.
7.8
Timebase
Examine the timebase control switch. This is pointing at 200ms/div.
There are ten divisions across the screen. Count them. So it takes 10 x
200ms for one scan. 2000ms is 2 seconds, so 5 x 2 = 10 seconds for
five scans.
Turn the inner variable control clockwise. See

that the spot speeds up. It is possible to set the
speed to anything that you want (within limits)
but you only know what speed it is when the
pointer is to the left (the calibrated position).
• Return it counter-clockwise.
Look to the left of the tip of the pointer and you will see a C (for
calibrated) under a dot. There is one of these symbols to the left of
each of the variable controls, including the two on the lower panel, to
indicate the calibration position.
• Switch the timebase selector to 100ms/div. Note that the spot now
travels across the screen in about one second. Gradually increase
the speed.
When you get to 20ms/div the spot has become a short line. This is
due to two factors, one being the afterglow of the phosphor (which
takes a small time to die away) and the other is the persistence of
vision (where our eyes retains an image for a small period of time).
This latter is what makes it possible for us to see apparently moving
pictures on a television screen from a rapid sequence of still pictures.
At 10ms/div the spot becomes a continuous line with a small amount

of flicker as our eyes still try to follow the individual movements of
the spot. Beyond this all we see is a steady line.
When the timebase setting is increased to the maximum of 0.5µs/div

the screen is being scanned in five millionths of a second (5µs). At
this stage you will have to accept that it is still accurate and linear.
7.9
Frequency Measurement
Please note that if it takes 5µs (millionths of a second) for one trace
and the traces follow each other continuously then there will be
200,000 scans in one second (200,000 x 5µs = 1s), the frequency is
200kHz.
This concept is the one above all others that newcomers to electronics
find most difficult to accept, the speed at which electronic devices can
operate is far, far faster than our brains want to accept.
The reciprocal of the time taken for one cycle of events is the
frequency of that event. This is important and should be remembered.
1
frequency =
time period
This allows us to make measurements of frequency on an oscilloscope
by noting the time taken for one cycle and then calculating the
reciprocal of that time.
6.4 div
Fig 7.6
7.10
For instance, in the example in Fig 7.6, if the timebase setting is

calibrated and switched to 0.2ms/div then the time taken for the cycle
indicated is:
6.4 x 0.2 = 1.28ms
and the frequency of the waveform represented will be:
1
= 781.26 Hz
1.28 x 10 -3
• Try the following example for yourself:
Assume that the timebase is correctly calibrated and switched to

20µs/div.
Fig 7.7
• What frequency is represented in Fig 7.7 if the two vertical lines

represent one cycle of a waveform?
You should have arrived at about 5.95kHz. The reading of the time
scale cannot be very accurate, certainly not to 5 parts in 600, so it
might be better to call this 6kHz.
7.11
Y Amplifiers
Turn your attention now to some of the controls on the lower panel,
the Y amplifiers.
1 1
.5 .2
.1
VAR.
1
.5 .2
.1 3
2.5:1
CH.I 2 50 2 50 CH.II
DC DC
5 20 CAL. 5 20
AC AC
GD GD
10 10 10 10
1MΩ 30pF V 20 5 mV V 20 5 mV 1MΩ 30pF
400Vp-p 400Vp-p
HOR.
TRIG.I/II CHOP INP.
2 4
Fig 7.8
Control 1 is the channel 1 (CH.1) Y amplifier shift or position

control. It applies a direct voltage to the Y plates.
• Try this now. Move the trace line up and down.
The effect is that you are applying a signal to the Y plates, only
relatively very slowly. Electronics can do it much faster. Do not try to
rotate the knob too quickly or you may damage the track of the
control.
• Set the timebase to minimum speed (200ms/div) and try moving

the Y1 shift again. You can almost draw a sine wave, if you are
careful, but of course it dies away very quickly.
7.12
Dual Trace Operation

• Set the timebase back to high speed at 0.2ms/div and position the
trace two lines above the center.
• Press the button 2 marked DUAL to select both Y traces.
A second trace will now have appeared on the screen (you may have
to adjust the Y2 shift control to move it onto the screen).
• Move the new trace down to the lower half of the screen with the
Y2 shift control 3 .
• Reduce the timebase speed again to 100ms/div.
You will see that the oscilloscope draws the Y1 and Y2 traces
alternately.
This is the simplest form of dual mode operation, but is not very
satisfactory for low frequency signal inputs. You would have great
difficulty in comparing waveforms on the two traces.
• Press the button 4 marked ALT/CHOP (or ADD/CHOP). Both

traces are now drawn simultaneously.
What is happening is that the circuit chops between the two traces
many times during one scan, so quickly that you cannot see it doing it.
This is the best mode of operation for timebase speeds below 2ms/div.
You will see that operating the ALT/CHOP switch has little effect at
timebase speeds of 2ms/div and above, but the difference is easily
observed at 5ms/div and below.
7.13
Voltage Measurements
2 2
.5 .2 .5 .2
1 1 .1
VAR.
2.5:1
1 .1
1
CH.I 2 50 2 50 CH.II
DC DC
5 20 CAL. 5 20
AC AC
GD GD
10 10 10 10
1M Ω 30pF V 5 mV V 5 mV 1MΩ 30pF
20 20
400Vp-p 400Vp-p
3 max. INV.I CHI/II DUAL ADD max.
HOR.
3
TRIG.I/II CHOP INP.
Fig 7.9
• Set both channel input switches 1 to AC, and

• Set both Y amplifier sensitivity switches 2 to 0.1V/div.
• Plug an oscilloscope probe lead into each of the input sockets 3
• Adjust the Y shift controls to locate the Y1 trace in the middle of

the upper half of the screen and the Y2 in the lower.
Locate the calibrator

(CAL) terminal lug on
the panel just below the
screen and hook the
CH.1 probe on. Note
the amplitude given for
this signal besides the
terminal(s). If you have
more than one voltage
available, then select
the one nearest to 0.2V.
CAL. COMPONENT
X-MAG.
0.2V
X10
2V
TESTER Note: The ground clip
is not needed since this
is completed internally.
Fig 7.10
7.14
You will now have a square wave displayed on the upper trace. The
vertical edges of the waveform are so fast that they do not have time to
leave any evidence of their presence. It appears as though the change
from negative to positive is instantaneous. Increasing the brightness to
maximum may just show them very faintly.
• Re-adjust for normal intensity.
The waveform should cover two divisions in the vertical direction:

(2 x 0.1V = 0.2V).
• Clip the CH.2 probe on as well.
You now have waveforms displayed on both traces.

.5 .2 .5 .2
1 .1 1 .1
VAR.
2.5:1
CH.I 2 50 2 50 CH.II
DC DC
5 20 CAL. 5 20
AC AC
GD GD
10 10 10 10
1MΩ 30pF V 20 5 mV V 20 5 mV 1MΩ 30pF
400Vp-p 400Vp-p
HOR.
TRIG.I/II CHOP INP.
Fig 7.11
• Press the INVERT 1 button and observe that the CH.1 display is
inverted, the CH.2 trace remaining unaffected.
• Increase the CH.1 Y amplifier sensitivity to 50mV/div and

observe how many squares are now covered by the waveform.
7.15
AC/DC Operation
• Return both amplifier input switches to the GD (ground) position.
The waveforms are removed.
• Using the Y shift (position) controls centralize both traces across

the middle of the screen so that they are overlaid on top of each
other.
You should now only be able to see one line.
• Return the CH.1 Y amplifier input switch to AC and the

waveform reappears at the center of the screen with the Y2 trace
acting as a base (0V) line.
You are now looking at the AC component of the waveform.

However, this waveform has a DC component equal in amplitude to
the peak value of the AC signal.
• Switch the CH.1 Y amplifier input switch to DC.
The waveform moves up to sit on the 0V base line provided by the Y2

trace. The DC component of the signal is now being passed to the
display as well as the AC. In fact the waveform has two amplitude
levels, 0V and 0.2V.
This facility of being able to suppress the DC component if you wish

can be very useful if a small AC component rides on top of a very
large DC component. The AC can be inspected with the amplifier set
to a very sensitive setting which would move the DC component well
of the viewable screen area taking the AC component with it !
Generally speaking, it is better to retain the DC component of any

waveform in the display if you can.
7.16
Frequency Measurement Example

You have already been introduced to this most important aspect of the
oscilloscope's measurement capability. Let us now use it in practice.
The calibration signal is only intended for checking the sensitivity of

the Y amplifiers and probe compensation. The frequency of the signal
is not precise, and therefore provides us with an excellent example for
practice.
T = Time taken
T for one cycle.
Fig 7.12
• Read off the number of divisions for one complete cycle - T as

precisely as possible along the center line.
• Multiply by the setting of the timebase selector to convert this

into a time.
1
• Use a calculator to take the inverse (reciprocal ) of this to give
x
the frequency.
You should have found a frequency somewhere near 1kHz.
7.17
Trigger
• Return the CH.1 Y amplifier input switch to GD and switch the

CH.2 input to AC.
You can see the waveform, but it is not stable. This is because the
trigger or synchronizing facility is automatically allocated to the CH.1
signal until you say otherwise.

.5 .2 .5 .2
1 .1 1 .1
VAR.
2.5:1
CH.I 2 50 2 50 CH.II
DC DC
5 20 CAL. 5 20
AC AC
GD GD
10 10 10 10
1MΩ 30pF V 20 5 mV V 20 5 mV 1MΩ 30pF
400Vp-p 400Vp-p
HOR.
TRIG.I/II CHOP INP.
Fig 7.13
• Press the CHI/II TRIG.I/II button.
Trigger control is transferred to the CH.2 input waveform and the

signal locks in. If you now reverse the settings to display the CH.1
waveform with CH.2 grounded, the waveform will be unstable again
until you release the CHI/II TRIG.I/II button again. Automatic
triggering is quite a complex operation and it is worth examining the
theory of this a little more closely.
• Switch trigger control back to CH.2 to unlock the display.
The displayed trace may be only marginally out of lock, giving a

slowly moving waveform, or it may be considerably out, giving no
readable waveform.
7.18
Using the timebase fine tuning control (the one

with the arrowhead) try to stop the trace from
moving. You will find that this is very
difficult, since the slightest thing will change
the frequency enough to de-synchronize the
waveform.
You will probably find two different settings within the range of the
control that will give you either one complete cycle or one and a half.
• Switch control back to CH.1 to lock the trace again.
You find that there are very nearly two complete cycles when the
control is in the properly calibrated position. As the fine timebase
control is adjusted when the waveform is locked, all that happens is
that the waveform is stretched or contracted to display more or less
cycles. Note, however, that the trace always starts with the positive-
going edge of the waveform.
Fig 7.14
7.19
This is the trigger point, at the zero crossing of the test waveform (in a
positive-going direction).
The timebase in the oscilloscope is held off until this point is reached
and then allowed to run. In this way the displayed waveform always
starts at the same point (crossing zero in a positive-going direction) so
each successive trace overlays the previous one and the display
appears stationary.
There are several features on the timebase panel which affect the
triggering.
7.20
Triggering
3 1

on/off
ms .5 .2 .1
µs
SLOPE 2 50
X-POS. +/- 5 20
10 10 LEVEL
TR
20 5
INTENS.
50
100 1
2
2
200 .5 TRIG. INP.
TRIGGER DC ms µs
HF
SELECTOR LF EXT.
CAL.
LINE
4 5 6
Fig 7.15
• Control 1 is AT/NORM. This means Automatic Trigger or

NORMal operation. In automatic triggering (button out) the
action is as described above.
• With the button pressed the trigger point voltage level is

adjustable by the LEVEL control 2 .
The effect of this is to change the starting point voltage so that the
display starts at any point you choose on the waveform. If you set the
level higher or lower than the extremities of the test waveform then
the timebase never triggers and there is no display, the screen remains
blank. With the level button pointing vertically upwards the trigger
point is the zero voltage crossing level.
You cannot see the effect of this control if you only have the
calibration waveform available. The square wave has only two levels,
ON or OFF. However, if you have a signal source with sine or
triangular waveform then connect this to one of the Y channel inputs,
adjust for a good display using timebase (X) and sensitivity (Y)
controls, then press the AT/NORM. button and adjust the level
7.21
control. Observe the effect and then return the AT/NORM. button to
the out position.
The +/- button 3 inverts the display by selecting the zero crossing
trigger point when the waveform is negative going instead of positive.
• With any waveform displayed and locked, press the +/- button
and observe. Return to the out position.
The displayed waveform can be very complex and contain

components at many different frequencies. The automatic trigger
circuits are periodic, that is, they are sensitive to frequency.
For some displays the trigger circuits may need a little help in the
form of selecting the frequency. The calibration waveform is a middle
frequency and any setting of the TRIGGER SELECTOR 4 except
LINE will provide a stable display. The settings of this selector are:
AC The alternating component of the test waveform is passed to

the trigger circuits. This will normally cover frequencies from
DC to 10MHz.
DC The DC component passes to the trigger circuits. To use this
facility NORMal triggering must be selected.
HF Frequencies above 10MHz.
LF Frequencies below 1kHz. This would normally be used with a
complex wave containing many frequency components where
you wish to lock on to the low frequency component(s) rather
than the high, such as an amplitude modulated carrier wave
as used in radio communication.
LINE Many oscilloscopes are used for television servicing, so many
are provided with line synchronizing pulse separators to lock
onto these pulses which define the termination of each line of
the picture.
7.22
picture
information
line line
sync. sync.
pulse pulse
Fig 7.16 Television Waveform
This function will only lock on to short duration (5µs) negative-going

pulses. It will sometimes be required to examine waveforms that are
too weak to provide a satisfactory signal to the trigger circuits so that
automatic triggering cannot be achieved.
An alternative source of higher voltage waveform(s) at the same

frequency will often be available.
This alternative source can be fed in directly to the trigger as an

"external" trigger source so that a weak but stable display can be
achieved. The EXT. TRIG. button 5 selects this function, but at the
same time switches off the internal, automatic triggering.
• Press the EXT. TRIG. button and note that the display is no
longer locked.
• Take the probe from the CH.2 input and plug it into the EXT.
TRIG. input socket 6 . Couple this to the cal. signal.
Note that the display is again locked and that all of the other triggering
functions can be selected with this input.
7.23
Component Tester
Many oscilloscopes are provided with this most valuable facility,
which enables the instant display of the characteristics of many
electronic components. An alternating voltage is applied to the
component under test and also to the X plates of the oscilloscope. The
current drawn flows in a series resistor mounted inside the
oscilloscope, developing a volt drop across it that is proportional to
the current drawn. This is applied to the Y plates.
The instantaneous values of both voltage applied and current drawn

are therefore plotted.
CAL. COMPONENT
X-MAG.
0.2V
2V
X10 TESTER
test
component
Fig 7.17
• Connect the component to be tested as in Fig 7.17 above.

Testmeter leads will be ideal for this purpose.
• Follow the instructions provided in the oscilloscope User Guide,

in order to obtain a display of the characteristic for the component
being tested.
7.24
With no component connected the display will be the characteristic of

an open circuit, no current, whatever the voltage.
A lead connected between the two terminal sockets indicated will be a

short circuit. Can you anticipate the display?
Here are a few other samples:
Fig 7.18
This facility is very useful when troubleshooting.
7.25
Patching Panel
D3000 boards requiring the use of an oscilloscope contain a patching
panel allowing for the attachment of conventional oscilloscope probes.
An example can be seen in Fig 7.19 below.
CH.1
CH.2
Fig 7.19
7.26
Using a Signal Generator
Chapter 8
Introduction
The Signal Generator or Function Generator is an instrument
designed to produce a periodic electrical signal. The instrument has
controls that allow you to configure the electrical signal to a specific
frequency, waveform shape, and amplitude. The signal generator is
often used to compliment the oscilloscope; the signal generator
produces the waveform that is then displayed on the oscilloscope.
FREQUENCY RANGE (Hz) FUNCTION ATTENUATOR (dB)
1 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 0 -20 -40
0.9 1.0
1.1 1.2
1.3 TTL O/P
0.7
0.8 1.4 SYMMETRY AMPLITUDE D.C. OFFSET
1.5
0.6 1.6
ON 0.5 1.7
0.4 1.8
0.3 1.9
0.2 2.0
MIN MAX
FREQUENCY
MULTIPLIER
50Ω O/P
0.2Hz - 2MHz SIGNAL GENERATOR
Fig 8.1
The front panel of a typical Signal Generator is shown in Fig 8.1.
We will now describe applications and the operation of a Signal

Generator.
8.1
Applications
The signal generator is a useful piece of test equipment and can be
used for a variety of tasks. Three of the more common applications
follow:
• Troubleshooting
A suitable signal can be injected into a circuit under test. A technician

would then troubleshoot the circuit by tracing the signal from the
place of injection through its various stages. Should at any point the
signal be different to that expected, that stage can be investigated and
then repaired if found to be defective.
• Simulation
In development work, it is often desirable to be able to simulate a

signal to test a design. For example, a signal can be injected into a
filter circuit to determine its frequency response, or into an amplifier
to ensure it remains stable at various frequencies and signal levels.
• Calibration
The signal generator can also be used to calibrate a frequency

dependent circuit. Used in conjunction with a frequency counter to
determine the precise frequency, a signal can be injected into a circuit,
and a tuned circuit adjusted for a particular response; typically this
may be for a maximum or a minimum amplitude.
8.2
Operation
• Output Connections
The output signal from most signal generators is available from a

BNC socket. This socket is normally found on the front panel (Fig
8.2).
The signal generator is connected

to the D3000 ExP using a 50Ω
BNC lead. The BNC socket on TTL O/P
the ExP is on the rear panel. The
BNC lead is connected to the
50Ω O/P socket on the signal
generator unless otherwise
instructed in the D3000
curriculum material.
Note, the signal generator should 50Ω O/P

have a maximum output
impedance of 50Ω.
Fig 8.2
If the D3000 curriculum material requires a 0V to +4.5V signal to

drive a TTL or CMOS type experiment, the BNC lead can be
connected to the TTL O/P socket of the signal generator. The TTL
O/P provides a square wave signal typically between 0V and +4.5V.
With the signal generator connected

to a D3000 base unit, signals are
available to sockets on D3000
circuit boards having the symbol
S.G.
shown in Fig 8.3.
Fig 8.3
8.3
• Output Function (Waveform shape)
Many signal generators have the facility to produce differently shaped

waveforms. These waveforms are typically: -
Sinusoid
Triangular
Square
To select the required waveform, a

button on the signal generator
display is depressed adjacent to the
FUNCTION
waveform FUNCTION legend. In
Fig 8.4, the push button switch
shown grayed would select a
sinusoid waveform. Fig 8.4
• Frequency Selection
The frequency of the waveform is selected on the signal generator

display by first choosing the appropriate FREQUENCY RANGE
(Hz) button and then using the rotary FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER
control.
For example, should you require a FREQUENCY RANGE (Hz)

frequency of 1.5 kHz, the x1k 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M
button is depressed (grayed) and
the FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER 0.7
0.8
0.9 1.0
1.1 1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
control rotated until the knob lines 0.6

0.5
1.6
1.7
0.4 1.8
up with ‘1.5’. See Fig 8.5. 0.3
0.2
1.9
2.0
FREQUENCY
MULTIPLIER
Fig 8.5
8.4
• Symmetry
The SYMMETRY
control varies the mark/
space ratio of the
generated signal.
SYMMETRY Changing the symmetry

of the waveform
Fig 8.6
• Amplitude
The output amplitude of

the waveform can be
varied using the
AMPLITUDE control.
This control does not
affect the TTL output
however. 0V
The output amplitude is

also affected by the
Changing the amplitude
setting of the attenuator of the waveform
switches described later
on in this chapter.
AMPLITUDE
MIN MAX Fig 8.7
8.5
• DC Offset
The DC level of the signal can be

varied through use of the DC
5.0V
OFFSET control.
2.5V
0V
D.C. OFFSET -2.5V
Changing the DC Offset

of the waveform
Fig 8.8
In Fig 8.8, the DC Offset control has been adjusted by +2.5V so that
the square wave is always positive. This signal could now be used for
logic type circuits.
• Attenuation
The output signal can be

attenuated by clicking either
ATTENUATOR (dB)
–20dB (÷10) or –40dB (÷20)
button. In Fig 8.9 the –20dB
button has been selected 0 -20 -40
(grayed). Selecting the 0dB
button introduces no attenuation. Fig 8.9
8.6
Fault-Switching and the Control Panel Application
Appendix 1
Automatic Fault-Switching
If you are working in a computer-managed environment, your D3000

ExP will automatically activate an internal relay at the start of each
fault-finding Worksheet in the Laboratory Manual. This relay inserts a
switched fault into a circuit board that is currently loaded into the
ExP. At the end of the Worksheet, the relay is automatically de-
activated, thereby removing the fault. Similarly, if your ExP is linked
to a student PC that is running computer aided instruction (CAI)
software, then the ExP will automatically switch a fault into the loaded
circuit board at the start of each fault-finding Worksheet in the CAI.
At the end of the Worksheet, the fault will be automatically removed.
Note: If the faults are not being activated automatically, you must
reconfigure the computer so that they are. If you have access to the
System Tray, click the icon to show the Switched Fault Routing
applet, then change the option to D3000 ExP: If you do not have
access to the System Tray you must ask your instructor to enable
fault-switching for you.
9.1
Manual Fault-Switching
If your workstation is not computer managed, and your ExP is not

linked to a CAI computer, then the appropriate switched fault must be
inserted manually at the start of each fault-finding Worksheet in the
Laboratory Manual.
When you have completed the Worksheet, the switched fault must be
manually de-activated.
There are 15 fault-switching relays inside the D3000 ExP. These are
numbered
1 through 9, and A through F.
For a given Laboratory Manual, information on which fault-switching

relay must be operated for each fault-finding Worksheet is provided in
the corresponding Solutions Book, in the form of a table.
If your ExP is connected to a host computer through its USB link, you
can perform the manual fault-switching via an on-screen control panel
application.
If your ExP is not connected to a PC, the faults must be activated and
deactivated by means of the front-panel rotary control.
In either case, you must insert an Instructor’s Key into the front-
panel jack socket on the ExP.
9.2
The Instructor’s Key
An Instructor’s Key must be inserted into the jack socket on the front
panel of your ExP before switched faults can be inserted manually.
Your instructor may issue you with a key, or may prefer to do the
fault-switching for you, in which case you must attract their attention
before attempting a Worksheet that involves a switched fault.
.
Instructor’s Key inserted into front-panel jack socket
9.3
Manual Fault-Switching – Standalone ExP Without A Host PC
Inserting a Switched Fault
• Insert the Instructor’s Key into the front-panel jack socket.
• Turn the rotary control knob until the desired fault number
appears on the seven-segment display (your instructor may wish
to do this covertly).
• Click the knob to insert the fault. The display will change to a
query mark (?) and the decimal point will light to show that a
fault has been activated.
• Remove the Instructor’s Key. The rotary control knob reverts to

its normal function of controlling the Module Supplies.
• Perform the fault-finding exercises as required.
Removing a Switched Fault
• Click the rotary control knob. The fault will be removed and the
seven-segment display will show 0.
• Remove the Instructor’s Key.
9.4
Manual Fault-Switching Using the Control Panel Application
A Windows-based control panel application is provided to allow

switched faults to be inserted when the student has an ExP connected
to their PC but is following a course requiring manual fault insertion.
Inserting switched faults using the control panel application:
If your instructor is allowing you to control the fault-switching,

the key can remain plugged in for the duration of your
assignment.
• If you have access to the Start Menu, select D3000 ExP from the
list of available programs.
OR:
• If you are working in the ClassAct Launcher or other LJ

classroom management software environment, enter the launch
code EXP into the relevant box.
• The D3000 ExP control panel application will be launched and a

stay-on-top window similar to this will appear:
.
D3000 ExP control panel with Instructor’s Key in place
9.5
• When the ExP can communicate with the host PC, its front-panel
PC Control LED is lit, and its 7-segment display shows P.
• The left-hand side of the control panel application has an on-off

switch and slider control for the Module Supplies; these are fully
interoperable with the ExP front-panel rotary control. There are
also three status indicator LEDs to show the following
information:
Active – On when the ExP can communicate with the host PC.
Board In – On when a circuit board is properly loaded.
Fault In – On when a switched fault is currently activated.
• The right-hand side of the control panel application has a 15-

button hexadecimal keypad for selection of switched faults, a 7-
segment LCD indicator panel showing the fault number, and In
and Out buttons for the insertion and removal of the selected
fault.
• Click the fault number required on the Switched Faults keypad.

The number will appear on the LCD display to the left of the In
button.
.
D3000 ExP control panel with Fault 9 selected
9.6
• Click the In button to insert the fault. The on-screen display will
change to a query mark (?) and the Fault In LED will light.
.
D3000 ExP control panel after fault selection
• Your instructor may wish to remove the Instructor’s Key now. If

so, the control panel will shrink to hide the Switched Faults
keypad.
.
D3000 ExP control panel with Instructor’s Key removed
• You can hide the control panel to reduce screen clutter. The panel
has a right-click pop-up menu with three options:
Show – Display the control panel at its full size.

Hide – Minimize the control panel to an icon in the system tray.
Exit – Close the control panel application.
9.7
• Right-click and choose Hide to hide the panel. To restore it to full

size, right-click the ExP icon in the System Tray and select Show.
If you do not have access to the system tray, re-enter the EXP
launch code from the classroom management software
environment.
• Perform the fault-finding exercises as required.
Removing switched faults using the control panel application
• Ensure that the Instructor’s Key is inserted into the front-panel

jack socket.
• Ensure that the control panel application is running and visible

(right-click system tray icon and choose Show, or re-enter EXP
launch code if necessary).
• The Switched Faults keypad will be displayed. Click the Out

button to remove the fault.
Note: Your instructor may have disabled the Out button, in

which case a 4-digit password code followed by the RETURN
key must be entered to remove the fault. Contact your Instructor
to continue.
Closing the control panel application
• If you are using ClassAct Launcher or other LJ classroom

management software, the ExP application will close
automatically when you log out or exit from it.
• To manually close the application, right-click either the control

panel or its system tray icon and choose Exit from the pop-up
menu.
9.8
Control Panel Options
Appendix 2
Introduction
Several aspects of operation of the D3000 ExP can be configured via

the control panel application:
• User Serial Number

• LJ Serial Number
• Display Fault Number
• Use Instructor Key
• Use Password
• Test Switched Faults
• FLASH ROM upgrade
The Status Window
The current status of the configuration options is accessed by double-

clicking the red LJ logo in the top left of the control panel application.
.
D3000 ExP control panel with Status Display
10.1
Changing Settings
Before you can change any of the settings you must first activate the
control panel.
• Close the status window if it is currently open
• Enter a four-digit password code using either the PC keyboard or

the number buttons on the fault unit display. The default code is
1234
Note to the Instructor: You should change this code to

something less obvious using the KEYMAKER program in the
/UTILS directory on the installation CD.
• User Serial Number

This is provided for your internal auditing use. Enter a four-digit
code then click Set to enter the new serial number.
• LJ Serial Number
This is set at the factory and you cannot change this number.
• Firmware Revision
This is provided by the ExP operating system for information
only.
• Display Fault Number

When this box is checked, the fault number display will show the
actual fault number at all times instead of a query mark. Default is
off.
• Use Instructor Key

When this box is checked, the Instructor Key is enabled. Uncheck
the box if you wish the Instructor Key to be ignored. Default is
on.
10.2
• Use Password
If this box is checked, the Out button on the fault unit is disabled
and a four-digit password code followed by the RETURN key
must be entered to remove a fault. Default is off. The default
password code is:
5678
Note to the Instructor: You should change this code to

something less obvious using the KEYMAKER program in the
/UTILS directory on the installation CD.
• Test Switched Faults

When this button is pressed, the D3000 ExP will cycle through its
15 fault relays and you should hear a succession of clicks.
• FLASH ROM Upgrade

The D3000 ExP operating is held in FLASH ROM and is user-
upgradeable. The new code is contained within a file called
D3000EXP.BIN which may occasionally be provided by LJ
Group Ltd. and/or be posted on their web site.
Follow these steps to perform the upgrade:
1. Copy the file D3000EXP.BIN into the directory containing the

D3000EXP.EXE control panel program.
2. Ensure the D3000 ExP is connected and switched on, then

click Start. The upgrade should now commence.
3. The upgrade will take several minutes, during which time you
must not interrupt the process. When finished, you will be
prompted to switch the ExP off for five seconds; when you switch
it back on it will use the new operating system.
4. If the upgrade should fail due to a computer crash, do not

switch the ExP off. Repeat the FLASH ROM upgrade.
10.3
Notes:
The D3000EXP.BIN file is renamed to D3000EXP.OLD after a
successful upgrade to avoid accidental reprogramming. Rename it
back to D3000EXP.BIN if you need to repeat the upgrade.
In the unlikely event of the upgrade procedure being interrupted by a

computer crash or power-outage, you may not be able to reprogram
the EEPROM and you will then need to contact LJ Group Ltd. for
advice and/or a replacement device which is easily fitted by a
technician.
10.4
Technical Information
Appendix 3
This equipment LJ Create Ltd LJ Create Inc

is manufactured Francis Way 85, Corporate Drive
and supported Bowthorpe Industrial Estate Holtsville
by: Norwich 11742-2007
Norfolk NR5 9JA New York
United Kingdom USA
Tel: +44 1603 740421 Tel: 1-800-237-3482

Fax: +44 1603 746340 Fax: 1-631-758-1788
Email: support@ljcreate.co.uk Email: supportlj@ljcreate.com
Weights and dimensions
• Weight: 5 kg approx.
• Dimensions: 300 mm X 300 mm X 340 mm approx.
AC Power Connection
The D3000 ExP requires one of the following AC power line inputs:
• 220/240V, 50/60Hz AC 96VA
• 110/120V, 50/60Hz AC 96VA
• A T2AL fuse is fitted. The fuse compartment is located below the

main power socket on the back panel.
Important: This equipment must be grounded. Ensure that the

D3000 ExP connection to the AC line socket has a ground (earth)
connection.
11.1
Environmental conditions for which the equipment is designed
• The equipment is designed for indoor use only.
• Temperature between 5 °C and 40 °C
• Relative humidity up to 80% to 31 °C 50% at 40 °C.
• No hoar frost, percolating water, rain, solar radiation etc.
Ventilation requirements
There are no specific ventilation requirements regarding safety, but

ensure the unit is not covered by papers or other material.
Module Supplies Provided
The ExP provides the following supplies for use on a loaded circuit
board:
• 0-12.7V regulated, variable DC, at 1A
• +5V regulated DC at 1.5A
• -5V regulated DC at 0.1A
• +12V regulated DC at 1A
• -12V regulated DC at 1A
• 12-0-12V 50/60Hz AC at 0.5A
These current ratings will satisfy the requirements of any D3000

circuit board that is loaded into the ExP.
11.2
The DC Supply Outputs
All of the DC supplies are protected from damage caused by short

circuit conditions.
In addition to these supplies, the ExP power supply also outputs an

internal +5V regulated DC at 1.5A. This supply is turned on
automatically when the power switch is operated, and provides power
for the internal circuits of the ExP.
For this reason, the main power switch on the back panel of the
ExP should remain ON whenever the ExP is in use.
The AC Supply Outputs
The 12-0-12V, 0.5A AC supply outputs are protected by two resetable

thermal fuses.
If the maximum rated supply current for either of the AC supplies is

exceeded, one of the thermal fuses will trip. In order for the supply to
recover, the circuit load must be removed.
It is necessary to wait for approximately half a minute, in order for the

thermal fuse to cool down and reset itself, before the load can be
reconnected.
PC interface
A Type A-Type A USB lead (supplied) is used to connect the ExP to a

PC. The interface type is USB1.1, full speed (USB2.0-compatible). A
Windows operating system with full plug-and-play support is required.
This excludes Win95 and WinNT.
11.3
Equipment maintenance
There is no requirement for preventative maintenance other than

occasionally cleaning. (See "Instructions for cleaning") There are no
user serviceable parts inside the unit. Should a malfunction occur
with the unit please contact the manufacturer or your agent who can
provide further information.
Instructions for cleaning
Before cleaning ensure that the unit is unplugged from any power
supply. Clean the equipment with a lightly damped cloth only.
Ensure that no water can enter the equipment. Ensure the equipment
is dry before any power is applied.
11.4
Maintenance of Product Integrity
LJ Create has taken great care to design and construct all products
such as to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, safety during
normal use, any maintenance and servicing.
The above care includes ensuring electrical integrity where live mains
voltages are used to energize the equipment. Initial integrity is
established by suitable tests and by inspection prior to dispatch. It is
considered that, because it is foreseeable that damage could occur due
to misuse or accident, a regular inspection is carried out. If damage is
suspected or deterioration could have occurred then basic tests for
integrity should be carried out. These tests should be performed by a
suitably qualified person using a portable appliance tester (PAT).
During PAT testing, when insulation resistance or dielectric
withstanding voltage tests are involved, care must be taken to ensure
that low voltage circuit components are not destroyed or degraded.
Where damage due to the PAT testing could occur, or where the
reading obtained by any discrete components, then explanatory and
guidance notes are made in the appropriate sections of this manual.
Guidance Notes (Class l)
• Insulation resistance >2MΩ

(500 V DC test voltage)
• Leakage Current < 0.25 mA.

(Where discrete EMC components are present, a maximum 5.0
mA leakage current is allowed)
• Earth Bonding impedance < 0.1 Ω (6 V AC)
11.5
Warnings
If the warnings below are not observed, harm to the individual or

damage to the equipment may occur
• Use the equipment for its intended use only
• Follow the advice of any warning/ prohibition labels on the

equipment
• Ensure liquids i.e. tea and coffee are kept well clear of the
equipment
• Do not attempt to repair or modify the equipment before

contacting the manufacturer or agent for advice
• Do not attempt to dismantle the equipment
Warning/ Prohibition Labels
Warning High Voltage,

disconnect before gaining access.
11.6
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
Manufacturer's LJ Create Limited

Name and Address: Francis Way
Bowthorpe Industrial Estate
Norwich
Norfolk NR5 9JA
United Kingdom
declares that the product
Product name: D3000 ExP

Model number: TD636
conforms to the following Product Specifications:
Safety: BS EN 61010-1 (1993)

EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (89/336/EEC) under UK
Statutory Instrument (SI) 1992 No. 2372, regulation 8, Educational
electronic equipment as amended by SI 1994 No. 3080.
Supplementary Information:
The products herewith comply with the requirements of the Low
Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and amending Directive 93/68/EEC.
The use of this apparatus outside the classroom, laboratory, study

area or similar such place invalidates conformity with the
protection requirements of the Electromagnetic Compatibility
Directive (89/336/EEC) and could lead to prosecution.
MM389-A T.D. Whiting

September 07, 2004 Works Director
11.7
Notes
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D3000 ExP

©2007 LJ Create. This publication is copyright and no

Overview of the D3000 System ...................................................................... 1.1 - 1.6

Switching on the D3000 ExP .......................................................................... 2.1 - 2.2

The Module Power Supplies ........................................................................... 3.1 - 3.2

Loading a Circuit Board ................................................................................. 4.1 - 4.4

Unloading a Circuit Board ............................................................................. 5.1 - 5.2

Using a Multimeter ...................................................................................... 6.1 - 6.12

Using an Oscilloscope .................................................................................. 7.1 - 7.26

Using a Signal Generator ............................................................................... 8.1 - 8.6

Fault-Switching and the Control Panel Application ........................................9.1 - 9.8

Control Panel Options .................................................................................10.1 - 10.4

Specification and Technical Information ....................................................11.1 - 11.8

• D3000 ExP – Experiment Platform with USB interface

• Switching on the ExP.

For information concerning the operation of your student workstation in a computer

• Logging onto the management system and requesting work.

D3000 Study Modules

A range of D3000 study modules is available for teaching a wide

The module number is usually printed on the front page of the

D3000 Introduction to Electricity Laboratory Manual 0.11

For many modules, on-screen learning materials are also available.

The DIGIAC 3000 ExP

• A platform for mounting the circuit board, with a lever

The main components of the D3000 ExP are shown below:

The D3000 ExP supports three modes of operation:

• In Standalone Mode the ExP is not connected to a computer.

• In Computer Controlled Mode the ExP is connected to a PC via

See Appendix 1 for further information on fault-switching and

• In Computer Managed Mode the ExP is again connected to a

Faults are inserted and removed automatically at the appropriate

Further information on how to use a PC and an ExP in a

The Base Unit Accessory Kit

Whenever a circuit needs to be built on the printed circuit board, the

The Accessory Kit also contains:

• 4mm-to-2mm adapter leads for connecting multimeters to

The AC line voltage (115V or 230V) required by your ExP is clearly

• Switch on the ExP by setting the rear-panel main power switch to

• The ExP is now ready for use.

Always allow a few seconds between switching off and on again to

There is an additional +5V 1.5A internal rail that is not switched.

The Variable DC Supply

The connection and disconnection of these power supplies, and the

• Click the knob to connect or disconnect all the module supplies

• Turn the knob clockwise to increase the voltage of the Variable

• Before loading a circuit board into the ExP, it is good practice to

• Pull the lever on the latching mechanism toward you so that is

• Ease the circuit board connector into the latching mechanism – it

Do not force the lever if the circuit board appears to be

• Before unloading a circuit board from the ExP, it is good

• Pull the lever on the latching mechanism toward you so that

Units and Quantities

• An EMF is applied to the circuit to provide the force or pressure

• The current consists of a quantity of electrons that travel around

• As the current flows around the circuit it meets up with opposition

• Examine the instrument(s) which you have available and

= DC = AC COM = Common Ω = Ohms

Digital Multimeter Analog Multimeter

V-Ω COM A 10A