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Applied Mathematics Textbook

easy explanation applied math

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754 views169 pages

Applied Mathematics Textbook

easy explanation applied math

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202404102
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TABLE OF CONTENT OVERVIEW * Algebra Refresher ¢ About the Author * Acknowledgement * Dedication « Message to the students OBYBOGY CHAPTER 1: LIMITS OF REAL VALUED FUNCTIONS © Limit properties 15 © Infinite limits and limits to infinity 13 CHAPTER 2: DIFFERIATIAL CALCULUS + The first principle 18 * Rules of differentiation 22 * Derivatives of trig functions 4 + Derivatives of exponential functions 34 * Derivatives of natural functions 36 * Derivatives of trig inverse functions 44 CHAPTER 3: L’HOPITALS RULE * L’hopitals rule 46 CHAPTER 4: INTEGRATION * Rules of integration 50 ‘+ Integration techniques 60 73 * Fundamental theorem of calculus STUDENT VERSION Powered by @ camScanner — iA y INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULAZ. ZWELAKHE CHAPTER 5: VECTORS IN 2-D AND 3-D ‘Introduction to vectors 78 © Dot product ba ‘© Cross product 92 «Equation of lines 95 + Tutorials 01 CHAPTER 6: VECTOR FUNCTIONS Introduction to vector functions 107 * The arc length 112 * Motion in space 116 * Tangential and normal components of acceleration 120 CHAPTER 7: PROJECTILE MOTION ‘+ Projectile motion analysis 124 ‘+ Assessments 133 CHAPTER 8: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION ‘* Introduction to SHM 136 « SHM 's Hooke's law & HAPTER 9: THE. IDULUM ‘Introduction to the pendulum 3 * Assessments 3 CHAPTER 10: DAMPED HARMONIC OSCILLATORS * Introduction to damped oscillators. + Assessment te 169 >y B camScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE eee "ALGEBRA REFRESHER ‘ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS: = a(bte) =ab+tac RADGAL PROPERTIES if ais odd. if ais odd. a" = lal ifais even. VE-"e EXPONENTIAL RULES = (aby = a"5" FACTORISATION OF POLYNOMIALS x —y? =(x-y)e+y) (tye ty? 4 2xy G@e-yP ax ty? —2ry (xt y)? = 8 ty? + 3x2y + 3xy? (x= y= Py" 32ty — ary? STUDENT VERSION Hi Powered by (9 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE LOGARITHMIC RULES * logex=1 x0 * logi0=0 * logal=0 a>0 loga(xy) =log, x + log, y log, ab = b hog, x* = blog, x NATURAL LOGARITHMIC RULES: = Ine=1 " In1=0 In@y) = Inx + Iny in(&) =Inx-my Inx* =alnx Ine® Inxo [=e STUDENT VERSION by @ camScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKK; EXERCIZE 1 —_— Evaluate the following limits. 41. lim 100 2. lim 50(x + 1) 3. lim(? - 2x +1) 4. im (? -2) = 1) 5 tn (Gr) “SOLUTIONS? Ss ee ee Se 1. lim 100 = 100 _ NB: limit of a constant is constant itself, 2 iim 50(x +1) = 50 lim(x +1) {Constant muttiple rule). = 50(1+1) = 100 3. tim@? - 2x41) = lim? ~ 2im x + lim 1 [Both sum and different rule apply} = (1-201) +1 =0 4. Jim, G? = 2) (x—1) Pee eR = (C1)? - 2-1-1) =2 = Powered by (9 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE ligst-2e-1 = *lgaret =O MORE EXAMPLES ON LIMITS eee In the following examples we will be applying more basics of mathematics such as rationalisation and factorisation so that the limits can be defined. ee EXERCIZE 2 ee + Gs 2 wm P54) 3. tn (G3) * : 4 im) 5. im (A) 7 tin (Gea) + STUDENT VERSION | i: | Powered by (@ CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS "SOLUTIONS jim SD [Factorise the numerator] Le jim x +3 m2 lim mn [2x Is a common factor in the numerator] = lim ee) Per = lim? +1) =(G%+1) [Factorise the numerator] bin (MibRROA 4 tm (=) us iieeacittes = lin, Ses (iors) Vier) 0 x(/ieere) = lim LOEWE) TE 4) = lim —1t2=36 En FQterre4) STUDENT VERSION Powered by (9 CamScanner * INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS. MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE : : tin yee) = lim Fee 1 Vievoes 5. 1 RH Ea 2 a eS WaEe = Nim CE -2) eG fet2-2) sy SEE VEE =2) 42 VERT. (VERE = lim A PxQe-3) gn WEBS Be = im ee areas gp, WFFB-5)TIS) = in ea lateoes) ERTS) 57548) (GeAN(09F99485) 2749-25 = lim eee x16 's Gray (Ua #9+5) (lat) Powered by @ camScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS s n10425 lim, —— Paw Te Ge) = lim —2— x SEH xa Vieae-1 VEFSEH x(ViFRH) = Vier) = tim EH) x80. 1¥3x-1 = lim GEE) x08 _ VR) 3 . Gases) = lim 25844 xeaxTare = lim Zar xed (344)(=1) Fa = lim = read MAGAGULA 2. 2wey Powered by (3 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATREMATICS MASGASGULA £. CWELAKAE INFINITE LIMITS AND LIMITS TO INFINITY * Definition 1: Let f be a function defined on some interval (a, 00). Then, jim f@)=L Which means that the values of f(x) can be made closely by taking x sufficiently large «Definition 2: let f be a function defined on some interval (—, a). Then, lim, f@) = Which means that the value of f(x) can be closely to L by taking x sufficiently large negative. EXERCIZE 3 Sea es . 3x2ox-2 2. lim xen SOEAEHL | 10x?=24—4 3. lim zim oe 4, lim (va? +7 - x) Va 5. lim =—— Spice 3x=5 Powered by @ CamScanner ee 1 jim te =0 Take any value of x,x > 0. 2. tim (2 ) sim (Gea = In Sees) (1-3) rcrera jim (22 = EA torn 3. lim 20x?-2x-4 xan oOr = Jim She) xm = lim es) tore) ols Jim 202°=2—4 mo ie 4. lim (Va7FT - x) = in (VET — 2) « Eee tein) = lim (7-») sa T42)) on (Wit+iva) = lim tes (Cre) ‘ Powered by CamScanner sing = lim Cia) 1 jim (Vx? +7 - x) =0 §: tis EE th 3-5 (242) = lin Vab = Vavb mo x(3-) B41 V2 imgr-5 3 Powered by § CamScanner INTRODUCTION TU APPL CHAPTER 2: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Definition: With derivatives they help us to find slopes/gradient of a given function. Derivatives can be represented in different ways: then the derivative is f(x) + Ifgivena function f(x) Pronounced as: f prime of x. * Iffunction is given as y =~, then the derivative is 2 =e Pronounced as: The derivative of y in terms of x. So, what we will be doing is that we will be looking at different methods and techniques of differentiation for different kinds of functions. THE FIRST PRINGLE 2 This chapter of first principle was first introduced in high school level. Where we said: f(x) = Jim e010) that. now we won't be doing anything different from Def: A function f is said to be differentiable at x if lim S297 eigt, ek EXCERSIZE 4 Using the first principle find the derivatives of the following functions. 1. f@)=x+1 2. f@x)=x? +2 3: f®=z 4. FO) = vx 5. fx) =x3 ll ‘ Powered by (3 CamScanner SOLUTIONS We will be using the formulae f(x) = lim £2#Y=/® t solve all the above problems. 1. f(axt1 FQct+h)=(x+h)+1 and f(x) =xt1 r@= EEE xthetox-1 £'@)= jim 1 f@) =1 Limit of a constant +. The limit of f does exist. 2. fx) =x? +2 Ff@e+h)=(+hy+2 and f(x)ax?+2 + Km Lethe FQ) = (Ge+h)?+2)-(27+2) [Te eae ho 4 2xhth? on n(ox+h) 7 axth ne =2x+0 f'@) = 2x Powered by (@ CamScanner 31 =s5 faethe, and fO)= 35 Hog) Yin LHL FQ) = lim, (x+1)-(@+h)+1) +h) + +1 mo h ae (een Gnd) mon (GA) +1)G+D lime (et =i (exes) wi “1 = [Gee oe cst © Kesujem f@= Gar 4. f@) =v f@eth=vxth and f(xyave f@= Jim fee-re) 4 (en a £1) = ig PE Ng. EER a VE VE iy FR vz) “aGathnds) = lim FRED RR) mo n@ainz) = lim HRN (FR) VAT) x mo n(n) = Powered by ( CamScanner 5. f(x) =x? f@+h)= (+h and f(x) =23 = (3 + 3x2h + 3xh? +3) oy (EE SETR EA EAI +h’ Feds by * h(ax?—axn) =e = 3x? - 3x(0) f'@) = 3x? STUDENT VERSION Powered by CamScanner re CLE INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS LAKH RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION 1. Constant function. f(x) =c, where cis a constant then f"(x) = 0- 2. The constant multiple rule g(x) = of (x), then g'(x) = ef, f@) =c(f'@) 3. Power Rule HFG) =x", then f'(x) = nx 4, Sum rule If. g(x) = F(%) + ACs), then g'(x) = f'(x) +h) 5. Product rule He g(x) = FO). (2), then g'(x) = AG). Lf) + f).E A) 6. Quotient Rule nod 1) Ence) Wg) = 22 then g' (x) = “Paar The above rules will play a significant role in your entire career of mathematics hence one must prioritise knowing them. EXERCIZE 5 PRODUCT RULE AND POWER RULE. Find derivatives of the following functions. 1. f@) = - 20? +2) 2. fx) =x? «(x +3) 3. £@) = (Vx) 4. fQ)= = 5. f(x) = (V2x)(x? - 2x - 6) _——_ — Powered by 9 CamScanner # SOLUTIONS 1. f(x) = & — 2)@? +2), then £1) =? +2) Ze-2) + (X- DEG? +2) [Definition of product rule] = (x? +.2)) + @—2)(2x) = (x? +2) + (2x? — 4x) FQ) = 3x? - 4x42 2. Ff) = 7) + 3) FG) = @+3)£02)1x7 £643) = (x + 3)(2x) + @)Q) f°) = 3x? + 6x 3. f@) = (VA@) £'@) =@EZ0a) +09) =x(4)+ Wo FO =iatve f(x) = 2x8 - 3x3 - 5x3 £@ =2(3x)-3 (tx) +15x-4 = ave—3x3 41524 ro) =nrtss 5. f(x) = (V2x )(x? - 2x - 6) f'@) =? -2x- ER) + WR)LG? -2x-8) f(x) = 2G? - 2x — 6) + (2x )(2x - 2) STUDENT VERSION Ei Powered by (3 CamScanner in a ERC. ee QUOTIENT RULE Use QUOTIENT RULE to find the derivatives of the following problems. 1. f@)= 26W=35 3. /@)= pa zee 4. f@) = act 5. f@) =# SOLUTIONS GD E0)-CE Ge) (x) = Sate) hed > = EDO-C) a GDF PO eR PG) = LMC) (@?-2)) = @2en-()20 (@-2)) f@= = Gaye \ ) STUDENT VERSION a Powered by (§ camScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE ax wy 3. f@= (x?+2)4¢9x)-(9x) (2442) f@= (x?42)* = (222))-@nen) (x?42)? = (92246)~622 42 Mg) = cee f@ =a 4. fe) = x44) L(x) () f'Gy = Sat i -egfanen = GHNW)-G) = f@ =4 5. fG@) = eH (oc42yS(ax2-3x41)-(20?-3x41)£(42) ere = (et 2) (den 9) (202-3848) = (4a f'@= x2 48x-7 f@O= = a ee _| STUDENT VERSION Powered by (3 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS CHAIN RULE Definition: If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g(x), then the composition of (fog) is differentiable at x and (fog)'(x) = f'(9(%)).9'@)- EXERCIZE 7 Use CHAIN RULE to solve the following problems. y= GP? +1)? 2 y=(x-1)” 3. y= (1 + 2x)* 4. y= (Qe +R 8. y= (1-2xy100 SOLUTIONS dys Gt +i)? Re ace? by AG +1) we AG 4 1)(ax) Mw ax 4 ay "4p (v)'(4k TUDE VERSION gE Powered by (9 CamScanner a oe 3. y = (1 +2x)8 Sasa+a £0420) = 5(1 + 2x)*(2) & = 10(1 + 2x)! 4. y= (Geta) y= (2x? +40)? ay 1 = a Tz (2x? + 4x) ay (2? +4x) dy __ rss) ax Gre 5. y= (1— 2x) ye =2x)-100-1 4 (y — = ~100(1 — 2x) t00-1 (1 = 2x) = —100(1 — 2x)-11(—2) ® = 900(1 —24)-101 a = 20001 2x)" Powered by (3 CamScanner 2 EXERCIZE 8 Find the first derivatives of the following functions. [w= 1 = Voy (x-2)(x+1) 2 yea) c 3. yaVxtvx 4. y= (e- 2x +2) — Vxe-2) "Oe? =()or=n Bay. Yor) SOLUTIONS ti Consist of both chain rule and quotient rule. eni(ia) “a (Ga) (4A -2)-G- ae) GDF (x21) e210) (era? STUDENT VERSION Powered by (3 CamScanner ences) 2 y= GHD) Consist of both quotient rule and product rule. dy _ DAG) -(4-2) x4 DAta-2) ar (x42) (e421 N+-BAI-G=-2V4)) Gea ne 3. yavxt ve y=(x+@) Consist of power rule, chain rule and sum rule. ge 2(x+@02) “2 (x +@)) 100!) "b+ Ge) fhe Gal 4. y= (x- 2° +2) Consist of power rule and product rule. 4 = + DEG-2?+@-WP S42 = (x + 2)[2@ — 2)(1)] + (& - 2°) = (x +2)(2x-4) +x? - 4x44 = 2x? -B +x? 4x44 dg ore g ae B= 3x? — 4x4 Powered by CamScanner is falx-2) GH : (i )-2) cevorsle-ng(ot)(2)}So-a)-|()an}geconr a trae The whole problem is quotient but the numerator has product rule. aw(S55) ry=( 2) (Ve = y=(2)ot-n} Consist of chain rule and product rule. awe y+ (+ Gs) Byes Y= Tere x Seo G43 ay _ hero Z (reat > (+08) (ei we 2Yteten? “(cen STUDENT VERSION SM Powered by 9 CamScanner SSS DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS The following Trigonometric functions will be used: |. sec(x) = 5 ese(x) = > N tan(x) = 5 » cot(x) = = - 1 5. esc?x = he 1 2 sec?(x) = x cos(x) 8. sin(x) DERIVATIVES: any + qq Ginx) = cosx 2. £ (osx) = —sin(x) 3. 2 (tanx) = sec? x 4, 4(cotx) = — csc? x a . &(secx) = (tanx). (secx) 2 Flesex) = —(cotx)(csex) THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES CONSIST OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNTIONS BUT STILL USES THE SAME DIFFERENTIATING RULES THAT WE WERE USING EARLIER. ee a __ wered by (9 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS EXERCIZE 9 Find the derivatives of the following functions. 1. y= tan(Sx) 2. y = (tans). (cos) y=) 8. y = cos(x?). (cot) 6. y = V(cosx)(cot x) SOLUTIONS 1. y = tan(Sx) chain rule & = sec?(5x) £ (5x) = sec?(5x) (5) =5 sec?(5x) 2. y=(tanx).(cosx) Product rule = (cosa) (tanx) + (tanx) £ (cos x) = (cos x)(sec? + (tanx)(—sinx) 2) (sin x) (ett sare) ~ (Se = (osx) (= = SiN (c0s2)~(cosx)L(sinx) Gin = $6inx)(~sin2)-(cos2)(c082) Ginn? a isin? xccost x Ging? x) * ae Powered by (3 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TU APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE ax icin ze008t sy | Cost x = 1 ina RES 2x = (sinx)? ad sin? x = (sin x) 8 ogc B= -csc?x aye fC) y= (S22) Chain rule and quotient rule. ay _ 1 (costx)"3 (cos?) £-1(-2(e)) xetsy? 5 [(canay (cos? x)-(cost x) £(tans)] met) |S ea S| ) “4 ae 5. y =cos(x?).(cotx) — Chain rule and product rule. « & = (cot x) £ (cos(x*)) + (cos(x?)) Z (cot x) = (cotx)(~2s sin x?) — (cos(x2))(ese? 2) = ~2x(cotx)(sinx®) — (cos(x®)) (ese? x) 6. y = V(cosx)(cot x) y= ((cosx)(cotx))* B= E((osx)(cot 2) FL (eos x)(cot x) £2 = £((coss)(cot2)"#((-sinx9(cotx) + (cosa)(- ese) 2 % = 2 ((cosx)(cotx)) * 3((—cosx) (cosx)(— csc? x)) __ he ae Powered by (3 CamScanner ee EXPONETIAL FUNCTIONS DERIVATIVES OF THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION da *) = ek ge =e Definition: if h(x) = ef, then h(x) = ef) £ (f(x) NB: WITH EXPONENTIAL FUNTIONS WE COPY FIRST THEN DIFFERENTIATE WHAT IS AT THE TOP. EXCERSIZE 10 ‘ Find the derivatives of the following functions. 1. f(x) =e 2. F(x) = eta) 3. f(x) = e000 4. FQ) = 5. f(x) =e SOLUTIONS 1. fe) =e f'@) = e Zax ?*(2) 4 YY _ 2¢2e 2e' 2. f(x) = etantan £7) = etsn2”) 4 (tan(2x)) = e122) (sec?(2x) £(2x)) ‘ Sy = 2etam20 (sec? 22) STUDENT VFRSION Powered by CamScanner § NE as eee 3. f(x) = 21000 Derivative of a constant, recall e = 2.7182818. f'@=0 4. f@) =e F'G@)= FE (VR) {v2 = (V2)@)} exe 8. (@) =e 1) Wee ne8)-(e me} (e8) f@= aa _ (£6520 (e*—e2)(— sin x(o°8%) = Teta e60502)+2)4 (e¥-e3)(e°5*) sin x ae _elo0ste4304(e¥=03)( e005) sin f@O= gis Powered by § CamScanner ii OO DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL FUNCTIONS ee ~. FC) = loge g(x), then f(x) = (loge e) £ (9 (2)) a(x) Where logex =In|x| and Ine =logee=1 ee EXERCIZE 11 Find the derivatives of the following functions. 4. y = log, x? = log(tanx) = lot (52) 4, y = logio(x? +x +2) = loge [(2x — 1)(sinx)] SOLUTIONS 4. y = logy x? ® = A tog e[£?)] Slog, e(2x) ae 2logs e 2. y = log(tanx) P= Gap lowe e) & (tan x) = aay (see? x) dy _ sectx ax ~ (nx) STUDENT VERSION Powered by @ CamScanner (an) gy ore) tae AT +4) (loge e) = logio(x? + x +2) & 2 ot ae = Gaepia & +*+2) Sos = Grieg OX + D 5, y = logel(2x — 1)(sinx)] 2 = acnoma e e)Z1@x-)@x-0) = eT [Gnd S@x- 9 + @x-DZGino] pans [@sinx) + (2x - 1)(cosx)] = ax Nie y ‘amScanner ———— EXERCISE 12 Find the derivatives of the following functions. 1. y = Incosx 2. y=Intan? x 3. y = In(e**) 4. y = In(sec(2x — 2)) 5. y=7mr 6 y=2" Tyas 8 y=x* ee ee SOLUTIONS 1. y=Incosx = inte) costa) cies = -tan(x) 2. y=Intan? x eas. & > Goan ((tanx)?) Tansy (@ltanx)(sec? x)) = Hoes) a ax ~ “tang ee ee STUDENT VERSION — ed by @ CamScanner ~ 3. y= In(e2**) ar an(Qye*) = oe (e*) 22x) =25(e") 4, y = In(sec(2x — 2) ig estas =ay ax S0C(2X — 2) (see(2x ~ 2))(tan(2x ~ 2))-£ (2x ~ 2) 7a (sec(2x-2)) a 2 = 2(tan(2x — 2)) 5. y=7me dy _anx f en lin (ina) = 707) (:£09) 2 =mann() 6. y=2* 2 = 2(nyE@) = 2*(In2)(1) % = ox = 2*(n2) Tyes® @ = se" ans) 5 (e*) = 5°" (ins)(e**) 5G") # = 235°" (In5)(e**) a CamScanner Powered by INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKi,, We going to introduce a logarithmic function both sides. Iny=Inx* NB: xing = Inx* 2(@)=xinx _ RHSis now product rule (2) = inx+x(2) yx 52) =y(Inx +1) 2a x(nx+1) ee EXERCISE 13 Find the derivatives of the following functions. 1. y= xyin(cosx) 5. y = (In(7**))(x? — 2) 6. y=Inlcos(inx)] SonnoNne SOLUTIONS So OS eat Siete ee ae 1. y =x. fIn(cosx) ‘ B= Vinteossy 4 (x) +} (cos 2))* £ (in(cos 2))(x) areas) (ces) (cos) Vines — (set) (282) 2Yincosy) eos = Vinteosay + ( STUDENT VERSION Powered by (3 CamScanner = Fader ({00s0Csinx) F = a ((cosx\(sinx)) I9(=*)(In(cos x)) & = Cin(cos 2) Z (eM) + ela") 4 ((in(cosx))) = (in(cos x))(e%*)) £ Gn x2)eIm") (2) £ (cos x) = (In(cos x)) (eC) (4) 2x — eln(=")(tan x) ne) [222 _ tan )] Sesex’ ax Vins. 1__(sanseleeutans)-Seosseser) 5. y = (In(77*))(x? — 2) & = (2 — 2) Lan) + (nN) Z(G? - 2) =(?-2) ( & = 2¢7 - 2)In7 + 2x Un) sis) (7) In 7) + (n7*))(2x) 6. y = In|cos(Inx)] 14 Festa ax €08(IN x) = sin(inx) 4 (nx) (-sintinx) (2)) STUDENT VERSION nm Powered by (9 CamScanner EXERCISE 14 [eee ee ene eee Find £2 for the following functions. 1. y = cos(Sx). (x?) 2. y= (V2) (in) 4. £0) = (VEE) 5. f(x) = (3 + 2x)e2* SOLUTIONS 1. y = cos(Sx). (x?) B= cos(52) 4 (22) + (22)£ (cos(5x)) = 2x cos(Sx) — 5x°(sin(5x)) Now differentiate for the second time. Sr = 00s(51) 2 (2x) + 2x L cos Sx ~ [sinsx 2 x2) +5224 Ssinsx)] = 2cos Sx — 10x sin 5x — 10x sin Sx — 25x? cos Sx Sy = ~20r sin 5x — 2x c0s 5x — 252? cos Sx 2. y= (v2x)(In(2)) =henytZeaning xing ee Bre (nz) Lant SE (na) (~1Vm3) STUDENT VERSION MS ered by @ camScanner MAGAGULA &. 2WCLARE Byer etx, 4 (tanx) = sec? x(e4"2) tan 4 5602 2 yd gtane clans © sec? x + sec? x Se! e'"*(2 sec x. (sec x. tan x)) + sec? x.(et™*) 4. FG) = (Vx)(e*) aO%)+(H4 =er(S)+vFe) REO +ers Ee) te E09 + EOD 8 Gate (+ We) 5. f(x) = (2? + 2x)e* fy _ ge re Bae £09 + 2x) + + LE) e?*(3x? + 2) + 2(x3 + 2x)e™* £Y = 02%(6x) + 20?*(3x? + 2) + 4(e*(3x? +2) ee STUDENT VERSION Powered by 8 CamScanner ee ____—— FF TRIGONOMETRIC ~ DERIVATIVES OF INVERSES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Se ee NOTES AGin'x) = = £@) Sos) =a wee A(tantx) = at DEG ee Find the derivatives of the following functions 1. y= sin“*(x?) 2. y= tan“*(Inx) 3. y = (tanx)(sin“*(cos x)) 4. y = cos“*(tan x) 5, y = tan™*(Inx) How to use L’hopital rule «We differentiate functions independently. ‘+ One must never apply quotient nor product rule. Powered by (@ camScanner 4 EXERCISE 16 Evaluate the following limits. in) - in (4) tim (=) xao\ x x » 4. tin (5) 5. lim(x*) Oi eat me 2 Lim fesex.In(t — sinx)] 10. lim, (1 + sin x)°* "SOLUTIONS “sing 8 Ly SL 4. im #2 L'hopital rule tim 222 =1 he Indeterminate Powered by (9 CamScanner ~ INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAK,. $ Lhopital rule =lim= roy = lim e* Eo) Pa ia 4. tim = 2 L’hopital rule 5. limx* 0° Check the above notes. = limertns inzinz = lim eb) a) = lim e® i = limi limx* = 1 2 tases o 6. lim Sets o Uhopital rule I 6x? + 5x—4 a lta ie —9 "20 im xInx check from the above notes = int STUDENT VERSION gc Powered by € CamScanner * INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE ==3— = Lhopital rule - ot) = lim= lim x Inx = WnG-29) Note that esex = <> = lame limfesc.x.In(1 — sin x)] = 1 10. lim, In(1 + sin4x)°t* —1® Is an indeterminate form. ir, elm (atsin 4xyeotx aaa imjerotrinGiesings) Recall SE cotx il- Jaasing slime tox x0 im, ettssin azye* pat im In(1 + sin 4x)eor ae ee STUDENT VERSION Powered by ( CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKig CHAPTER 4: INTEGRATION ee Definition: Y tis the reversal of differentiation. About integration ¥ This is the most powerful section in calculus. ¥ _ Italso requires a pure understanding of differentiation, Notation Y Itis represented f f(x) d(x) which is called the antiderivative. Where f(x) is called the integrand. ¥ J f(%) d(x) |s called an indefinite integral. NB: J F(@) d(x) = F(x) means that F'(x) = f(x) Properties of integrals Y Skf%) dQ) =k ff) de) Y SUF) + 9G] dG) = J f%) dG) + fo) ae) ¥ SUF) - 9@)] dG) = fF) a) - fa) a(x) NB: Some integration problems they require algebraic manipulation or trigonometric identities to make the problem simpler. ToD“ Powered by (@ CamScanner MAGAGULA &. 2WELAKHE Cp TT INTEGRATION TABLE BASIC INTEGRALS 4. facaxte 2, Skdx = kx +C , Where k and C are Constants, 3. fxtde= 2+, Where n#—1 INTEGRALS WITH TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION 1. fsinxdx =—cosx+C 2. Seosxdx =sinx+¢ 3. Ssin(nx) dx = - 2 4 ¢ 4, Scos(nx) dx = 2" 4.6 5. ftanxdx = —Inlcosx| +C = Inlsecx| +C 6. fcotxdx =Inlsinx|+¢ 7. Ssecx dx = Inlsecx + tanx|+C 8. Sesex dx =~ Inlescx + cotx| +C 9. Ssectxdx =tanx+C 10. fesc?xdx = —cotx+C 11. fsecxtanxdx 12. fcscx cotx dx INTEGRALS WITH NATURAL LOGARITHMIC: 1, fide =Inlx| +C 2 finxdx =xInx—x+C 3. fokjax =iinlax + 1+ 4 Jatdx= Sat +e 5. [2% dx =2dnax)? +¢ 6 fin(ax + b) dx = (x+2)In(ax+b)—x4C, x #0 7. fin(a? + a2) dx = xIn(x? +02) + 2a tan“ S— 2x + c 8 fin(x? — a?) dx = xine? - a?) +alnS2— 2x +6 INTEGRALS WITH ROOTS: 1. ema dx =2@- avi +6 2 Sedx = BEG € pincer VERSION INTEGRALS WITH EXPONENTS: |. Setdx=e*+C y Se™dx=2em +e ° . fxetdr = (x- Mer +0 5. fxteXdx = (x? = 2x4 Der + 2 . Stet dx = (E-B+Z)er 4c 1 fxd eXdx = (x? — 3x? + 6x — Be +6 xh etter = Bp at etd +c 2 INTEGRALS WITH RATIONAL FRACTIONS: 2. fetardr=BO +c, net 3. fpipde stan tx +6 Powered by camScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKye 7 = = tant 4. fxEade = Fale ait x- ae t6 4. Saaga dt = stant + # de = "nla? + 22 5. [VarFE dx = (242) VaxFb+c 5. Sayadt = nla? +7) +¢ 2 6. fear =e trayeEa+e 6. fades x—atanZ4¢ 1. § [Ea = ~@=3)- atan KD ¢ 1. Sagat = 2? ~ Je? Inla? +25 8. Sete dt = play tant ee 8. f ax = Yx@Fx) - ain[ye + vera] +c See en al 9. Somer = mt Votaal Grog = ma ie 9. fva® =x ax = PVE +4 getan! ee +o Ee 10. f Gage = + Ina + xl +¢ 10. [esx = inet VF Ee| +c é 11. Sex eames 11. Fagede = sin“*2 4-6 =n 12. f pasar = eatec avaac=b a 13. J adc = (Pe +c 14S Feeds = fal Eat Latin fet (Ea + c 8 Satna Gyr = aya tC Powered by (9 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWEI . ‘LAKHE ——————— EXERCISE 17 {a.m __ Evaluate the following integrals. 4. [xi dx 2, f5xSdx 3, fe-DPdx a 5G+2)e 5, fSdx SOLUTIONS =5 then n+1=6 1 fxdx NB: 2. f5x8dx NBin=6 thenn+1=7 =5fx8dx =s,te Ssx8dx =8x7 +6 7 3. f(@w-2)? dx = SGP 2x44) dx = face | -arars fae = force afeareefree Se ee d by ( CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS, MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHe 4. (+a 2 oe) = fidrt [Par SJ tdx + $f @-2dx Side + $(fxdx — 2 f dx) iG+)ernbaiE-) +0 5. fSdx= 5x40 EXERCISE 18 Involving natural and exponential functions. Evaluate the following integrals and leave answer in simple surd form. 3. fet dx 4. fetdx 5. f 10% dx 6. for 2dx ee SSSSSSMs SOLUTIONS re 2 f 1. fax | Consider f(x) = Inx then f"(x) 5fzae || This is for showing the relationship between antiderivatives a Side =5in@) +e 2. Sxgdx = Ine +2) +E STUDENT VERSION Powered by § CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE [elarasebec 5, f10rdx =" 4 inoy 6. [srtdr=2 24 EXERCISE 19 Evaluate the following integrals. 5, [2ReDex a STUDENT VERSION Powered by (3 CamScanner MAGASULA 7, INTRODUCTION TO. APPLIED MATHEMATICS, z ZWELG, a a ee ON SOLUTIONS i oA =3[xtar-2] x @dx i oa Box sige the = EBay = [xac-3 vara dax- [rar @-1?, 1 J Sde = F- 3x 3InG) +246 26fh- BS ides ae » \ STUDENT VERSION Po) by @ camscanner hi s (S34) on a = fx Fdx +4 ftdx- 2fxtax i <1 =F +4inx-2(-4F) +0 SHS ax = ave panes tec 5. poe dx " Sear = x EXERCISE 20 eee The following examples focuses on trigonometric functions. Evaluate the following integrals using information given in the above table. 1. Jcos2xdx 2. Stan? xdx 3. fsinSxdx 4, Sesc?x + 10sec? x dx 5. f(2tan? x + 2) dx tanx sinx 7. feos? x dx 8, f sin? xdx Powered by § CamScanner ae 2° SS eee iene a “SOLUTIONS 2. Stan? xdx =fsec?x—1dx Pyth identity tan?x = sec?x—1 = [ sectxax- f ax fantxde=tnx—x+¢ cosSx Bate. 3. fsinSx dx = — 4, fcsc? x + 10sec? xdx = —cotx + 10tanx+C 5. J(2tan?x +2) dx = f2(tan?x +1) dx = 2 (antx+ Idx =a setxde Jorantx+2yax=2tane+c 6. fax sing tang Gas dx = In(tanx + secx) +¢ Sao Powered by 3 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE 1, feos? xdx cos2s 1 2 + cos 2x = 2cos?x—1 then cos? x = cos2x 1 =f Sots de 1 1 = 5 cosarae+3 fax sin2x 1 7 tgete J cos? x dx = 8. fsin? xdx cos 2x = 1—2sin?x then sin? x = SS™* — costs aI + 1 ieeiactie sin2x 1 5x40 a aet fiuiteans Powered by 3 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAQAGUIA & ZWELAK INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES In this unit we will be looking at various integration techniques. One is required to master the above integration examples before attempting the techniques section because one can use wrong technique. Also, differentiation must a second nature. INTEGARATION TECHNIQUES. |. _U-substitution . Change of variables . By-parts |. Partial fraction integration ‘Some integration problems that require techniques don’t look simple but they are simple. WSU8Stne U-SUBSTITUTION ———————— ____ Try to find a function u = f(x) such that there’s some du = f'@) that appears in the problem of interest. ———— EXERCISE 21 eee Evaluate the following integral. 1 1. fear 2. JQ? + 2x- 4) (2x +2) dx 3. [xVETFT ax x 4 Saipee 5. f+ 2)2dx Powered by ( CamScanner — , a, MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE SOLUTIONS SS eee 1. Sage Let u=x-2 then du=1dx 1 = [-du u =Inut+C But we know that u = 2 Sayar= In@-2)+¢ 2. f(x? + 2x — 4) (2x +2) dx Letu =x? +2x—4 then du=2x+2dx =Sudu a ayte But we know that u = x? +2x-4 (22423 2 SG? + 2x —4) (2x + 2)dx= 3. fx2vxe $1 dx Now let u=x? +1 then du = 3x7dx hence, du = x?dx = Jv du 3) +6 Sx2VRTFT de = 2 VGH #6 _—_—__ wered by G9 CamScanner x 4 Saat Now let u = x? +1 then du = 2x dx hence, du =x dx 1 = Saat 11 Paez esas 1 quite aen)+e x le +1)? ae 5. fe+2) dx One can expand the problem but now let us use the technique. Letu=x+2 then du=dx = futdu = “ +C forara -22 1 ¢ EXERCISE 22 The following examples involves natural log and exponential functions. Evaluate the following integrals. 1. fxsin(x?) dx 2 Sax 3. fe TF eF dx 4. Sxe* dx 5. cos? xsinxdx 6 a 1‘ ” Samaras & _ = Powered by (3 CamScanner ee SOLUTIONS =o 4. fxsin(x?) dx Let u=2? then du =xdr = fai da = J sinu 5 du al f sis =f snuau dcosu+C qoosut J=sin)ax = - Fooste) +c 2. [Max Separate the two functions so that the problem become clear. 1 = fine Zax x Let u = Inx then du =+ dx =Judu w zte 2 [mae S2 +C 3. fetviFe* dx = [ae et dx Let u=1-+e* then du = e* dx = fva du 23 gute oe JontFe ax=farentec Powered by (@ CamScanner 4, fxe* dx = fetxar Letu =x? then Sdu =xdx 5. Sicos?xsinx dx = (cos x)? sinx dx Let u = cos then du = —sinx dx hence —du = sinx dx =-Jwdu A460 1 Joost xsinxde = = qoostx te tantx 6. f= dx ite =f rhe e Se Seas Letu =tantx then du= sax 1 tex? =fudu tantx | (tant x2 Text dy = OE be Powered by CamScanner ee eas MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE. 1 1. Sania & 1 at sec? 1 Fivane * Sec’ xdx Note =>=sec?x Let u=1+tanx then du = sec?xdx =ft =Siau a = fittee 1 =2uz+C Ssaparans ox = TF tax +€ CHANGE OF VARIABLES Now we try to find a function u = f(x) such that du = "(x) dees not exist in problem. EXERCISE 23 Use change of variables to integrate the following functions. 1. fx(1—x)*dx 2. [Foe 3. f2xv3x—5 dx : 4. fpgex Z 5. Saar Powered by CamScanner “SOLUTIONS ____” 1. fxd —x)*dx Let u = 1—x, solve forx, x =1—u then dx = -du =-J-wutdu = futdus fade 5 a6 a-ptgte fra-nter=- EY Go, 2. SFhar Let u=x+4,x=u—4 thendx = du = fee 4 au=7 du 4 1 =2]ubdu7 furhan 2 3) =2(5u2)—7(2va) + 4 =sVu3 - 1+ aos =i/@r- l4vx444¢0 3. f 2xv3Bx—5 dx Letu = 3x~5,x= 4 then dx = Sau = f2(H8) yo? = $2(4) vir tau =5([uts f aban) =e sdul) 4c Powered by CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS [2x3e =B dx = AGr-98+ Box - si+c 4. Sau Letu=1—x,x=1-u then dx =-du iu =-fitdu 1 2 =~ fwhas f dau 123 = —2ut + gut + Sqqaex = -2NT =x+/G—x) +e : 5. Same Let u=1+x andx=u-—1thendx=du = fa frtaw a J uSdu 4 1 x By tate [apes MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE Powered by (J CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA 2. 2WELAKye INTEGRATION BY-PARTS This technique is for integrating a product of two functions. One can recall the product rule in differentiation: Bywaol= seo) +9" Then if we integrate both sides of product we come up with following: fuav=w- frau The above formula we call it the by-parts integral. Now we use the method to select u and dv, LIATE this helps us to choose the correct u and dv. Lect ATE Do. LOGARITHMIC INVERSE ‘ALGEBRAIC TRIGONOMETRIC || EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS Functions | | FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS ¥ NOTE that we let u be the function that comes first in the word LIATE dv be the other function, Not the one that comes first in the given problem. EXERCISE 24 Evaluate the following integrals. |. Sx cos(x) dx . fxe* dx . fInx dx. . fx Inxdx 5. f(x? + 2x) cosx dx 2. 3. 4. 5, ftan"tx dx 6. 7. Sek cosx dx 8 . Se sin3x dx STUDENT VERSION y @Bcamscanner ~ ————ee SOLUTIONS 4. fx cos(x) dx fee This problem consists of algebraic and trigonometric function, look how we deal with them. When we look at the word LIATE the letter A comes before the T. Then u be Algebraic function the dv be the Trig function. Letu = x and dv = cos(x) dr Hence du = 1 dx and v = f dv = fcos(x) dx = sinx Now subs to the formula [anual cost) ete= xsinx [ sinzdx J xo de meeaes oo 40 2. fxe* dx Now we have an algebraic and exponential function, and A comes before E. u=xanddv=e* Hence du = dx and v = Jdv =f e*dx Now subs to the formula: fudv=uv—Jvdu [ect ecaret-[ ee fretacaxerertc or Sa, Powered by (@ CamScanner 3. finxdx Now we have a logarithmic and algebraic functions, then the following implies: u=Inx and dv = dx Hence du =4dx and v = fdr =x Now subs the formula: fudv = uv - Jv du [ine Z =xlnx—fdx foxdrexinz =xinx-x+C Joxde= tnx +0 4, Sxlnxdx Now we have a logarithmic and algebraic functions, then the following implies: Let u = In(x) and dv = x Hence du=2dx andy = fxdr== Now subs to the formula: fudv=w=fodu Sx Inxdx Ing JE dy Enel le =Fine—F fede acy Finx-S4c xt 1 [xiede=F(inz-3) +0 5. ftan'x dx Now we have a trigonometric and algebraic functions, then the following implies: Let w= tant and dv =dr Primarily because the inverse trig function comes before the algebraic. Hence du ==> dx with v = [dx =x atom wo- fort ‘STUDENT VERSION powered by $B CamScanner lf Se 1 T+ 1 T+x Jrsn-txdr = xtan-*09— [x ae x xdx = xtan“"(x) — J Sjz x xdx this is now u-substitution. 1 1 =3 2 freon gin +22) i 1 few Yxedx = xtan*x—pin(1 +x?) +C 6. f(x? + 2x) cosx dx Now we have a trig and algebraic functions, then the following implies Let u = (x? + 2x) and dv = cosx dx Hence du = 2x + 2 dx with v = [ cosx dx = sinx [uvse=w- [oa Je 42x) cosx dx =(x? + 2x) sinx — fos 2)sinx dx (2x +2)sinx dx do by-parts again and substitute back. Let u = 2x +2 and dv = sin(x) dx Hence du = 2 with v = —cos(x) fox +2) sinx dx = —(2x +2) cosx + af cs xdx = (2x + 2)cosx + 2sinx+C Jo 42x) cose dx = (x? + 2x) sinx + (2x + 2)cosx-+ 2sinx +C CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKe 7. JeXcosx dx Now we have a trig and exponential functions, then the following implies: Let u = cos(x) and dv = e* Then du = ~sin(x) with v = fdv = fe* = e* [eteedéeserumee| guages Now, fe* sinx dx Let u = sin(x) and dv = e*. Hence, du = cos(x) dx with v = e [emrace seen (nacre e* cosx +e* sinx — fe cos x dx But { e* cos x dx appear both sides then transpose it to the left. 2fetcosnds =e*cose-te® sinx+C [erenar (cosx +sinx) + 8. fer sin3xdx Now we have a trig and exponential functions, then the following implies: Let u = sin(3x) and dt ii Hence du = 3sin(3x) with v = fdv = fe? =< Then substitute to formula: fu dv = uv — fv du fe sin3x dx = 3 sin 3x 3! e? cos 3x dx 3 Pose +5 | singede STLNENT WEReinw = Powered by 3 CamScanner 3 cos 3x sf e**sin3x dx) sin 3x —3e cos3x~2 fe sin 3x dx Je2* sin3x dx Appears both sides then transpose to the left side. 13 eae 3 —] e** si =— sil He 7 fe sin 3x dx = -sin 3x — 7 e* cos 3x 4 (e* 3 2 ain ede soe Soy fe sin3x dx +( sin3x —Fe' casts) + 2 ee FUNDEMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS Theorem States that if f is a continuous function at closed interval [a,b]. Then, i [re =o -F@) Where F is the antiderivative of f, such that F’ = f EXERCISE 25 EAEROISE 69 Evaluate the following integral at the given boundaries. 1. fix? - 2x dx 2. ffinx dx 3. ff cos? x dx 3x hea 5. sinx ax Oem SOLUTIONS ae” O00 EO 0—0—OO 1, fix? -2xdx {pt -2xdx= 2. ff in(x) de =(x(inx = 1))[f = e(In(e) ~ 1) - (10n4) - 1)] = e(1-1)-(-1) Sfin(e) dx = 1 3. ff cos? x dx (2x) 2 ie +a) ls ~(eg) (ate cos? =f Was? xdx =! 4 RG de =iinG? +1) 8 = jln(3? +1) -2in(2? +1) =}(In(10) ~ In(5)) =in(@) eS Sa dx = $in(2) d Lo Powered by (3 CamScanner * ee aS 5, f, sin 5x dx = — c0s5x |"/2 5 0 cos (5(*/,)) A) =A) _( steon a 0.1 = 5 of 5 To Enh Jy’? sin 5x dx == Powered by (9 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE CHAPTER 5: VECTORS IN 2-D AND 3-D The term vector is used by scientist to indicate a quantity that has both magnitude (size) and direction, such as displacement, velocity and force. A vector is often represented by an arrow, the length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector and the arrow points in the direction of the vector. We denote a vector by AB, where A is the initial point (tal) and B is the terminal point (the tip) of the vector AB. The length or magnitude of the vector AB is denoted by |AB], we use boldface letters to denote vectors. Thus, we write u = AB. * Combining vectors Say a particle moves from a point A to a point B, results to the vector AB, and from a Point B to the point C, we have BC. The combining effect of these vectors is that the Particle moves from A to C, which results to the vector AC. We write, AC = AB + BC In general, if u and v are vectors, say the initial point of v is at the terminal of u, then the sum u + v is the vector from the initial point of u to the terminal of v. See the figure below: utv — COMPONENT FORM OF A VECTOR Ia vector v is represented in the plane with an initial point A(x;,.¥1) and the terminal point B(x, y2), then = (%— xu yay) But ifa vector v is from the origin to a terminal B(x, y), then v is called a position vector. 0B = v= (x,y) “swoemvesoy 1 Powered by ( CamScanner “MAGNITUDE OR LENGTH OF A VECTOR Se Magnitude of a vector is computed using the distance formula, if v is a vector with an initial point A(x.) and terminal point B(x, y2). =O2—%,y2—y) and vl = [AB = (Ga FO? SCALAR MULTIPLICATION A scalar is a physical quantity with only magnitude. If c is any real number (scalar) and v is a vector, then the scalar multiplication cv is the vector whose length is c| times |v], we have lev] = Iellvl Proof Let c be a scalar and v= (x,y,2), then [vl = x? Fy2422 with Icl = ve? We want to show that [cv] = Icllvl LHS = |cvl = le(x,y,2)1 = Mex,cy,cz)l =O ore = (oer rt = VERY FE) = Vary re Iev| = lellvl el dae Sa STS ALGEBRAIC OPERATION ON VECTORS. Let c be a scalar and w = (x1,J1021) and v = (2, Y2,22) in 3-0, then 24) + (xa, Yar22) = a +2 Yat Yo +2) =n) 8 uty Ye wav Cay 2s) — Gen ynitad = (ea Yao © cy = clay, ¥2Z2) = (ex2C¥2rC22) ee STUDENT VERSION Powered by 9 CamScanner ™ CFROPERTESOFVECTORS— If u, v and ware vectors in 2-D or R? and c and d are scalars, then: Let u = (uz,uz) and v = (v4, 72) => uty = (uy ue) + (v4.02) = (uy + V4.2 + V2) =(v,+%,%2+%2) addition is commutative ut+vevtu 2. clu+v)=cutcv Proof (ut v) = c((uy, ue) + (vy, 02)) = (uy + v4,U2 + V2) = (c(uy + 14), (uz + v2)) = (cuy + cv4, Cuz + cv2) = (cuz, cg) + (cv4, cv) = C(uy, Uz) + €(¥4, 02) c(ut+v)=cutev 3. (c+d)u=cutdu Proof (c+ d)u=(c+d)(uy,up) =((c+d)uy, (c+ du) = (cus + duy, cuz + du) = (cuy,cug) + (duy, du,) = cups ty) + d(uy, up) (c+d)u=cut+du d by (9 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS, MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE 4, ut(vtw)=(utv)+w Proof ut (vt w) = (uy, U2) + (4, V2) + (Wy, 2), = (Uy, U2) + (Vy + Wy, Y2 + We) = (uy $y + Wy ty + 2 + We) = (Quy + 04) + wy, (uz + V2) + We) = (uy + Vy, Ug + V2) + (Wy, We) ut(v+w)=(u+v) + 5. Ou=0 6. cO=0 where 0 is a zero vector. 7. Equality of vectors: ‘Two vectors are said to be equal if they have equal magnitude, then their corresponding components are equal. Say u = (u;,up) and v = (vy,v2) if [ul = Iv then, w=v, and w=% ‘STANDARD BASIS VECTOR STANDARD BASIS VECTOR This is another way of representing a vector which is different from the component method but have the same meaning: = (x,y,z) in standard form wis written as u= xl +yj+zk = at+yp+zk Where f, j and k are vectors, we always expect them to be in boldface or with arrows at the top or below. UNIT VECTOR $$$ ——$— Aunit vector is a vector of magnitude 1. A unit vector in a direction of some vector w is given by: 1 Powered by 3 CamScanner EXCERSIZE 26 Find the components of the vector v with an initial point A(1,—4, 3) and the terminal point B(0, 2,—4). Find the vector represented by the directed line segment with initial point P(—1, 2,—5) and a terminal Q(—4,1,-2). If the vector v has initial point P, what is the terminal of v, if: 3.4 v= (3, 4,-2), P(2,0,1) 3.2 v=(23,-5,12), P(-6,4,2) 3.3 Suppose Q(a + b, b,a) is the terminal of PQ = (a - b, 2a, 3b — a). Find the initial point P. 4. Suppose u = ii = 2i + 2j — 4k and v = 3i — 9/ + 6k, determine: 44 uth 1 2utsy 42 |utv| 1 43° }lul 44 Su-2U-v) 5. Finda unit vector that has the same direction as the given vector. 51 u=(-5,3,1) 52 v=3i-4k 6. Letu =(x,-y), v = (y,2) and w = (4,—x). Solve for x and y if 3u + 2v = w. Powered by (3 CamScanner SS SOLUTIONS 4. Find the components of the vector v with an initial point A(1,—4, 3) and the terminal point B(0, 2,4). v= AB = (x,y,z), x =0-1=~-1, y =2~-(-4) =6 andz=-4-3=-7 = v=(-1,6,-7) 2. Find the vector represented by the directed line segment with initial point P(-1, 2, -5) and terminal Q(-4,1,—2). The line is from P to Q, we have the vector PG. PG = (x,y,z) where, x = —4—(-1) = -3, y=1-2=-1andz=-2-(-5) =3 PG = -3i-j + 3k 3. If the vector v has initial point P, what is the terminal of », if: 31 v=(3, 4,—-2), P(2,0,1) Let Q(x, y, 2) be a terminal of », then 3 = x -2,4=y-Oand-2=2-1 =x =5,y =4 and z = —1, hence the terminal of v is Q(5,4,—1). 3.2 v=(23,—5,12), P(—6,4,2) Suppose Q(x, y,z) is the terminal point of the vector v. Then, PG=v (x — (—6),y — 4,2 — 2) = (23,-5, 12) = x+6=23,y—-4=-5 and z-2=12 = x=17,y=-landz=14 3.3 Suppose Q(a + b,b, a) is the terminal of PQ = (a — b, 2a, 3b — a). Find the initial point P. Let P(x, y,z) be an initial point of PG, then PG = ((a +b) —x%,b- ya ~2). = (a— b,2a,3b — a) Powered by (9 CamScanner wR 4. Suppose u = ii = 21+ 2f- 4k and v = 3i — 9/ + 6k , Determine: 44 4.2 43 44 1 dutsv du +30 = 2021+ 2) 4k) +3 81-9) + 64) = (4 + 4j - 8K) + (1-3) + 2k) = (44 1i+ (4-3) +(-8+2)k 1 2u +50 = Si+J 6k lu+vl lu+v| = |(2i + 2j — 4k) + Gi--9 + 64)] = |5i-7j +2k| (8+ CIP +e lu+v|=V78 Fle 2 ju dhat + 2 — 4k 2 +2 (Peay ju-2u-v) 1 1 Zit Alu v) = 5 (2 + 2f ~ 4k) — 2-4 + 11 - 10K) = (U4 J — 2k) + (21-22) + 20k) 1 qu 2u—v) = (1+ 2)i + (1 — 22) + (-2 + 20)k 1 2Uu-2(u—v) = 31-21) + 18k Powered by (3 CamScanner a 5, Find a unit vector that has the same direction as the given vector. 51 u=(-5,3,1) jul = (C543? + 2 = VES ss TS z 2 2 + lal = ee) +(e) +) = u] m is the unit vector in the direction of u. Hence a = (=, 5.2 v=3i-4k l= VF HCH =5 (t-4k) Hence 9 = 24 —£iis the unit vector in the direction of v. 7. Letu =(x,-y), v = (-y,2) and w = (4,—x). Solve for x and y if 3u + 2v = w. But 2v=w =9 3(x,-y)+2t-y,2) = (4-2) => (3x,—3y) + (-2y, 4) = (4-%) => (3x —2y,-3y + 4) = (4,-2) = 3x-2y=4 A ~3y+4 from 2, x = 3y—4 CamScanner X df Substitute 3 into 1, we have: = 3(3y-4)-2y=4 Y 9y-12-2y=4 = Ty=16 THE DOT PRODUCT Ifu = (uy,uz,u3) and v =(v,,v2,v3) , then the dot product of u and v is the number u-v given by: u+v = (uy, ug, t3)+ (v4, 2,03) = Uy Vy + Uyd2 +503 PROPERTIES OF THE DOT PRODUCT. PROPERTIES ewvsveu PROOF LHS =uv & (tg, Up, Us) * (04,2903) | = Vy + uv, +0303 | = guy + Vote + Vytly | © (au)-v = a(u-v) =u: (av) =veu LHS = RHS LH: (au)-v = (a(t, U2, U5)) + (v4, 72, 03) = (auy, autz, aus) * (Vy, 02, V3) = auyv, + au,v, + au3v3 | = ayy; + uv, +303) = a(u-v) LHS = RHS ¢ (uty) weuw+ow LHS = (u+v)-w = ((u, Warts) + (V4, V2 05) w & (uty + Vy, Ua + Vass + V5) (Wy, Wo, Ws) = (uy +1), + (up + v2), + (ug + v5)W3 = UW + VW + UQWe + VaW, + UyWy +033 STUDENT VERSION —t Powered by (3 CamScanner MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE = (uy, tug, tig) + wi Fea =uwtow LHS = RHS LHS =u-w = (Ug, Up, Uy) (Uy, t, ts) o ueus ul? Sy? +uy? + uy? = |ul = RHS THEOREM 1 If is the angle between two vectors u and v, then; uso = [ullv|cosé Corollary; if @ is the angle between the non-zero vector u and v, then we lullvl cos 6 = ee PERPENDICULAR OR ORTHOGONAL VECTOR. Two non-zero vectors u and v are said to be orthogonal if and only if u-» = 0, then (am) full 1" 9=90°\5 8 = cos” => wand v are orthogonal ifthe angle between them is 3 oF 90° CALCULATING COMPONENTS AND PROJECTION * The components of u along v is wy Tol Powered by 9 CamScanner ‘Vector projection of u onto v is given by: # v vrowu= (TS) i EXERCISE 27 ‘Which of the following expressions are meaningless? Which are meaningful? Explain. a (u-v)-w b. lul-(usv) ce. lul (uv) d. uv+w e u:(@tw) 2. Provethat (u+v)-(u-v) = |ul?-IvP. 3. Find the indicated quantities, assuming: u=2U4+3j,v=-3) and w= 4i43/ a. v-(ut+w) b. (u-v)(u'w) co wvtww d. (2w+u)-(v-w) 4, Find (a). u-v and (b). the angle between u and v to the nearest degree and convert 0 radius. 4.1 w=(1,-4,1) and v = (0,2,-2) 42 w=S/-2 andv=31+8) 5. Finda: bit: a. |al=7, |b] = 4 and the angle between aand b is 30°. b. [a] = 80, |b] = 50 and 9 = +. 6. Determine the if given vectors are orthogonal, a. w=(9,3)andv= -2,6) b. w=(-1,14) and v = (0,-2,1) Powered by (9 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE 7. Find the component of u along v. (-3,5) and v = (5, b. w=(-1,1,4) and v= (0,-2,1) Let u = (-2,9) and v = (—1,2), find the following: 2 a. proj b. Resolve w into u, and u2, where u; is parallel to v and u, is perpendicular to v © ‘Show that the vector proj,u and u — projyu are orthogonal if: u=1+2/+3k andv=Si-k SOLUTIONS 1. Which of the following expressions are meaning! 3? Which are meaningful? Explain. a. (u-v)-w = Meaningless, because u- v is a number and we cannot take the dot product of a number and a vector w. b. ful: (uv) = Meaningless, because |u| and w- v are both numbers and we cannot take the dot product of numbers. c. [ul (uv) => Meaningful, |u| and u-v are both numbers so we can have the product. do uevtw => Meaningless, wv is a number so there is no way we can add a number with vector w. e. us(v+w) => Meaningful, the dot product of vector u and v + w can be easily obtained. —— ee ee STUDENT VERSION wered by G9 CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWeLy,. 2. Prove that (u+v):(u-v) = |ul? —|vl?. Let u = (uj.tzg ug) and v= (vy, ¥2,05) then fuel = uy? + uy? + us? and Il = fot Poe Oye = ul? = uy? +a? + uy? and fo)? = v1? +07? + vy? LHS = (u+v):(u-v) = (uy + Vy Uy + Vary + a) * (Uy — Pry We — Vass — V3) = (uy + ¥4)(ty — v1) + (Uz + V2)(Ua = V2) + (ug + V3)(uU3 - V3) Bug? ug Dy + yy — 14? Ug? — U2 + Vtg — V2? + Ug? — UVs + V5Us — 3? = (uy? + ug2-42) — (0,7 + v7? + 05?) LHS = |ul?= |v? = (u+v)-(u-v) = lul? - IP. 3. Find the indicated quantities, assuming: U=2+3/, = —3) and w= 41 +3) a. v-(ut+w) utw=(2i+3/) + (4i+3/) = (2441+ 84+3) utw=6l+6) = v-(utw)=(-3/)- (61+ 6) =0-6+(~3)6 v-(u+w) =-18 b. (urv)(u-w) uv = 2(0)+3(-3)=-9 and u-w=2(4) +303) =17 Gu-wy(u-w) = 9017) = 153° co wptuw urv=—9andu-w=17 thenu-v+u-w=-9417=8 d. (Qw+u)-(v-w) 2w + u = 241 + 3) + (21+ 3) = (B14 6/) + (2143) = (8+ 21+ (64+3y Qw+u 01+ 9 v-w=-4-9 (2w + u)+ (v—w) = 10(-2) + (-9)(9) = -101 “suomrvason SSCS Powered by (3 CamScanner a ‘4. Find (a). u-v and (b) the angle between u and v to the nearest degree and convert to radius. 4.4 w= (1,41) and v = (0,2,-2) a, wry =(1,—4,1)+(0,2,-2) = 1(0) + (—4)(2) + 1(-2) = -10 b. lul= JT ¥ C442 = VIB and |v] = OFF DE (HO! = WI = cos (EE) => 0 = cos-*(, 42 w=S/-2f andv=3i+9 a. ury=5(3) + (-2)(8) = b. ul = (5? FQ = V2 and [ol = VF = VB = cost (#2) = cos“? (==) = 91° = O= cos (EP) = O20 (aan) = 98S 5. Find a- bit: a. |al=7, |b = 4 and the angle between aand b is 30°. uw Jull 8 = cos*( up cos 8 jal > u-v=lullv|cosé u-v = (7)(4) cos 30° usv=14y3 b. lal = 80, |b] = 50 ande = %. wy (080 = Tippy = P= lullelcosé uv = (80)(60) cos! ) wv = ~2828,43 8. Determine the if given vectors are orthogonal. a. w= (9,3) and v= (-26) w-v = (9,3)+ (2,6) = 9(—2) +36) =-18+18 wv=0 + Since w+ v = 0 then w and v are orthogonal to each other. a | STUDENT VERSION Powered by @ CamScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHe, b. w= (-1,1,4) and v = (0,-2,1) w-v=(-1,1,4)-(0,-2,1) = (-1)(0) + ()(-2) + (0) =0-2+4 wv=2 + Since w+ # 0 then w and v are not orthogonal to each other. 7. Find the component of u along v, a. u=(-3,5) and v= aa) bl= (2) + (BY =1 andu-v=-3 The components of w along v is b. w= (-1,1,4) and v = (0,-2,1) lv] = fo + C2)? 4 1? = V5 and u-v = -1(0) +1(-2) + 4(1) =2 The components of u along v is uv 2 _ WS boys 5 8 Letu=(-2,9) and v = (~1,2), find the following: a. projytt uv = 20, lul = (224% = V8 and |ol= HD+? = v5 juz (22) 01,2) 22a Projyu = (S) 1,2) 3S 4,8) b. Resolve w into u, and u2, where 1, is parallel to v and u, is perpendicular to v Ifthe vector u resolves to u, and uz, where u; is parallel to v and u; is orthogonal to v, then Uy = projyu and uy = w—projyt We have u; + uz = projyu+u—projyu = u uy = (4,8) and u, = (-2,9) ~ (4,8) = (2,1) STUDENT VERSION Powered by (3 CamScanner inTRODUCTIUW + MAGAGULA 2. 2WELAKHE 9, Show that the vector proj,u and u — projyu are orthogonal if u=i+2j+3k andv=S5i-k uv = (i+ 2j + 3k) + (Si—k) = 1(5) + (2)(0) + (B)(-1) =2 (GS) +0 + 1)? = V26 way am) 8 u— projgtt = (U4 2) +34) — er -3")= 3 14445 ok (proj,u) -(u— proj,ue) = (Zi-Zk): (Si+4 +84) =(2)(R)+o@+ (-3) (3) AO eee ao: = 765 + °~ 369 (projyu) + (u - projyu) = 0 + projywis orthogonal to u — projytt. Powered by amScanner PLS CROSS PRODUCT DETERMINANT OF ORDER 2 . Let Abe a 2x2 matrix, A= (% }) then the determinant of A is some number denoted by |Al or deta. Given by, 2 - BY ga lal= [2 ]=ad-cb DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3 ay, M2 13 Let Abe a3x3matrix,A=(421 422 93 then the determinant of A is some number 43, 32 334 given by, ay, G12, 13 al=|@ar azz aos 43 32 331 = t22 23 21 23 221 A22| Weel alley aul *@sles sal VAL = ay4(az9a33 — 52025) — a2 (@2y4g3 ~ A314%23) + O13 (Aanda2 ~ 314422) Now, given two vectors u = (uy, 2, us) and v = (vy, V2, v3), we often need to find the vector w that is orthogonal to both w and v. if we write w= (i, We,Ws) then u-w =O and v-w =O; => ww, + ugwe + UgWy =0 and yyw, + ¥2W2 + ¥3W3 =0 We eliminate w, by multiplying the first equation by v, and subtract, we have: (uyv5 — ug0,)s + (ugvs — Usv2)W2 = 0 the solution of the above equation is, Wy = UgVy—UsV2 We = UV, — WY by substitution, we have Wy = Uy V2 — UpYy this means the vector w is given by, W = (UgV3 = UgVz, Ugh, — UyV3, U4 V2 — Uy) Powered by (@ CamScanner ' eee ae GIVELARIE, the resulting vector w is called the cross product of u and v, denoted by u x v. Definition: let u = (u,, uz, us) and v = (v;,12,v;) be vectors, then the cross product u x vis given by; ik uz Us V2 Us) fie May _ yf May pt =the ally ally wal UX v= (uVs — UgV2)é = (UyV3 — UgVy)f + (Uyv2 — UaYy)K UX V = W = (Ugds — Ug 2,UgVy — U,03, U,V. — UY) «Notice that the cross product u x v of vector u and v, unlike the dot product, is a vector. For this reason, it is called the vector product. Note that u x v is defined only when u and v are 3-dimensional vectors. ee THEOREM 1 The vector u x vis perpendicular to both u and v. Proof Let u = (uy, 2,3) and v = (v;,v2,¥3) then w x v= (tz¥3 — 302, Mas — UrV3e V2 — uz). To prove the orthogonal property, we will use the dot product. te (tt x v) = uy (tugv — 1502) + Up (ugh; — UyVy) + Us(ULP2 — MMs) = Uy gv — UyUgV2 + UggYy — UgUyVs + UglaV2 — Ute” u-(uxv)=0 + wis orthogonal to ux v Similarly, with v and u x v it can be shown that v- (ux v)=0. V+ (UX v) = vy (gy — Ugh2) + V2(tyP1 — UAVs) + P3CY2— urs) = vpUyVs — Vyegv2 + v2ttyM) — V2dYs + V3? ~ vst vi(uxv)=0 * vis orthogonal to u xv Powered by 3 CamScanner a THEOREM 2 If@ is the angle between u and v (0 < @ <7), then |u x v| = |ullv| sind. Proof [ux vl? = (gdg = tgv2)? + (Uav4 — MaV3)? + (ave — ars)? uy274? — Qtigtigy.Vs + Ug?02? + W374? — 2 U3YyV3 + Uy2Vy? + Uy?V2? — Duty, ¥2 + y204? = (uy? tug? + ug2)(v,? + 2? + 092) — (UaYs + Mar? + 303)? = [uPlvl? - (uv)? = |ul*tvl? - |ul?lvl? cos? @ = lul?|v/2(1 - cos? @) = |uP lv? sin?@ sin? @ + cos? @ Taking the square root both sides and observing that Vsin” 6 = sin@ because sind > 0 when 0 < 6 <7, we have [ux v| = |ul|v| sine Corollary: Two vectors u and v are said to be parallel if and only if uxv=0 where 0 is a zero vector, PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS PRODUCT Let u, v and w be vectors and c be a scalar, then uUxvs—vxuU (cu) x v = c(ux v) ux(vt+w)=uxvtuxw u-(Oxw)=(uxv)-w Triple product 1 2 3 4. (uxv)xweuxwtoxw 5 6 ux(oxw) = (u-w)y-(u- vw Powered by 3 CamScanner EQUATIONS OF LINES Aline Z in three-dimensional space is determined when we know a point Py(xp, Yo, Zo) on Z and the direction of Z is described by the vector v parallel to Z. If ry is a positional vector of Py (OP) then for all real numbers ¢, the terminal point Py of the position vector To + tv trace out a line parallel to v and passing through the point P,. Each value of the parameter t gives a point P on Z. So, the line Z is given by the position vector r. Where, r=ro+tv teR the above equation is called the vector equation. « — Letus write the vector v in component form v = (a,b,c), 1.9 = (xo,Yo.20) and r = (x,y,z), then the vector equation becomes (x,y,2) = (Xo, Yor20) + (a, b,c) (x,y,z) = (xq + ta, Yo + tb, 29 + te) =x=xotta Y=Yotth z=atte teR These equations are called the parametric equations of the line Z passing through Py and parallel to v = (a,b,c). = Another way of describing a line Z is to eliminate the parameter t in the parametric equations. If none of a,b or c is 0 we can solve each of these equations for ¢, We obtain, These equations are called the symmetric equations of Z. Say a = 0 then the equation become, Zo wered by (3 CamScanner EXERCISE 60 1. XERCISE 28 Find the determinant for each of 2 x 2 matrices below. =1 # ~ a= -7. a=(7 3) and 2=G 40) Determine the number [4] and [B| for each matrix given below. 12-1 fora a=(4 6 0) and B=|2 -1 4 245 0-9 18. Ifu = (-1,4,3) and v = (0,-7,5) find ux v, Show that u x u = 0 if: 4.1 ws (uy,U2,U3) 42 u=(1,3,4) Prove that u-(v x w) = (u x v) -w, the scalar triple product. Find the cross product of u and v and verify that is orthogonal to both u and v. u=31+3j-3k andv=-i+3/+k Use the scalar triple product to show that the vectors u = (1,4,—7), v = (2,-1,4) and 9, 18) are coplanar, that is, lie in the same plane. Determine if the two vectors are parallel, u = 4i + 16j — 32k and v = i + 4j — 8k. Find the parametric and symmetric equations for the line that passes through the point (5,-2,3) and is parallel to the vector v = 3i — 4 + 2k. is the parametric equations for the line that passes through the point (—1,2,6) and (2, -3, -7). . The lengths of two vectors u and v and the angle between them are given, find the cross product u x v. 11.4 ul=4,lv]=5 anda = 30°, 14.2 Jul = 10, vl = 10 and @ = 99, red by CamScanner —-— MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE Se SOLUTIONS 4, Find the determinant for each of 2 x 2 matrices below. a=(Z 9) aa a= 7.) lal= By {l=1@- 2(4) = -3-8=-18 = we (-10) - 5(7) = 0-35 = 35 2. Determine the number [4] and |B] for each matrix given below. sl ezs a) TPA Re aa(4 6 °) and (2 -1 4 2.45 0 -9 18 4 6 j-2 4! = 1(6(5) ~ 4(0) ~ 2(4(6) ~ 0(-2)) - (44) — 6(-2)) = 30-40-28 lal = -38 4 2° 1 54s tal-*h bal? Ple = 1(-1(18) — 4(-9)) — 4(2(48) ~ 008) ~ 7(2-9) - 0-19) = 118-144-126 [Bl = -252 3. fu = (-1,4,3) and v = (0,-7,5) find ux v. i fk ati ay pete 4 i ite lt#to 4 0 z | I5 ar Is 2 1048) —3(-7) —H(-AE) ~ 0) + HAC — 8) uxv=4t5j+7k Powered by 3 camScanner INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MATHEMATICS 4. Show that ux u = 0if: 414 w= (uy, U2,U3) ijk Uy Usp fe Ml gf | uxusfis te lace l—dha all ue iy Uy = (tly — tpt) — fugly — uyuts) — Kus ter = th Ua) = 01+ Of +0k uxu=0 42 w=(1,3,4) ijk sstehea sth adedlt @l#¥lt =0i+0/+0k uxu=0 5. Prove that u- (vx w) = (ux v)-w, the scalar triple product. Let u = (uy, Uz, Us), V = (Yy, ¥2,03) and w= (Wy, W,W3) pk Pa) iM Ye vxw=]% % al +k eee lathe al Jl altel ve = U(vgws — v3W2) = f(0,W3 — vyW,) + k(D,W. — VW) VX W = (vas — VyW2)E + (Vg — VyWs)f + (v,W, — vyW,)k LHS = u-(v x w) © (uyyttp,t3) “((vgW5 — v3W2), (v3; — Y4W5), (yyw, — vw,)) = ua Pag — Wa04) + UoC0My — vyWs) + u(o,0, — v9¥y) = usta —myW205 + MV, UaM,W, + USv,Wy — Uyve ry = (labs — wavs) + (ua04 ~ won) + (usDy LHS = (uxv)-w * ws (vxw)=(uxv)-w — U2r4)W3 Powered by (@ CamScanner —_—- = sea MAGAGULA Z. ZWELAKHE 6. Find the cross product of u and v, and verify that is orthogonal to both u and v. u=3+3/-3k andv=-1+3/+k t 3 j-1 uxv 12U+ 12k j 3 3 © -us(uxv) = GE+3/—3k )+ (121+ 12k) = 0, hence u is orthogonal to u x v. © vs(uxv) = (-1+3f +k): (12i + 12K) = 0, hence v is orthogonal to u x v. 7. Use the scalar triple product to show that the vectors u = (1,4,-7), » = (2,-1.4) and w = (0,—9, 18) are coplanar, that is, lie in the same plane, ‘We compute the scalar triple product: 1 4-7 wows -1 ‘| ae] OS ogg t= 1 = 1(18) — 4(36) - 7(-18) u-(uxw)= The scalar triple gives the volume of the parallelepiped by the formula V = |u- (v x w)| which is the magnitude of the vectors triple product. In particuler, if the volume of the parallelepiped is 0, then the vectors u,v and w are coplanar. The above statement agree that the above vectors lie in the same plane, hence are coplanar. 8. Determine if the two vectors are parallel, u = 4i + 16/— 32k and v = i + 4j— 8k. METHOD 4 Two vectors are said to be parallel if ux v = 0. it va) 16 -32| = 16-32 4-32) kit 16 fad Salaun Sut Sloat = 1(16(-8) - 4-32) - J(4(-8) - (-32)) + k4@) - (16)) = 01 +0) +0k ux v= 0, then u and v are parallel Powered by 3 CamScanner METHOD 2 Another way to determine if vectors are parallel is check if one can be expressed as the multiple of the other. Discem that u = 4 + 16/— 32k can be written as u = 4(i + 4j — 8k) which is exactly u = 4 or one even say v = +u. Hence w is parallel to v. 9. Find the parametric and symmetric equations for the line that passes through the point 1 s (5,—-2,3) and is parallel to the vector v = 31 — 4j + 2k. For the parametric equations, the point (5, -2, 3) takes the form (xo, ¥o,Z0), X05, Yo = and zp = 3. Similarly, v = 3i — 4j + 2k takes the form of v = (a,b,c), a = 3,b = —4 and cad. 2 xox tta=5+3t Y=Yo+th =-2-4t z=uyttc=3+2t teR Finding the symmetric equations must be now obvious by making ¢ subject of the formula in each equation and equate all the equations, we have: Find the parametric equations for the line that passes through the point (—1, 2,6) and (2,-3,-7). We have to first find the vector determined by the two points. v= (2+1,-3-2,-7 -6) = (3,-5,-13) Now we use v and the point (—1,2,6) to find the parametric equations: x=-143t y=2-5¢ z=6-13 teR For the symmetric equations, we have: Y=20 at 13 |. The lengths of two vectors u and v and the angle between them are given, find the cross product u x v. 14.4 lul=4,lvl=5 anda = 30° Observe 0 < 30° < m then |u x v| = |ullv| sind = 4x 5sin30° = 10, ‘ Powered by (3 CamScanner

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