How to add oxygen to water 1. 2. 3. 4. Attach air regulator to oxygen source and set for 10 psi.

Connect one end of flexible plastic tubing to regulator output and other end to diffusion stone. Open valve on oxygen bottle or start oxygen generator. Place diffusion stone in tank and observe bubbles. A steady stream of small bubbles will offer the most surface contact area between the oxygen and water, giving the best transfer of oxygen into the water. Adjust the air regulator to get the largest number of small bubbles without the small bubbles merging into larger bubbles. After 20 minutes, close the oxygen bottle valve or stop the oxygen generator. Keeping the water cool will lengthen the time the dissolved oxygen will remain in the water.

5.

How to Measure Dissolved Oxygen Field Sampling Considerations Dissolved oxygen concentrations may change drastically in lakes depending upon depth and distance from shore. Sampling stations and depths should be selected according to whether or not you are trying to measure these differences or not. If just one surface station is being measured, pick a station near the middle of the lake and collect the sample at arms length below the water surface. When collecting stream DO samples at several stations for comparison, it is important to select stations with similar flow conditions. Do not select one station in a slow-moving pool and another in a riffle area (unless of course one of your objectives is to measure these differences). The best sites are smooth-flowing like the "glide" area between riffles and pools. DO samples should represent average conditions in the stream reach being measured. A sample collected in the middle of the stream at least a few inches below the water surface is a safe bet. If the sample must be collected from the shore, be sure to pick a site where there is enough current to ensure adequate mixing dont sample from stagnant, slow-moving water if it is not representative of the stream segment. Assuming your objective is to compare measurements between stations or between seasons, DO samples should be collected at nearly the same time of day each time you sample. Otherwise, the daily variations in DO concentration that were described in Chapters Two and Three may mask changes due to other factors. The time of sampling and water temperature should be recorded. This problem with daily variations in DO (and other parameters) also comes into play if you sample more than one station. For example, if it takes a full day to accomplish the entire monitoring effort, then by default some stations will be sampled in mid-morning, while others will be sampled in mid-afternoon. To retain as much consistency as possible in the data collected, always sample your stations in the same order. The Use of Field Kits for Water Quality Monitoring

Many of the measurements described in this guide can be made with the use of water quality monitoring "field kits." Forget about test tubes, glass beakers, expensive electronic equipment, or a technician in a white lab coat. These kits are convenient, easy to use, and come with clear, simple directions. The measurements can be quickly made while you are still in the field. This certainly beats the alternative of taking samples into a lab and spending hours doing complex analyses. However, the difference between a kit and traditional lab techniques is like the difference between opening a can of soup and making your own from scratch. The instant version just does not meet the standards of the traditional method. Likewise, kit measurements do not meet the requirements for precision and accuracy needed for professional quality data. At the same time, kits can play an important role in monitoring programs. Their usefulness is highly dependent upon the monitoring objectives. They are a great educational tool and can provide good broad-based data for general use. Specific instructions on how to use kits have not been included in this guide because they are provided with the kits and will vary according to the kit manufacturer. Measurement Methods There are three common methods for measuring DO. The firsts and most reliable is the Azide-Winkler titration method, against which the others are compared to test for accuracy. However, this method also requires the most training and the use of some strong chemicals. For these reasons, it is not often used in citizen monitoring programs. The second and probably most common method is the use of a DO probe and meter. DO also can be measured with field kits. For all three methods, the most important step may be the collection of the sample. Precautions must be taken to ensure the sample isnt aerated during collection and that no bubbles are trapped in the container. Both the Winkler method and kits require that samples be collected into a special type of bottle called a BOD bottle. If you are hand dipping the BOD bottle, lower the bottle about halfway into the water and let it fill slowly. If you are sampling in a stream, allow the water to overflow for a least 2 minutes or until the water in the bottle has replaced itself two or three times. Check to be sure no air bubbles are present before you lift the bottle look closely just below the neck of the bottle, where bubbles often get caught. If you see bubbles, gently tip the bottle to either side to allow bubble to escape. Carefully stopper the bottle so no air pockets form below the cap. Do this by tilting the BOD bottle slightly and slowly lowering the cap. You may want to turn the bottle upside down and watch for bubble movement. If you see bubbles, dump the sample and start over. If the sample was obtained by a sampling device of some kind, the water can not be simply poured into a BOD bottle, since this would cause aeration of the sample. Instead, the sample must be drawn off from a tube located near the bottom of the sampling device. Place the rubber tube into the bottom of the BOD bottle and fill the bottle, again allowing the bottle to overflow until the water has the bottle to overflow until the water has been replaced two or three times. While still letting sample water flow down the tube, slowly pull the tube from the bottom of the bottle and fill the bottle to its brim. Check

for bubbles. Carefully stopper the BOD bottle as described above. Azide-Winkler Method Fill a 300-mL glass stoppered BOD bottle with sample water. Remember no bubbles! Immediately add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the collection bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just below the surface of the liquid. (If the reagent is added above the sample surface, you will introduce oxygen into the sample.) Squeeze the pipette slowly so no bubbles are introduced via the pipette. Add 2 mL of alkali-iodide-azide reagent in the same manner. Stopper the bottle with care to be sure no air is introduced. Mix the sample by inverting several times. Check for air bubbles; discard the sample and start over if any are seen. If oxygen is present, a brownish-orange cloud of precipitate or floc will appear. When this floc has settle to the bottom, mix the sample by turning it upside down several times and let it settle again. Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the sample. Carefully stopper and invert several times to dissolve the floc. At this point, the sample is "fixed" and can be stored for up to 8 hours if kept in a cool, dark place. As an added precaution, squirt distilled water along the stopper, and cap the bottle with aluminum foil and a rubber band during the storage period. In a glass flask, titrate 201 mL of the sample with sodium thiosulfate to a pale straw color. Titrate by slowly dropping titrant solution from a calibrated pipette into the flask and continually stirring or swirling the sample water. Add 2 mL of starch solution so a blue color forms. Continue slowly titrating until the sample turns clear. As this experiment reaches the endpoint, it will take only one drop of the tritrant to eliminate the blue color. Be especially careful that each drop is fully mixed into the sample before adding the next. It is sometimes helpful to hold the flask up to a white sheet of paper to check for absence of the blue color. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the sample is equivalent to the number of milliliters of titrant used. Each milliliter of sodium thiosulfate added in steps 6 and 8 equals 1 mg/L dissolved oxygen. NOTE: Be very careful when doing DO analyses. The reagents are corrosive, so keep them away from your skin and clothes. Wear safety goggles and wash your hands when you are done. Probe and Meter Method Calibrate the probe according to the manufacturers suggestions. Collect the water sample into any appropriate sample container, being careful to avoid aerating the sample as describe above. Place the probe in the sample, allow the meter to equilibrate, and read the DO concentration directly off the scale. NOTE: The probe may need to be gently stirred to aid water movement across the membrane. Field DO probes are easily ruined through deterioration of the membrane, trapping of air bubbles under the membrane, and contamination of the sensing element. It often is difficult to assess whether or not a probe is functioning properly. Because of this, the meter must be calibrated before and after each series of measurements. When you calibrate the instrument,

you compare DO concentrations measured by the probe to those measured using the Azide-Winkler method described above and then correct all samples for any measurement error. The meter manufacturers calibration procedure should be followed exactly. If the error is high or erratic, all sample results should be discarded.

2 ml of manganese sulfate below the surface of the water. Squeeze the pipette slowly so as not to produce any bubbles, thereby introducing oxygen into the sample. Add 2 ml of alkali-iodide-azide in the same manner. nts by turning the bottle upside-down a few times. Discard the sample and start over if there are any air bubbles. Allow any brownish-orange precipitate to settle to the bottom.

the pipette. Stopper the bottle and turn it upside-down a few times to dissolve the precipitate. The sample may be stored temporarily by covering the stopper with aluminum foil and wrapping a rubber band around the foil. 1 ml of the water sample and stir continuously until it has a pale straw color. Record the amount of sodium thiosulfate used and add 2 ml of starch solution, which should turn the sample blue.

until the sample becomes clear. The sample's concentration of dissolved oxygen will be the total milliliters of sodium thiosulfate added to the sample in units of milligrams per liter (mg/L).

Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved oxygen is probably the single most important water quality factor that pond managers need to understand. Oxygen dissolves in water at very low concentrations. Our atmosphere is 20% oxygen or 200,000 ppm but seldom will a pond have more than 10 ppm oxygen dissolved in its water. Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 3 ppm stress most warmwater species of fish and concentrations below 2 ppm will kill some species. Often fish that have been stressed by dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range of 2 or 3 ppm will become susceptible to disease. Oxygen dissolves into water from two sources: the atmosphere and from plants in the water. The primary source of oxygen for a pond is from microscopic algae (phytoplankton) or submerged plants. In the presence of sunlight, these produce oxygen through photosynthesis and release this oxygen into the pond water. At night and on very cloudy days, algae and submerged plants remove oxygen from the water for respiration. During daylight hours plants normally produce more oxygen than they consume, thus providing oxygen for the fish and other organisms in the pond. Oxygen depletions are the most common cause of fish kills in ponds. Most oxygen deletions occur in the summer months because 1) warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cool or cold water, and 2) because the ponds oxygen demand is greater in warm water than in cold water. Fish kills from oxygen depletions can range from partial to total. In a

partial kill the dissolved oxygen level gets low enough to suffocate sensitive species and large fish, but many small fish and hardy species survive. Most oxygen depletions cause partial fish kills; total fish kills are relatively rare in recreational ponds except for those with extremely high fish populations (>1,000 pounds/acre). The following are descriptions of the most common types of oxygen depletions. Excessive Phytoplankton The abundance of planktonic algae (very green water) in a pond is generally related to the amount of nutrients present in the water. Nutrients can wash into the pond from woods, pastures, fields, human activities in the watershed, or come from pond fertilization. Generally, the more nutrients, the more planktonic algae (or other aquatic plants) will grow or bloom. Although phytoplankton is good from an abundance of natural food and oxygen producing standpoint, it can become too abundant or excessive. When phytoplankton become so abundant that water visibility is limited to less than 12 inches there is a danger of an oxygen depletion. These heavy or dense blooms use large amounts of dissolved oxygen at night and on very cloudy/overcast, windless days causing an oxygen depletion and fish kill. This problem is often a consequence of overfertilizing, overfeeding, or excessive nutrients from livestock, fields, or septic lines. Phytoplankton Die-off Phytoplankton populations, or blooms, can grow rapidly, particularly on sunny days when the water is warm and nutrients are available. Alternatively, they can die-off quickly, especially in the spring and fall as water temperatures change rapidly with weather fronts. However, a bloom die-off can occur at any time of the year with little or no warning. Typically during a bloom die-off, the color of the water will start to change. Leading up to a bloom die-off the pond water may have a streaky appearance. Streaks of brown or grayblack through the otherwise green water of the pond is an indication that the algae are starting to die. As the die-off progresses, the whole pond will turn from green to gray, brown, or clear. The pond water will typically clear after a dieoff as the dead algae settle to the bottom. Plankton die-offs cause rapid oxygen depletions for two reasons: 1) the remaining dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria and fungi in the process of decaying the dead algae and 2) few live phytoplankton remain to produce more oxygen. Secchi disks can be used to monitor bloom densities. Any bloom that reduces visibility in the pond to 12 inches or less may cause oxygen problems. Turnovers Probably the least understood but most commonly reputed cause of an oxygen depletion is a pond turnover. As ponds warm in the spring they become stratified or layered, with warm water on the surface and cooler water below. This temperature stratification also leads to an oxygen stratification, with the warm surface water containing dissolved oxygen (and fish) while the deeper, cool water becomes depleted of oxygen because of decomposition and lack of sunlight for photosynthesis. This is particularly true in deep ponds (greater than 8 feet). In fact, the deeper the pond the more likely a turnover can occur.

The problem arises when this stratification is broken down quickly, causing the two layers to mix or turnover. The turnover mixes the oxygen rich surface water with the deep oxygen depleted water. The dissolved oxygen concentration in the mix can be too low to support life in the pond. Both fish and plankton can die from low dissolved oxygen following a turnover. A turnover takes place only if the surface water is cooled quickly so that it is close to the temperature of the deep water, allowing them to mix. Thus a turnover can happen if a cold rain and wind cools the surface water. Usually this happens during thunderstorms. Many people confuse a turnover with an algae die-off; externally the can look very similar but without a cold rain and wind there can be no turnover. Use of Aquatic Herbicides and Oxygen Depletions Treating a heavy infestation of aquatic weeds with a herbicide during the summer can cause an oxygen depletion. The rapid decomposition of a mass of aquatic weeds depletes dissolved oxygen like a bloom die-off. Treating weed infestations with herbicides in hot weather is risky. The risk of an oxygen depletion can be lowered by treating only part of the pond at a time. Treat 25% or less of the pond at a time then wait two weeks so that decomposition is complete before the next treatment is applied. Aeration The risk of a fish kill caused by an oxygen depletion can be minimized by following the guidelines and recommendations discussed previously. However, even a lightly stocked pond can have an oxygen depletion. Some ponds have a history of fish kills caused by oxygen depletions. Mechanical aeration usually can save fish during an oxygen depletion. Many types of aerators are available commercially. Tractor PTO-driven paddlewheel and pump-sprayer aerators can be purchased commercially or built by a competent welder. Water pumps and bush hogs (blades just touching the surface) can also be used for emergency aeration. If a pump is used, pull water from near the surface (upper foot), not off the bottom of the pond. Many types of electric aerators are available for ponds with electrical service. Generally ? to 1 horsepower of aeration per surface acre of pond is adequate for recreational ponds.
Security is a prime concern in airports, temples, museums and theaters. This project is a simple yet powerful project. It scans the metal objects and produces a beep sound for audio indication. This project uses Colpitts oscillator as its main circuit. Transistor based Colpitts oscillator is designed to generate RF frequency. This RF output is amplified by RF amplifier section. An NPN transistor is used as switch in this project. Whenever a metal is detected, RF frequency is generated and this is amplifier by the RF amplifier section. This amplified signal sends a control signal to the NPN switching transistor. The transistor is operated in saturation and cut off mode to work as a switch. This transistor drives the small DC buzzer. A geared DC motor with 60RPM is used to control the conveyer belt. Robotic free balance wheel is used to support the conveyer belt on the other end. This project uses regulated 12V, 750mA power supply. 7812 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/18V step down transformer. Advantages: Highly sensitive Audible alert with Buzzer Visual identification with LED Low cost and reliable circuit Sensitivity can be adjusted