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FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
Computer Networks
ICT2223

Dinithi Vithanage
Dept. Of ICT
Faculty of Technology
University of Ruhuna
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FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
1. Introduction to
Computer Networks
 Outline FR

➢ Introduction to Computer Networks

➢ Uses of Computer Networks

➢ Network Hardware
• Local Area Networks (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
• Wide Area Networks (WAN)
• Wireless Networks
• Home Networks
• Internetworks

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What is a Computer Network(1/2)
➢ A set of communication elements connected by communication links.

➢ A network can be defined as two or more computers/nodes connected together in

such a way that they can share resources.

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What is a Computer Network(2/2)
➢ A set of systems/nodes interconnected by communication links that is primarily used for
information transfer (information = messages/data from applications)
• Systems – computers and other end systems (tablets, smartphones, sensors,…), switches,
routers...

• Links- Wired: twisted pair, Twinax, coaxial cable, optical fiber

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 Network example: FR

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Why We are Using Computer Networks
➢ Before computer networks, people sent and received information by hand, using the postal
service. This is slow and can be unreliable.

➢ Computer networks enable faster, more efficient modes of communication. (email, video
conferencing).

➢ Computer networks and the sharing of electronic data encourages the use of standard policies
and procedures.

➢ Computer networks provide backup and recovery support for our data redundancy.

➢ Computer networks lead to cost savings.

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Uses of Computer Networks(1/5) FR

➢ Business Applications

➢ Home Applications

➢ Mobile Users

➢ Social Issues

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 Uses of Computer Networks(2/5) FR

1. Business Applications
➢ Resources sharing
➢ Communication
➢ Business with other companies
➢ A client is a program requesting services. Services is a program providing services.

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Uses of Computer Networks(3/5)
2. Home Applications
➢ Access to remote information
➢ Person-to person communication
➢ Interactive Entertainment
➢ Electronic Commerce

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 Uses of Computer Networks(4/5) FR

[Link] Users
➢ Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.

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 Uses of Computer Networks(5/5) FR

4. Social Issues
➢ Government versus citizen
➢ Spam mail
➢ Identify theft
➢ Many problems could be solved if the computer security is taken seriously.

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Network Hardware(1/2)
➢ Network hardware components can be categorized in to
• Local Area Networks (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
• Wide Area Networks (WAN)
• Wireless Networks
• Home Networks
• Internetworks
➢ To develop some network hardware components we need some transmission technologies.
• Broadcast links
• Point-to-point links

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Network Hardware(2/2)
➢ Broad cast links
• Single Communication channel that is shared by all the machines on the network.
• Single Communication channel can be done in broadcasting and multicasting via packets.
• Messages on network are called packets.
• Broadcasting-a packet transmitted is received by every machine.
• Multicasting is transmission to a subset of the machines.
• Each machine can “subscribe” to any or all of the groups.
• When a packet is sent to a certain group, it is delivered to all machines subscribing to that
group.
➢ Point-to-point links
• Point-to-point networks consist of many connections between individual pairs of machines.
• Point-to-point transmission with one sender and receiver is sometimes called unicasting.
• The personal area networks are meant for one person.

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Network Hardware - Classification

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 Network Hardware-Local Area FR
Networks(LAN)(1/5)
➢ LAN is a network which is designed to operate over a small physical area such as an office,
factory or a group of buildings.
➢ LAN's are easy to design and troubleshoot.
➢ Exchange of information and sharing of resources become easy because of LAN.
➢ In LAN all machines are connected to a single cable.
➢ It is usually a privately owned network.
➢ LANs are distinguished by three characteristics:
• Size: Restricted to particular geographic region. (office building, single department)
• Transmission Technology: 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
• Topology: bus, star and ring.

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 Network Hardware-Local Area FR
Networks (LAN)(2/5)
➢ Various configurations, called topologies, have been used to administer LANs.
• Ring Topology
• Each computer connects to two other computers, joining them in a circle creating a
unidirectional path where messages move workstation to workstation.
• Each entity participating in the ring reads a message, then regenerates it and hands it to its
neighbor on a different network cable.
• The ring makes it difficult to add new computers.
• Unlike a star topology network, the ring topology network will go down if one entity is
removed from the ring.
• Physical ring topology systems don’t exist much anymore, mainly because the hardware
involved was fairly expensive and the fault tolerance was very low.

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 Network Hardware-Local Area FR
Networks (LAN)(3/5)
• Ring Topology
• Single ring – All the devices on the network share a single cable
• Dual ring – The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both directions.

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 Network Hardware-Local Area FR
Networks (LAN)(4/5)
• Bus Topology
• A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a single cable that runs to every
workstation
• This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also covers the shortest amount of
distance.
• Each computer shares the same data and address path. With a logical bus topology,
messages pass through the trunk, and each workstation checks to see if the message is
addressed to itself. If the address of the message matches the workstation’s address, the
network adapter copies the message to the card’s on-board memory.
• It is difficult to add a workstation.
• If any one of the cables breaks, the entire network is disrupted.
• Therefore, it is very expensive to maintain.

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 Network Hardware-Local Area FR
Networks (LAN)(5/5)
• Star topology
• A physical star topology branches each network device off a central device called a hub,
making it very easy to add a new workstation.
• Also, if any workstation goes down it does not affect the entire network. (But, as you might
expect, if the central device goes down, the entire network goes down.)
• Some types of Ethernet and ARC Net use a physical star topology. Figure 8.7 gives an
example of the organization of the star network.
• When installed, the star topology resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.
• Star topologies are easy to install. A cable is run from each workstation to the hub. The hub
is placed in a central location in the office.
• Star topologies are more expensive to install than bus networks, because there are several
more cables that need to be installed, plus the cost of the hubs that are needed.

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Network Hardware- Metropolitan FR
Area Network(MAN)
➢ Computer network larger than a LAN and connects clients and servers from multiple buildings
over a larger area.
➢ A MAN may use different transmission technology and different media, such as, fiber and
wireless because of the greater distance it covers.
➢ A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that is utilized across multiple buildings.
➢ Commonly used in school campuses or large companies with multiple buildings.
➢ Is larger than a LAN, but smaller than a WAN.
➢ Is also used to mean the interconnection of several LANs by bridging them together. This sort of
network is also referred to as a campus network.

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Network Hardware- Wide Area FR
Network(WAN)
➢ A Wide Area Network is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose
communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). Or, less formally, a
network that uses routers and public communications links
➢ The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.
➢ WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and
computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations.

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Network Hardware- Wireless Networks
➢ Wireless network is an interconnection of many systems capable of providing service to mobile
users within a particular geographic region.(country or continent)
➢ In wireless network, data are carried by electrical wave(e.g., radio wave)from one node to
another.
➢ There is no physical cable/wire connecting one computer to another.
➢ Wireless Network can be divided in to
• Wireless LANs
• Wireless WANs
• Wireless MANs

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Network Hardware- Wireless LAN
➢ A wireless LAN uses wireless transmission medium
➢ This network enables you to access the Internet in localized hotspots via a wireless local area
network (WLAN) access card and a PDA or laptop.
➢ It is a type of local area network that uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to
communicate between nodes.
➢ These networks provide a very fast data speed compared with the data rates of mobile
telecommunications technology, and their range is very limited.
➢ Wi-Fi is the most widespread and popular example of WLAN technology.

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Network Hardware- Wireless WAN
➢ Wireless WAN is a wide area network in which separate area of coverage or cells are connected
wirelessly to provide service to a large geographic area.
➢ WWANs make use of technologies that focus on modulation of voice and data.
➢ Wireless WANs exclusively use Radio Frequency signals designed to accommodate many users.

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Network Hardware- Wireless MAN
➢ This network enables you to access the Internet and multimedia streaming services via a
wireless region area network (WRAN).
➢ These networks provide a very fast data speed compared with the data rates of mobile
telecommunication technology as well as other wireless network, and their range is also
extensive

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Network Hardware- Home Network
➢ Every device in the home will be capable of communicating with every other devices, and all of
them will be accessible over the Internet.
➢ Many devices are capable of being networked.
➢ Computers(desktop PC, notebook PC, PDA, shared peripherals)
➢ Telecommunications (telephone. Mobile telephone, intercom, fax)
➢ Appliances (microwave, refrigerator, clock, furnace, airco, lights)
➢ Telemetry(utility meter, smoke/burglar alarm, thermostat, bodycam)

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Network Hardware- Internetworks
➢ A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork or internet.
➢ Internetworking devices are products used to connect networks.
➢ As computer networks grows in size and complexity, so do the internetworking devices used to
connect them.
➢ Broadly following are the Internetworking devices.
• Repeaters
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Switches
• Routers
• Gateways

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Questions ???

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 Thank You.

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