from 5-30 , 31-33,41-45

Chapter 5

Orthographic Projection

Orthographic Projection 5-1 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Outline
• Multiview Projection
• Necessary Views
• Choice of Front View
• Third-Angle Projection
• Hidden Lines and Centerlines
• Views of Surfaces
• Interpreting Views
• Projecting a Third View

Orthographic Projection 5-2 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Understanding Projections
• To make and interpret drawings, you need to know how to create projections
and understand the standard arrangement of views.
• You also need to be familiar with the geometry of solid objects and be able
to visualize a 3D object that is represented in a 2D sketch or drawing.

Front View

Orthographic Projection 5-3 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Views of Objects
• Front View
• Top View
• Left Side View
• Right Side View
• Rear View
• Bottom View

Front View
Orthographic Projection 5-4 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Questions
Model this part in SOLIDWORKS and show it from different views.

If your part looks like one of these, fix these problems.

Orthographic Projection 5-5 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Multiview Projection
The system of views is called multiview projection. Each view
provides certain definite information.

Orthographic Projection 5-6 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 The Six Standard Views
Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular
directions.

Orthographic Projection 5-7 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Revolving the Object to Produce Views

Front View -> Top View Front View -> Right Side View
Orthographic Projection 5-8 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Principal Dimensions
• Width
• Height
• Depth

• Width
Front View
• Height

• Width
Top View
• Depth

• Depth Right Side View

• Height

Orthographic Projection 5-9 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Projection Method
In orthographic projection, rays (or projectors) from all points on
the edges or contours of the object extend parallel to each other
and perpendicular to the plane of projection.

“Orthographic” means: “at right angles”

Orthographic Projection 5-10 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Horizontal and Profile Projection Planes

The front view is projected to: the frontal plane

The top view is projected to: the horizontal plane
The side view is projected to: the profile plane
Orthographic Projection 5-11 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 The Glass Box
One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on the
sheet of paper is to envision a glass box.

Orthographic Projection 5-12 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Unfolding the Glass Box
To organize the views of a 3D object on a flat sheet of paper,
imagine the six planes of the glass box being unfolded to lie flat.

Note the six standard views

(front, rear, top, bottom, right
side, left side).

Orthographic Projection 5-13 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 The Glass Box Unfolded

Lines extend around the glass box from one view to another on the planes of
projection. These are the projectors from a point in one view to the same point
in another view.
Orthographic Projection 5-14 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 The Orthographic Projection
The front, top, and right-side views of the object shown now
without the folding lines.

Orthographic Projection 5-15 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Question
Model this part in SOLIDWORKS and create 6 views in
SOLIDWORKS drawing.

Orthographic Projection 5-16 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Question
If your SOLIDWORKS drawings look like these, how can you fix
these problems?

Orthographic Projection 5-17 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Question
When your 3 views look like these, correct these views.

Orthographic Projection 5-18 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Question
Create the center lines and center marks.

Orthographic Projection 5-19 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Necessary Views
A sketch or drawing should contain only the views needed to
clearly and completely describe the object.

Orthographic Projection 5-20 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Three Views
The top, front, and right-side views, arranged together, are
called the three regular views because they are the views
most frequently used.

Orthographic Projection 5-21 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Two Views
Many objects need only two views to describe their shape.

If an object requires only two views, and the left-side and right-side views
show the object equally well, use the right-side view.
Orthographic Projection 5-22 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 One View
Often, a single view supplemented by a note or by lettered
symbols is enough.

Orthographic Projection 5-23 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Choice of Front View

The view chosen for the front view in this case is the side, not the front, of the
automobile.
Orthographic Projection 5-24 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Third-Angle Projection

Third-angle Projection Symbol

In third-angle projection, the views are produced as if the observer is

outside, looking in.
Orthographic Projection 5-25 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Position of the Side View
Sometimes, drawing three views using the conventional
arrangement wastes space.

Orthographic Projection 5-26 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 First-Angle Projection
If the object is placed above the horizontal plane and in front of
the vertical plane, the object is in the first angle.

First-angle Projection Symbol

The biggest difference

between third-angle
projection and first-angle
projection is how the planes
of the glass box are
unfolded.

Orthographic Projection 5-27 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Question
Two drawings are created for this part. Explain which is first-angle
projection and which is third-angle projection.

Orthographic Projection 5-28 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Hidden Lines

Thick, dark lines represent features of the object that are directly visible.
Dashed lines represent features that would be hidden behind other surfaces.

Orthographic Projection 5-29 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Correct and Incorrect Practices
for Hidden Lines

Orthographic Projection 5-30 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Centerlines
The centerline pattern is used to:
• show the axis of symmetry for a feature or part
• indicate a path of motion
• show the location for bolt circles and other circular patterns

Orthographic Projection 5-31 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Precedence of Lines
A visible line always takes precedence
over and covers up a centerline or a
hidden line when they coincide in a view
(A and B).

A hidden line takes

precedence over a
centerline (C).

Orthographic Projection 5-32 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 More Examples of Centerlines

Orthographic Projection 5-33 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Views of Surfaces
The three orientations that a plane surface can have to the
plane of projection:
• Normal
• Inclined
• Oblique

Orthographic Projection 5-34 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Question
Create the following oblique faces in SOLIDWORKS.

Orthographic Projection 5-35 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Angles
If an angle is in a normal plane (a plane parallel to a plane of
projection), it will show true size on the plane of projection to
which it is parallel.

Orthographic Projection 5-36 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Similar Shapes of Surfaces
If a flat surface is viewed from
several different positions, each
view will show the same number
of sides and a similar shape.
More Examples:

Orthographic Projection 5-37 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Interpreting Views
One method of interpreting sketches is to reverse the mental
process used in projecting them.

Orthographic Projection 5-38 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Making Models from Projected Views

Sample Models:

Models don’t necessarily need to be made accurately or to scale. They may

be made of any convenient material, such as modeling clay, that can easily be
shaped, carved, or cut.
Orthographic Projection 5-39 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Question
Model the SOLIDWORKS part based on these 3 views.

Orthographic Projection 5-40 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Projecting a Third View

Top View

Right Side View?

Front View
Orthographic Projection 5-41 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Steps for Projecting a Third View - I

(1) (2)

(3) (4)
Orthographic Projection 5-42 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Steps for Projecting a Third View - II

(5) (6)

(7) (8)
Orthographic Projection 5-43 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
Orthographic Projection 5-44 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
 Question
Add the missing view.

Orthographic Projection 5-45 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

 Question
Add the missing view.

Orthographic Projection 5-46 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD