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Verb Patterns
VERBS + INFINITIVE

These verbs include:

afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, care, choose, dare, decide, demand, deserve,
expect, fail, fight, guarantee, happen, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse,
seem, tend, threaten, want, wish

Examples: Thelmas boss refuses to give her a pay rise. ve arranged to see the doctor on Tuesday.


VERBS + -ING

These verbs include:

admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, face, fancy, feel like, finish, forgive,
give up, cant help, imagine, keep, look forward to, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, cant
stand, suggest, understand

Examples: Andrew admitted cheating in the exam. Elena has given up smoking.


VERBS + INFINITIVE or -ING

These verbs include:

advise, allow, begin, cant bear, can't stand, continue, forbid, forget, go, hate, intend, like, love,
mean*, prefer, regret*, remember*, start, stop*, try*

Examples:

was on my way home when it started to rain = was on my way home when it started raining

* with a change in meaning


VERBS + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

These verbs include:

advise, allow, ask, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, invite, leave, like, love,
mean, need, order, permit, persuade, prefer, recommend, remind, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want,
warn, wish

Examples: Dennis persuaded me to go on holiday with him. Can you ask the taxi driver to wait?





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Verb Types in Inglish
Verb Structures and Patterns Guidelines
Verb Type Explanation Examples
Intransitive An intransitive verb does not take a direct object They're sleeping.
They arrived late.
Transitive A transitive verb takes a direct object. The direct object can be
a noun, a pronoun or a clause.
They bought the
sweater.
He watched them.
Linking A linking verb is followed by a noun or adjective which refers to
the subject of the verb.
The meal looked
wonderful.
He felt embarrassed.
Verb Patterns
There are also many verb patterns which are common in English. When two verbs are used, it is
especially important to notice which form the second verb takes (infinitive - to do - base form - do
- verb ing - doing).
Verb Pattern Structure Examples
verb infinitive This is one of the most common verb
combination forms.
I waited to begin dinner.
They wanted to come to the
party.
verb verb ing This is one of the most common verb
combination forms.
They enjoyed listening to the
music.
They regretted spending so
much time on the project.
verb verb ing OR
verb infinitive - no
change in meaning
Some verbs can combine with other verbs
using both forms without changing the
basic meaning of the sentence.
She started to eat dinner. OR
She started eating dinner.
verb verb ing OR
verb infinitive -
change in meaning
Some verbs can combine with other verbs
using both forms. However, with these
verbs, there is a change in the basic
meaning of the sentence.
They stopped speaking to each
other. => They don't speak to
each other anymore.
They stopped to speak to each
other. => They stopped walking
347/0794 speak to each other.
verb indirect object
direct object
An indirect object is usually placed before a
direct object when a verb takes both an
indirect and direct object.
I bought her a book.
She asked him the question.
verb object infinitive This is the most common form when a verb
is followed by both an object and a verb.
She asked her to find a place to
stay.
They instructed them to open
the envelope.
verb object base
form (infinitive
without 'to')
This form is used with a few verbs (let, help
and make).
She made her finish her
homework.
They let him go to the concert.
He helped him paint the house.
verb object verb ing This form is less common than verb object
infinitive.
I observed them painting the
house.
I heard her singing in the living
room.
verb object clause Use this form for a clause beginning with She told him that she would
with 'that' 'that'. worker harder.
He informed him that he was
going to resign.
verb object clause
with 'wh-'
Use this form for a clause beginning with
wh- (why, when, where)
They were instructed where to
go.
She told me why she had done
it.
verb object past
participle
This form is often used when someone does
something for someone else.
He had his car washed.
They want the report finished
immediately.




















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Verb Patterns


'erbs + ING
Love
finish
like
enjoy
hate
stop
COOKING
Everyone l lo ov ve es s goi in ng g to parties.
He f fi in ni is sh he ed d readi in ng g his book.

I l liik ke e worki in ng g as a teacher = I am a teacher and I enjoy it.
I llo ov ve e danci in ng g. = This is one of my hobbies.
I e en nj jo oy y g go oi in ngg abroad.
We l li ik ke e goi in ng g to Italy for our holidays.
Do you een nj jo oy y learni in ng g English ?
What do you l li ik ke e maki in ng g ?


'erbs + to + infinitive
choose
decide
forget
promise
to go
manage
need
help
hope
try
want
would like
would love
I'd d l li ik ke e t to o b be e a teacher. = When I grow up, I w wa an nt t t to o b be e a teacher.
Thank you. I'd d l lo ov ve e t to o d da an nc ce e. = We're at a disco. I'm pleased that you asked me.
They w wa an nt t t to o b bu uy y a new car.
I'd d lli ik ke e t to o g go o abroad.
I h ho op pe e t to o g go o abroad.
I'd d l lo ov ve e tto o g go o abroad.
I w wa an nt t ttoo l li iv ve e in a hot country. = I'd d l li ik ke e t to o l li iv ve e in a hot country.
I h ho op pe e t to o s se ee e you again soon.
What do you w wa an nt t t to o s st tu ud dy y ?
What wwo ou ul ld d like t to o d do o tonight ?


'erbs + ing or + to
begin
start
raining
to rain
It b beeg ga an n to rain = It b be eg ga an n raining.
I c co onnt ti in nu ue ed d to work in the library = I c co on nt ti in nu ue ed d working in the library
When did you s st ta ar rt t t to o g ge et t t th heem m? = When did you s stta ar rt t getti in ng g them ?

'erbs +
+ infinitive without to
somebody

Let
make

somebody
go
do


Modal auxiliary verbs
can
could
shall
will
would
go
arrive
I c ca an n' 't t g go o abroad.
I c ca an n g go o home early tonight.
Questions

W Wo ou ul ld d you l li ik ke e to dance ?
W Wo ou ul ld d you l li ik ke e to come for a walk ?

Rponses

Yes, I w wo ouul ld d. Yes, I'd d l lo ov ve e to.
Yes, I w wo ou ul ld d. No, thank you
No, I woudn't

'erb + preposition + ing
I think

forward to
of
moving
We're thinking o of f movi in ng g house
I'm looking f fo or rw wa ar rd d tto o havi in ng g more free time.
I'm looking f fo or rw wa ar rd d t to o goi in ng g abroad.
I'm thinking o of f goi in ng g abroad.
We're thinking o of f goi in ng g to Italy for our holidays.
We're thinking o off havi in ng g a few days off soon.
We're looking f fo or rw wa ar rd d t to o havi in ng g a few days off soon.
Where are you thinking o of f goi in ng g ?


eurn.engIIsI.brILIsIcouncII.org
ntrunsitive verbs
Intransitive verbs have the pattern N V (noun verb). The clause is complete without
anything else:
noun hrase (Sub[ect% verb hrase
!ohn
noLhlng
1he baby
smlled
happened
was sleeplng
(John) (smiled).
(Nothing) (has happened).
(The baby) (was sleeping).

Trunsitive Verbs
1ranslLlve verbs have a noun phrase as ob[ecL
noun phrase (Sub[ect% verb phrase noun phrase (Cb[ect%
!ohn
We
Some of Lhe chlldren
wanLed
had been playlng
are learnlng
a new blcycle
fooLball
Lngllsh
This pattern is N V N (noun verb noun).

ink Verbs
Some verbs are followed by an f[ect|ve phrfe 1he ad[ecLlve phrase ls called the comp|ement
noun phrase (Sub[ecL% verb phrase Ad[ecLlve phrase (comp|ement%
l
Lveryone
1hls soup
1he mllk
am feellng
looked
LasLes
has gone
hungry
very happy
awful
sour
This pattern is N V Adj (noun verb adjective phrase).
These verbs are called link verbs.
Some link verbs (Ior example be; become; seem) can have a noun phrase as a complement:
noun phrase (Sub[ecL% verb phrase noun phrase (comp|ement%
Cur nelghbour
Pe
She
was
became
seems
a sLrange man
a geologlsL
a nlce glrl
This pattern is N V N (noun verb noun).


ooble Object Verbs
Some verbs, like give and bring can have two diIIerent patterns aIter them:
noun hrase (Sub[ecL% verb hrase
-oun hrfe
(D|rect ob[ect)
repo|t|onf|
phrfe
She
1hey
gave
broughL
some money
a loL of food
Lo Lhe old man
for Lhe anlmals

noun hrase (Sub[ecL% verb hrase
-oun hrfe
(In|rect ob[ect)
-oun hrfe
(D|rect ob[ect)
She
1hey
gave
broughL
Lhe old man
Lhe anlmals
some money
a loL of food
These verbs are called double object verbs. When we have two noun phrases aIter the verb
the Iirst noun phrase is the indirect object and the second noun phrase is the direct object.




Verbs with -ing Iorms

Some transitive verbs can have a noun phrase as an object:
Everybody likes good Iood.
George considered the problem.
or the ing Iorm oI the verb:
Everybody likes eating.
George considered starting again.
Note: we suggest that you read about Verbs with to inIinitive beIore doing this
activity.

Verbs with to + inIinitive
Some verbs have Lhe paLLern n + v + Lo+lnflnlLlve
They agreed to help.
We decided to go.
Some verbs have the pattern N V N toinIinitive:
She told him to go home.
They advised us to wait.
Note: we suggest that you read about Verbs with -ing Iorms beIore doing this activity.

#eporting Verbs with thut, wh- und iI cluoses
Reportlng verbx wlth tbat cluuxex:
Some verbs introduce a report, an idea or a summary. These verbs have the pattern:
N V (that) clause
When we want to say what someone says or thinks we can use a clause with that;
He said that I had to see a doctor.
I thought that he was being silly.

We can leave out the word that:
He said I had to see a doctor.
I thought he was being silly.
With some verbs we can mention the hearer as the object oI the verb:
She reminded him that it was time to go.
He told me he was a Iriend oI yours.
These verbs have the pattern;
N V N (that) clause.
Reportlng verbx wlth wh- unJ lf cluuxex
Some verbs introduce summaries, reports, questions or problems:
She explained what we had to do.
He asked iI I was ready
I didn`t know what to do.
These verbs have the pattern:
N V wh- clause:
She wondered where she was.
or
N V iI clause:
Ken asked if we wanted to go.
With some verbs we can mention the hearer as the object oI the verb:
She asked me iI I was ready.
He told me what I had to do.
These verbs have the pattern:
N V N wh- clause:
I told them what he was doing.
or
N V N iI clause:
Ken asked us iI we wanted to go.

two- und three-purt verbs

back nexL

1wo purt verbx
Some verbs consist oI two words a verb and a particle (p). These verbs have a number oI
patterns:
Peter came in. (N V p)
He took out his diary. (N V p N)
He gave the money back. (N V N p)
hruxul verbx
Some transitive two part verbs are phrasal verbs. They have two diIIerent patterns.
N V N p
She gave the money back
He knocked the vase over
We will be leaving our Iriends behind
or
N V p N
She gave back the money
He knocked over the vase
We will be leaving behind our Iriends.
When the object is a pronoun these verbs always have the Iirst pattern N V N p:
She gave it back
He knocked it over
We will be leaving them behind
1hree purt verbx
Some verbs are made up oI three parts a verb and two particles. They have the pattern:
N V p p N:
His girl Iriend walked out on him.
She soon caught up with the other runners
Children should look up to their parents
Verb putterns - udverbiuls
A clause oIten has one or more adverbial phrases:
O 1he chlldren laughed hfpp||y
(n + v + Adv%
O All Lhe glrls are learnlng Lngllsh ft choo| |n the econ yefr
(n + v + Adv + Adv%
O ft yefr Mary and Lhe famlly were drlvlng to Mfr| |n fn o| bu
(Adv + n + v + Adv + Adv%
O She puL Lhe flowers cfrefu||y |n f vfe
(n + v + n + Adv + Adv%

luoses: short Iorms
Sbort forms as answers
. We oIten use short Iorms to answer questions. Usually we repeat the first word oI the
verb phrase:
A: Can you come round tomorrow?
B: Yes, I can/ No I can`t.

A: Have you seen Jack lately?
B: Yes, I have/No I haven`t.
A: Do you like living here?
B: Yes, I do/ No I don`t.
Sometimes we change the modal verb: (see Verb Phrase)
A: Will you come?
B: Yes, we might.
A: Do you think they might come?
B: Yes, I think they will.
2. We oIten use verbs like think, suppose, expect and hope, to answer questions.
O when Lhe answer ls ye we add so (l expect so l bope so eLc%
O lf Lhe answer ls no we say l ont tblok so l ont soppose so eLc
O but wlLh ope we say l bope not
A: Can you come tomorrow?
B: I hope so.
A: Will they be at home?
B: I expect so.
A: Is Amsterdam the capital oI The Netherlands?
B: I don`t think so.
A: Do you think it`s going to rain?
B: I hope not.
3. We oIten use adverbials of probability like perhaps, probably, possibly, maybe,
definitely and certainly as short answers:
A: Do you think it`s going to rain?
B: Yes, possibly.
A: Can you come round tomorrow?
B: Definitely!
When the answer is negative we put not after the adverbial:
A: Do you think it`s going to rain?
B: Probably not.
A: Can you come round tomorrow?
B: Maybe not.
4. We can use short Iorms to agree or disagree with what someone says. Usually we use the
first word in the verb phrase:
A: It`s a lovely day.
B: Yes, it is.
A: I think they might have missed their train.
B: Yes, I think they might.
A: The children will be coming to see us next week.
B: No they won`t. They are going to their grandparents.
Sometimes we change the modal:
A: The children will be coming to see us next week.
B: Yes, they might.
A: The children might be coming to see us next week.
B: No they won`t. They are going to their grandparents.
We use do/does//don't/doesn't to agree or disagree with a statement in the present simple
Iorm:
A: our grandmother looks very well.
B: Yes, she does.
A: I think 1ack lives here.
B: No he doesn`t
.and we use did/didn't Ior past simple:
A: Everybody really enjoyed the trip.
B: Yes, they did.
A: The children went to Malaysia last year.
B: No they didn`t. They went to Singapore.
5. We sometimes put a short tag at the end oI a comment. We use a Yes/No question Iorm
Ior the tag. II the comment is affirmative we normally use a negative tag:
A: It`s a lovely day.
B: es, it is, isn`t it.
A: Your grandmother looks very well.
B: es, she does, doesn`t she.
A: Everybody really enjoyed the trip.
B: es, they did, didn`t they.
II the comment is negative we normally use an affirmative tag:
A: They didn`t seem to enjoy the trip very much.
B: They didn`t, did they.

A: It`s not a very nice day.
B: No, it isn`t, is it.

A: They haven`t done much.
B: No, they haven`t, have they.
6. Sometimes we put a tag on the end oI a statement:
It`s a lovely day, isn`t it?
Your grandmother looks very well, doesn`t she?
They haven`t done much, have they?
They all seemed to enjoy the trip, didn`t they?
7 We use affirmative tags with so and neither or nor to add to what someone has said.
We use so to add to an affirmative:
A: John is working in Barcelona.
B: And so is Maria | Maria is working in Barcelona, too.|
A: I love Indian Iood.
B: $o do I |I love Indian Iood, too.|

A: They`ve just bought a new computer.
B: Really? $o have we. | We have also bought a new computer.|
We use neither or nor to add to a negative:
A: I don`t smoke any more.
B: Neither do I. | I also don`t smoke|

A: They haven`t written to us Ior ages.
B: Nor has Peter. | Peter hasn`t written to us Ior ages, too.|
A: We won`t be taking a holiday this year.
B: Neither will we. | We also won`t be taking a holiday this year.|
A: I never have time Ior breakIast.
B: Nor have I. | I am as busy as you|

#elutive luoses
1he relutlve pronounx:
The relative pronouns are:

Sub[ect Cb[ect oe|ve
Who whom who Whose
Whlch whlch Whose
1haL LhaL

We use ho and hom Ior people, and hich Ior things.
We use that Ior people or things.
We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses, which tell us more about people and
things.
Relutlve cluuxex to poxtmoJlfy u noun
We use relative clauses to postmodiIy a noun - to make clear which person or thing we are
talking about. In these clauses we can have the relative pronoun ho, hich, hose or that
O as ub[ect (see Clauses SenLences and hrases%
Isn`t that the woman who lives across the road Irom you?
The police said the accident that happened last night was unavoidable
The newspaper reported that the tiger which killed its keeper has been put down.
WARNING:
The relative pronoun is the subject oI the clause.
We do not repeat the subject:
*The woman who she] lives across the road.
*The tiger which it] killed its keeper .
O as ob[ect of a clause (see Clauses SenLences and hrases%
Have you seen those people who we met on holiday
You shouldn`t believe everything that you read in the newspaper.
The house that we rented in London was Iully Iurnished.
The Iood was deIinitely the thing which I enjoyed most about our holiday.
- Sometimes we use hom instead oI ho when the relative pronoun is the object:
Have you see those people whom we met on holiday
- When the relative pronoun is object oI its clause we sometimes leave it out:
Have you seen those people we met on holiday
You shouldn`t believe everything you read in the newspaper.
The house we rented in London was Iully Iurnished.
The Iood was deIinitely the thing I enjoyed most about our holiday.
WARNING:
The relative pronoun is the object oI the clause.
We do not repeat the object:
Have you seen those people who we met them] on holiday.
The house that we rented it] in London was Iully Iurnished.
The Iood was deIinitely the thing I enjoyed it] most about our holiday.
O as ob[ecL of a preposlLlon When Lhe relaLlve pronoun ls Lhe ob[ect of a preposlLlon we
usually puL Lhe prepo|t|on ffter Lhe verb
You were talking to a woman ~~~ Who was the woman who you were talking to?
My parents live in that house ~~~ That`s the house that my parents live in.
You were talking about a book. I haven`t read it. ~~~ I haven`t read the book which
you were talking about.
- When the relative pronoun is the object oI a preposition we usually leave it out:
Who was the woman you were talking to?
That`s the house my parents live in.
- Sometimes we use hom instead oI ho:
Who was that woman whom you were talking about.
- When we use hom or hich the preposition sometimes comes at the beginning oI
the clause:
I haven`t read the book about which you were talking.
- We can use the possessive Iorm, hose, in a relative clause:
I always Iorget that woman`s name ~~~ That`s the woman whose name I always
Iorget.
I met a man whose brother works in Moscow.
1lmex unJ plucex
We also use hen with times and here with places to make it clear which time or place we
are talking about:
England won the world cup in 6. It was the year when we got married.
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day when the tsunami happened.
Do you remember the place where we caught the train?
StratIord-upon-Avon is the town where Shakespeare was born.
... but we can leave out the word when:
England won the world cup in 6. It was the year we got married.
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day the tsunami happened.
% 0lvlng uJJltlonul lnformutlon
We use ho, hom, hose, and hich (but not that) in relative clauses to tell us more about
a person or thing.
O as ub[ect (see Clauses SenLences and hrases%
My uncle, who was born in Hong Kong, lived most oI his liIe overseas.
I have just read Orwell`s 4, which is one of the most frightening books ever
written.
WARNING:
The relative pronoun is the subject oI the clause.
We do not repeat the subject:

My uncle, who he] was born in Hong Kong, lived most oI his liIe overseas.
I have just read Orwell`s 4, which it] is one oI the most Irightening books ever
written.
O as ob[ect (see Clauses SenLences and hrases%
We saw the latest Harry Potter Iilm, which we really enjoyed.
My Iavourite actor is Marlon Brando, who I saw in ~On the Waterfront.
- we can use hom instead oI ho as object:
My Iavourite actor was Marlon Brando, whom I saw in 'On the WaterIront.
WARNING:
The relative pronoun is the object oI the clause.
We do not repeat the subject:
We saw the latest Harry Potter Iilm, which we really enjoyed it].
My Iavourite actor is Marlon Brando, who I saw him] in 'On the WaterIront.
O as ob[ect of f c|fue
He Iinally met Paul McCartney, whom he had always admired.
We are going back to Venice, which we first visited thirty years ago.
We can also use ho as the object.
He Iinally met Paul McCartney, who he had always admired.
WARNING:
The relative pronoun is the object oI the clause.
We do not repeat the object:
He Iinally met Paul McCartney, whom he had always admired him].
We are going back to Venice, which we Iirst visited it] thirty years ago.
O as ob[ect of f prepo|t|on
He decided to telephone Mrs. Jackson, who he had read about in the newspaper.
That`s the programme which we listened to last night.
- We sometimes use hom instead oI ho:
He decided to telephone Mrs. Jackson, whom he had read about in the newspaper.
- The preposition sometimes comes in Iront oI the relative pronoun hom or hich:
He decided to telephone Mrs. Jackson, about whom he had read in the newspaper.
That`s the programme to which we listened last night.
% quuntlflerx unJ numberx wlth relutlve pronounx
We oIten use quantiIiers and numbers with relative pronouns:
many of hom - most of hom - one of hich - none of hom
some of hich - lots of hom - to of hich - etc.
We can use them as subject, object or object of a preposition.
She has three brothers two of whom are in the army.
I read three books last week, one of which I really enjoyed.
There were some good programmes on the radio, none of which I listened to.
% Uxlng "whlch" to glve more lnformutlon
We oIten use the relative pronoun hich to say something about a clause:
He was usually late, which always annoyed his Iather.
We`ve missed our train, which means we may be late.


#eporting: #eports und Sommuries
Many teachers and learners think that tense Iorms in reported speech are complex.
In Iact, "reported speech" Iollows exactly the same rules as the rest oI the language.
. When we report what people say or think we use:
O clauses wlLh tft
Everybody knew that it was Henry`s birthday tomorrow.
She explained that she would do as much as she could to help.
but we can leave out the word that:
Everybody knew it was Henry`s birthday tomorrow.
She explained she would do as much as she could to help.
O hc|fue (see Whclauses% and clauses wlLh (see noLe ln WhClauses%
He was asked what he had been doing the previous night.
She explained why she went by train rather than by car.
O to|nf|n|t|ve
We all agreed to do as much as we could.
Who told you to come?
2. We very rarely try to report exactly what someone has said. We usually give a summary:
Mary: Oh dear, we`ve been walking Ior hours. I am exhausted. I don`t think I can go
any Iurther. I really need to stop Ior a rest.
Peter: Don`t worry. I`m not surprised that you`re tired. I`m tired too. I`ll tell you what.
I`ll see iI I can Iind a place to sit down, and then we can stop and have our picnic.
~~~
When Mary complained that she was tired out aIter walking so Iar, Peter said they
could stop Ior a picnic.
3. Tense forms in reports and summaries.
When we are reporting what people say or think in English we need to remember:
O LhaL Lhe Lense forms ln reporLs and summarles are Lhe same as ln Lhe resL of Lhe language
1hls ls a leLLer LhaL Andrew 8rown wroLe Len years ago
am twenty-two years old and am at University studying engineering.
take my final exams next month and ill finish university in July.
ant to take a year off and travel round the world. ill need to make
some money while am travelling so ould like to learn to teach English
as a second language so that can make some money while am abroad.
A friend of mine has recommended your course very highly. She also gave
me some details, but ould like to ask a few more questions.
hat courses do you have in the summer and when do they start? How
much do the courses cost? Is there an examination at the end?
look forard to hearing from you.
#egards,
Andrew Brown.
lf you were Lelllng a sLory abouL Andrew mlghL wrlLe someLhlng llke Lhls
Jbeo AoJtew fs be fs oo eoqloeetloq stoJeot lo bls lost mootb ot tbe
oolvetslty ne fnte to ttovel obtooJ oftet be f nse bls cootse ot tbe
oolvetslty bot e ou/ nee to eoto some mooey wblle e fs obtooJ so e
fnte to leoto to teocb oqllsb os o fotelqo looqooqe A ftleoJ f
recommene o cootse bot AoJtew neee mote lofotmotloo 5o e rote to
tbe scbool ooJ fske tbem wbeo tbelt courses stfrte ooJ bow mocb tey
ere ne olso wooteJ to koow lf tere fs oo exomlootloo ot tbe eoJ of tbe
cootse
You would use past tense Iorms to talk about something that happened ten
years ago.
II you were reporting or summarising what Andrew wrote you might start
oII by saying:
AoJtew to/ me tbot wbeo be fs be fs oo eoqloeetloq stoJeot lo bls lost
mootb
... and you could go on in the same way. You would use past tense Iorms
to talk about something which happened ten years ago. So tense Iorms in
reports and summaries in English are the same as in the rest oI the
language.
O SomeLlmes you have Lo choose beLween a pft tene form and a preent tene form

lf you are Lalklng abouL Lhe pft buL you menLlon someLhlng LhaL ls t||| true you could use a
preent tene form Lo show you agree LhaL lL ls Lrue
John said he had stayed at the Shangri-la because it is the most comfortable hotel in
town.
Mary said she enjoyed the Iilm because Robert de Niro is her favourite actor.
Helen said she loves visiting New ork.

... or a past tense form:
John said he had stayed at the Shangri-la because it was the most comIortable hotel in
town.
Mary said she enjoyed the Iilm because Robert de Niro was her Iavourite actor.
Helen said she loved visiting New York,
O lf we are Lalklng abouL someLhlng LhaL everyboy kno | true we normally use a preent
tene
Michael said he had always wanted to climb Everest because it is the highest
mountain in the world.
Mary said she loved visiting New York because it is such an exciting city.
4. to-infinitives in reports and summaries:
We oIten use the to-inIinitive aIter verbs oI thinking and feeling to report or summarise
actions:
decide - hope - intend
O #l Lhlnk l wlll sLarL all over agaln"
Pe ec|e to tfrt all over agaln
O #l am golng Lo wrlLe Lo Lhe newspaper abouL lL"
She |ntene to r|te Lo Lhe newspaper abouL lL
. and verbs oI saying:
agree - promise - refuse
O #l can do Lhe shopplng for you lf you llke"
Pe free to o Lhe shopplng for me
O l'm sorry l would love Lo help you buL l'm afrald l can'L
She refue to he|p me
AIter some verbs we use a direct object and the infinitive (see verbs Iollowed by inIinitive):
advise - ask - encourage - invite - order - remind - tell - arn -
expect - intend - ant - ould like - ould prefer
O #l Lhlnk you should Lurn Lhe llghLs ouL now"
She rem|ne me to turn Lhe llghLs ouL
O #8e very careful chlldren 1he sea can be very dangerous so please don'L go ln Lhe
waLer"
She frne the ch||ren not to o ln Lhe waLer

Verbs - qoestions und negutives
Yex,No quextlonx
Yes/No questions are questions to which the answer is es or No
Look at these statements:
They are working hard.
They will be working hard.
They had worked hard.
They have been working hard.
They might have been working hard.
We make Yes/No questions by putting the subject, they, after the first part of the verb:
Are they working hard?
Will they be working hard?
Had they worked hard?
Have they been working hard?
bthey have been working hard?
Negutlvex
We make negatives by putting not aIter the Iirst part oI the verb:
They are not working hard
They will not be working hard
They had not worked hard
They have not been working hard
They might not have been working hard
In spoken English we oIten reduce not to n't:
They aren`t working hard.
They won`t be working hard
They hadn`t been working hard
etc.