4-55E The center temperature oI oranges is to be lowered to 40 during cooling.
The cooling time and iI
any part oI the oranges will Ireeze during this cooling process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The oranges are spherical in shape with a radius oI 7
0
1.25 in 0.1042 It. 2 eat conduction
in the orange is one-dimensional in the radial direction because oI the symmetry about the midpoint. 3 The
thermal properties oI the orange are constant. 4 The heat transIer coeIIicient is constant and uniIorm over the
entire surIace. 5 The ourier number is t ~ 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient
temperature charts) are applicable (this assumption will be veriIied).
!7ope7ties The thermal conductivity and thermal diIIusivity oI oranges are given to be k 0.26 Btu/hIt
and 1.4-10
-6
It
2
/s.
Analysis irst we Iind the Biot number:
rom Table 4-1 we read, Ior a sphere, 2
1
1.9569 and A
1
1.447.
Substituting these values into the one-term solution gives
which is greater than 0.2 and thus the one-term solution is applicable.
Then the cooling time becomes
The lowest temperature during cooling will occur on the surIace (r/7
1), and is determined to be
Substituting, 2.1 ) (
1.9569
rad) 9569 . 1 sin(
25 78
25 40
25 78
25 ) (
0
0
'
+
'
7 %
7 %
which is above the Ireezing temperature oI 1 C Ior oranges . ThereIore, no part oI the oranges will Ireeze
during this cooling process.
Alternative solution e could also solve this problem using transient temperature charts as Iollows:
15a) - 4 (ig. 4 . 0
28 . 0
25 78
25 40
54 . 0
It) )(1.25/12 . Btu/h.It (4.6
Btu/h.It. 0.26 1
2
2
=
= t
= = =
o
i
o
o
7
9
% %
% %
7
k
Bi
ThereIore, min 55.5 s
/s It 10 1.4
5/12It) (0.4)(1.2
2 6
2 2
= =
-
= =
t
o
7
9
The lowest temperature during cooling will occur on the surIace (r/7
1) oI the oranges is determined to be
15b) 4 (ig. 0.45
) (
1
54 . 0
1
=
=
= =
% %
% 7 %
7
7
7
k
Bi
o
o
o
which gives
The slight diIIerence between the two results is due to the reading error oI the charts.
range
2.5 in
85 water
%
i
78
ir
25
1 It/s
4-76E hot dog is dropped into boiling water. The center temperature oI the hot dog is do be determined by
treating hot dog as a Iinite cylinder and also as an inIinitely long cylinder.
Assumptions 1 hen treating hot dog as a Iinite cylinder, heat conduction in the hot dog is two-dimensional,
and thus the temperature varies in both the axial - and the radial 7- directions. hen treating hot dog as an
inIinitely long cylinder, heat conduction is one-dimensional in the radial 7- direction. 2 The thermal properties
oI the hot dog are constant. 3 The heat transIer coeIIicient is constant and uniIorm over the entire surIace. 4
The ourier number is t ~ 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts)
are applicable (this assumption will be veriIied).
!7ope7ties The thermal properties oI the hot dog are given to be k 0.44 Btu/h.It., p 61.2 lbm/It
p
0.9 Btu/lbm., and 0.0077 It
2
/h.
Analysis (a) This hot dog can physically be Iormed by the intersection oI a long cylinder oI radius 7
o
D/2
(0.4/12) It and a plane wall oI thickness 2L (5/12) It. The distance is measured Irom the midplane.
Iter 5 minutes
irst the Biot number is calculated Ior the plane wall to be
Bi
L
k
= =
=
( . / )
( .
.
120 25 12
044
568
Btu / h. It . )( It
Btu / h. It. )
2
The constants corresponding to this Biot number
are, Irom Table 4-1,
2728 . 1 and 5421 . 1
1 1
= = A 2
The ourier number is
(Be cautious!)
Then the dimensionless temperature at the center oI the plane wall is determined Irom
1 ) 2728 . 1 (
) 015 . 0 ( ) 5421 . 1 (
1
0
,
2 2
1
= =
0 0 A
% %
% %
i
wall o
t 2
7
e repeat the same calculations Ior the long cylinder,
Bi
7
k
o
= =
=
( . / )
( .
.
120 04 12
0 44
91
Btu / h. It . )( It
Btu / h. It. )
2
2
1 1
21589 15618 = = . . and A
7
2 t
o cyl
i
% %
% %
A 0 0
,
( . ) ( . )
( . ) . =
= = =
0
1
2 1589 0 578
1
2 2
15618 0106
Then the center temperature oI the short cylinder becomes
194 = =
= - = 7 - 7 =
) , 0 , 0 ( 106 . 0
212 40
212 ) , 0 , 0 (
106 . 0 106 . 0 1
) , 0 , 0 (
, ,
cylinder
short
9 %
9 %
% %
% 9 %
cyl o wall o
i
Iter 10 minutes
(Be cautious!)
1 ) 2728 . 1 (
) 0 . 0 ( ) 5421 . 1 (
1
0
,
2 2
1
= =
0 0 A
% %
% %
i
wall o
t 2
7
7
2 t
o cyl
i
% %
% %
A 0 0
,
( . ) ( . )
( . ) . =
= = =
0
1
2 1589 1156
1
2 2
15618 0 007
ater
212
ot dog
7
211 = =
= - = - =
) , 0 , 0 ( 007 . 0
212 40
212 ) , 0 , 0 (
007 . 0 007 . 0 1
) , 0 , 0 (
, ,
cylinder
short
9 %
9 %
% %
% 9 %
cyl o wall o
i
7 7
Iter 15 minutes
(Be cautious!)
1 ) 2728 . 1 (
) 045 . 0 ( ) 5421 . 1 (
1
0
,
2 2
1
= =
0 0 A
% %
% %
i
wall o
t 2
7
7
2 t
o cyl
i
% %
% %
A 0 0
,
( . ) ( . )
( . ) . =
= = =
0
1
2 1589 1 74
1
2 2
15618 0 0005
212 = =
= - = - =
) , 0 , 0 ( 0005 . 0
212 40
212 ) , 0 , 0 (
0005 . 0 0005 . 0 1
) , 0 , 0 (
, ,
cylinder
short
9 %
9 %
% %
% 9 %
cyl o wall o
i
7 7
(-) Treating the hot dog as an inIinitely long cylinder will not change the results obtained in the part (a) since
dimensionless temperatures Ior the plane wall is 1 Ior all cases.
5-61 The top and bottom surIaces oI an L-shaped long solid bar are maintained at speciIied temperatures
while the leIt surIace is insulated and the remaining surIaces are subjected to convection. The Iinite
diIIerence Iormulation oI the problem is to be obtained, and the unknown nodal temperatures are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 eat transIer through the bar is given to be steady and two-dimensional. 2 There is no heat
generation within the bar. 3 Thermal properties and heat transIer coeIIicients are constant. 4 Radiation heat
transIer is negligible.
!7ope7tiesThe thermal conductivity is given to be k 12 /mSC.
Analysis (a) The nodal spacing is given to be l0.1 m, and all nodes are boundary nodes. Node 1 on
the insulated boundary can be treated as an interior node Ior which 0 4
node bottom right top leIt
= + + + % % % % % .
Using the energy balance approach and taking the direction oI all heat transIer to be towards the node, the
Iinite diIIerence equations Ior the nodes are obtained to be as Iollows:
Node 1: 0 4 2 120 50
1 2
= + + % %
Node 2: 0
120
2
50
2
) (
2 2 1 2 2
2
=
l
%
kl
l
% %
kl
l
% % l
k
l
% l
k % % l
Node : 0
120
2 2
) (
2
l
% l
k
l
% % l
k % % l
where l 0.1 m, k 12 /mC, 0 /m
2
C, and %
25C.
This system oI equations with unknowns constitute the Iinite
diIIerence Iormulation oI the problem.
(-) The nodal temperatures under steady conditions are determined
by solving the equations above simultaneously with an equation
solver to be
%
1
85.7 %
2
86.4 %
3
87.6
120SC
1 2
O O O
, %
Insulated
50SC
