PYHSICS

PROJECT REPORT

GURU HARKRISHAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

VASANT VIHAR,NEW DELHI-110057

NAME: PRABHJOT SINGH

CLASS: XII-B
ROLL NO: 24
SESSION: 2024-25
 AIM

TO UNDERSTAND THE
WORKING OF A HALF WAVE
RECTIFIER USING A P-N
JUNCTION DIODESAND TO
DESIGN A CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM OF HALF WAVE
RECTIFIER USING STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER,
DIODES, LED AND SUITABLE
RESISTANCE.
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT

PRABHJOT SINGH OF CLASS
XII-B HAS COMPLETED THE
PHYSICS PROJECT UNDER
THE GUIDANCE OF
MRS. NAVNEET KAUR
FOR THE SESSION 2024-25
IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT
OF PHYSICS CBSE PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION

_________________
SUBJECT TEACHER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS

MY SINCERE THANKS AND
GRATITUDE TO MY PHYSICS
TEACHER MRS. NAVNEET KAUR
FOR HER SUPPORT AND
GUIDANCE IN COMPLETING THE
PROJECT ON STIPULATED
TIME
 INDEX

S.No TITLE PG.NO

1 APPARATUS 1
2 DIAGRAM 2
3 THEORY 3
4 PROCEDURE 12
5 CONCLUSION 13
6 PRECAUTIONS 14
7 SOURCES OF 15
ERRORS
8 ADVANTAGES 16
9 APPLICATIONS 17
 APPARATUS

● CONNECTING WIRES
● A BREAD BOARD
● RESISTOR 1KΩ
● CAPACITOR 47uF
● LED
● PN DIODE
● STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
DIAGRAM
 THEORY

A half wave rectifier is the simplest

form of rectifier available. We will
look at a complete half wave rectifier
circuit later- but let's first
understand exactly what this type of
rectifier is doing.
The diagram below illustrates the
basuc principle of a half wave
rectifier. When a standard AC
waveform is passed through a half-
wave rectifier ,only half of the AC
waveform remains. Half-wave
rectifiers only allow one half cycle
(positive or negative half-cycle) of
the AC voltage through and will
block the other half-cycle on the DC
side, as seen below.
 Only one diode is required to
construct a half-wave rectifier. In
essence, this is all that the half-wave
rectifier is doing.
Since DC systems are designed to
have current flowing in a single
direction (and constant voltage-
which we'll describe later), putting
an AC waveform with positive and
negative cycles through a DC device
can have destructive (and
dangerous) consequences. So we
use half-wave rectifiers to convert
the AC input power into DC output
power.
 But the diode is only part of it-a
complete half wave rectifier circuit
consist of 3 main parts:
1. A Transformer
2. A Resistive Load
3. A Diode
A half wave rectifier circuit diagram
looks like this:

We'll now go through yhe process of

how a half-wave rectifier converts an
AC voltage to a DC output
First, a high AC voltage is applied to
the primary side of the step-down
transformer and we will get a low
voltage at the secondary winding
which willbe applied to the diode.

During the positive half cycle of the

AC voltage, the diode will be forward
biased and the current flows through
the diode. During the negative half
cycle of the AC voltage, the diode
will be reverse biased and tge flow
of current will be blocked. The final
output voltage waveform on the
secondary side(DC) is shown in
figure above.
 The graph above actually shows a
positive hal wave rectifier. This is a
half wave rectifier which only allows
the positive half-cycles through the
diode, and blocks the negative half
cycle.
The voltage waveform before and
after a positive half wave rectifier is
shown on figure below.
 Conversely, a negative half-wave
rectifier will only allow negative half-
cycles through the diode and will
block the positive half-cycle. The
only difference between a positive
and negative half wave rectifier is
the direction of the diode.
As you can see in figure below, the
diode is now in the opposite
direction. Hence the diode will now
be forward biased only when the AC
waveform is in its negative half
cycle.
Half Wave Rectifier Capacitor Filter

The output waveform we have

obtained from the theory above is
pulsating DC waveform. This is what
is obtaine when using a half wave
rectifier without a filter.
Filters are components used to
convert (smoothen) pulsating DC
waveforms into constant DC
waveforms. They achieve this by
suppressing the DC ripples in the
waveform.
 Although a half-wave rectifiers
without filters are theoretically
possible, they can't be used for any
pracical applications. As DC
equipment requires a constant
waveform, we need to 'smooth out'
this pulsating waveform for it to be
any use in the real world.
This is why in reality we use hal
wave rectifiers with a filter. A
capacitor or an inductor can be
used as a filter-but half wave
rectifier with capacitor filter is most
commonly used .
The circuit diagram below shows
how a capacitive filter can be used
to smoothen out a pulsatinf DC
waveform into a constant DC
waveform.
 PROCEDURE

i. Take an AC supplyand connect it to

switch.
ii. Connect the terminal part of the AC
to the p part of the diode using wire.
iii. Now connect the other part of the
AC terminal to the capacitor.
iv. Connect the n-part of the diode to
the capacitor .
v. Connect the both ends of a capacitor
to the resistance load.
vi. Place a connection between the
LED light and resistance load by
joining the terminals of LED.
vii. Now power on the switch and find
out if the LED is glowing or not.
 CONCLUSION

As conclusion, we conclude that the half-

wave and full wave-rectifier can
be built. It can measure and record their
output voltages and curves systematically.
Next, the influences of load resistor and
capacitor on DC output voltage is
investigated. Half-wave and full-wave
rectifiers are used to convert AC into DC
voltage. This is the primary function of
the rectifier in the industrial applications.
For example, AC is used across the power
grid, but to use electricity for welding,
electroplating and as a DC source for
motors with special speed controls, the
AC must be changed to DC. Therefore, it
is important to carried out this emperiment
to increase the understanding on rectifiers
in industries.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. DO NOT SWITCH ON THE

CIRCUIT BEFORE CHECKING
WHETHER IT IS CORRECT OR
NOT.

2. CONNECT ALL THE WIRES

PROPERLY. LOOSE CONNECTION
MAY END UP IN A FAILURE
OF CIRCUIT.

3. CAPACITOR OF LESS VOLT

MAY BE CONNECTED TO THE
DIODE.
SORCES OF ERRORS

1. THE P AND N PARTS OF THE

DIODE MAY BE CHANGED.

2. THE WIRE CONNECTION

MAY BE LOOSE.
 ADVANTAGES

The main advantage of half-wave

rectifiers is in their simplicity. As they
don't require as many components,
they are simpler and cheaper to setup
and construct.
As such, the main advantages of half-
wave rectifiers are:
●Simple(lessernumber componets)
●Cheaper up front cost (as there is
less equipment. Although there is a
higher cost over time due to incresed
power losses).
 APPLICATIONS

● These are used with transformers.

● Uses of rectifiers while soldering.

● It is also used in AM radio.

● Uses of rectifiers in circuits.

● It is used for modulation.

● It is used in voltage multiplier.