(1) The door's opened. It was opened by the girl.
(1) He's a lovely little dog. (2) * It's John. (1) These pictures are nice. I like this (one).
(2) The country's oil industry has given it/her economic (3) It's very cold today. (2) The building had six windows. Each (one) had been
independence. (4) It's very difficult to speak English that fluently. broken.
(5) She found it impossible to be there on time.
(3) Look at that baby. It's been sick. (3) There are lots of seats available. Which (ones) would
(6) It was England who won the world cup in 1996.* you like?
(4) These stamps are the nicest (ones).
(5) An orange juice. A large one, please.
(6) This television is better than the one we had before.
(7) The building has lots of windows. Every one (window)
SPECIAL USES had been broken.
SUBJECT forms PERSONAL PRONOUNS - IT
He/ She used to replace animals (known sex, sympathy/
First person: I, We to refer to something (1)
interest) (1)
Second person: You to identify a person (2)
She used to refer to countries with human qualities (2)
Third person: He, She, It, They as empty subject to refer to weather, temperature, time,
It is used to refer to a human baby of unknown sex (3)
. and distance (3) ONE vs. ONES
-> Function: subject, subject complement as preparatory subject (4)
as preparatory object (5) Used to avoid repeating a noun when it is clear from the
to give emphasis (6) context what we mean.
.
OBJECT forms Use one/ones or leave it out:
First person: me, us (1) After a demontrative
Second person: you (2) After EACH, ANY, ANOTHER, EITHER, NEITHER
Third person: him, her, it, them (3) After WHICH
FORMS
. (4) After a superlative
-> Function: direct object, after preposition (5) After an adjective
(6) After THE
(7) After EVERY
the set of pronouns which represent the grammatical
category of PERSON REFERENCE TO UNKNOWN SEX When the millionth visitor arrives, he/ he or
he; he or she (he/she); they (most common) she/ they will be given a free ticket.
Compound pronouns formed by every/some/any/no PERSONAL PRONOUNS
+ one/body/thing (ĐẠI TỪ NHÂN XƯNG) Possessive determiners vs. Possessive pronouns
(1) *Everything was in a mess. -> Has Rory got his ticket?
Take a singular verb (1)
(2) Everyone was asked what they thought.* -> I've got my ticket. Has Rory got his?
After everyone/ everybody, they/ them/ their are
.
used (2) Express a relation, often the fact that something belongs to
someone
A pronoun is used when we want to leave out the noun (if
SOMEBODY/ SOMEONE/ SOMETHING it is clear from the context what we mean)
(1) There was someone in the phone box. Positive meaning (1) -> That isn't Harriet's coat. Hers is blue.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS .
(2) Could you do something for me? (Please...) In questions: a more positive tone, especially when
Have you got something suitable to wear? (I expect...) making an offer or a request - "Yes" is expected to be (ĐẠI TỪ BẤT ĐỊNH) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Note: That's my friend. vs. That's a friend of mine.
the answer. (2) (ĐẠI TỪ SỞ HỮU)
Possessive Determiners/ Adjectives
(1) I can't see anyone in the waiting room.
Have you got anything cheaper?
ANYBODY/ ANYONE/ ANYTHING
Negatives & Questions (1)
PRONOUNS Before a noun: my diary, her birthday
After ALL, BOTH, HALF, or after a quantifier + OF: all my
(2) The door isn't locked. Anyone can just walk in. money, a lot of his time
"It doesn't matter which..." (2)
What do you want for lunch? - Oh, anything. I don't mind. With parts of body: I've hurt my back.
THE is used in this partten where we have just mentioned
the person: Someone pushed me in the back.
Own: (exclusive relation) my own flat
Each other, one another (same meaning)
Idioms: my best, take our leave, etc.
.
Referring to an action going in one direction and also back
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
(ĐẠI TỪ TƯƠNG HỖ) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
in the opposite direction (ĐẠI TỪ CHỈ ĐỊNH) DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS
-> The students help each other/one another with their
Used before a noun (The noun can be left our if the
homework. meaning is clear without the determiner.)
-> They often wear each other's/ one another' s clothes. -> What about this?
-> *Each driver blamed the other* . REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Used after ALL, BOTH, HALF or a quantifier + OF
-> *Each girl wears the other's clothes*. (ĐẠI TỪ PHẢN THÂN) -> Both those (camera) are broken.
A. Reflexive
Each other vs. Together A reflexive pronoun is used as object or complement when To point to something in the situation (1)
it refers to the subject. To identify someone (2)
Each other: pronoun, object, after preposition D. "Without help" On the phone (3)
-> I fell over and hurt myself.
Together: adv, adjunct In this meaning, the pronoun usually comes in end position. To refer to something mentioned before (4)
-> The company's directors have given themselves a big
with each other = together (adjunct) -> We built the garage ourselves. That/Those -> to replace a noun phrase with the and so
pay rise. avoid repeating the noun. (5)
. .
Some idiomatic uses of a verb + reflexive pronoun E. "As for me"
-> I hope you enjoy yourself (=have a good time) Myself = As for me, as fas as I am concerned
-> Did the children behave themselves? (=behave well) -> I don't agree with it, myself. (1) This/ these -> something near the speaker
-> Can we just help ourselves? (=take food) That/ those -> something further away
. (2) Mother, this is my friend Duncan.
B. Emphatic: to emphasize a noun phrase (3) This is Steve.
Verbs do not usually take a reflexive pronoun: wash, -> Father himself mowed the lawn this morning. (= father, not (4) I simply haven't got the money. This is/That
bathe, shave, (un)dress, change someone else) is problem.
-> Tom dressed quickly and went down to breakfast. . (5) Compare Chopin's waltzes with those of
C. "Alone": by oneself = on one's own today.
-> I don't want to walk home by myself/ on my own .
-> Don't you feel lonely living here all by yourself ?
