S. Ostapchenko - Pomeron Calculus: X-Sections, Diffraction & MC

Pomeron Calculus: X-sections, Diraction & MC
S. Ostapchenko NTNU (Trondheim) ECT Trento, December 3, 2010
arXive: 1003.0196 [hep-ph], hep-ph/0612175, 0602139, 0505259
Outline
Optical theorem, unitarity & AGK cuts Enhanced Pomeron graphs: resummation Phenomenological approach - 2 Pomeron poles: total, elastic & diractive x-sections 'Semihard Pomeron' MC approach (QGSJET II)
Outline
Outline
Outline
Outline
'Elementary' processes: non-dir. production virtual rescattering
diraction
elastic scattering - coherence of the parton cascade preserved by the scattering process 'elementary' inel. process - coherence broken hadronization general interaction - multiple scattering:
tot = Im
...
...
Optical theorem + AGK rules relation between elastic amplitude & inelastic nal states
2
AGK rules: no interference between dierent topologies of nal states all possible nal states - obtained via AGK-cuts of elastic scattering diagrams partial cross sections - expressed via amplitudes for 'elementary' scattering
2
2
2
Schematic (elementary parton cascades Pomerons):

a ...
1 2 m 1
a ...
n
... d
...
Pomeron amplitudes - various approaches possible (purely phenomenological, BFKL, ...) Intermediate states between Pomeron exchanges include inelastic excitations: i |Xi Xi | = |p p | + i =p |Xi Xi | Good-Walker-like scheme - use elastic scattering eigenstates:
|Xi
Cj /X |j
i

a ...
1 2 m 1
a ...
n
... d
...
|Xi
Cj /X |j
i

a ...
1 2 m 1
a ...
n
... d
...
|Xi
Cj /X |j
i
E.g., using eikonal vertices for Pomeron emission:

P fpp (s , b) = i Cj /p Ck /p 1 e (s ,b)
jk
j ,k
P P jk = Imfjk - eikonal for Pomeron exchange between |j and |k
allows to calculate X-sections for various nal states: P [2jk (s , b)]n 2 P (s ,b) (n) ad (s ) = Cj /p Ck /p d 2 b e n! j ,k
jk
ad
diffrproj
(s ) =
j ,k ,l ,m
Cj /p jl Cj /p Cl /p Ck /p Cm/p
jk lm
P P d 2 b 1 e (s ,b) 1 e (s ,b)
partial x-sections are obtained after resummation of all virtual (elastic) rescatterings if the decomposition in eigenstates is energy-independent: 2 low mass diraction (MX s ) only

jk
j ,k
jk
ad
diffrproj
(s ) =
j ,k ,l ,m
jk lm
P P d 2 b 1 e (s ,b) 1 e (s ,b)

jk
j ,k
jk
ad
diffrproj
(s ) =
j ,k ,l ,m
jk lm
P P d 2 b 1 e (s ,b) 1 e (s ,b)

jk
j ,k
jk
ad
diffrproj
(s ) =
j ,k ,l ,m
jk lm
P P d 2 b 1 e (s ,b) 1 e (s ,b)
Higher diraction = more asymmeric eigenstates smaller tot (inel ) - inelastic screening bigger uctuations of multiplicity / of Npart in pA (AA)
Non-linear eects
Pomeron-Pomeron interactions rich physics e.g. nal states with jets:
... ...
... ...
'fan' diagrams - low-x PDFs as 'seen' in DIS & inclusive cross sections 'net fans' - 'reaction-dependent PDFs' (depend on rescattering on the partner hadron) )
p p
(x, Q )
(x, Q )
... p
High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:
sign-indenite contributions higher orders - increasingly important with energy all order resummation needed same applies to other nal states General solution to the problem (e.g. MC implementation) requires: knowledge of the Pomeron amplitude knowledge of multi-Pomeron vertices complete resummation of enhanced diagrams: for elastic scattering amplitude & for particular nal states
Diagrammatic resummation
Without Pomeron 'loops' one would have 'net'-like graphs:
y ,b
3
y ,b
2
y ,b4 4 y ,b2
2
y ,b
1 2
1 2
y ,b (a)
y ,b3
3
y1,b1 y ,b3
3
y ,b5
5
y ,b1
1
(b)
(c)
In reality, any 'intermediate' Pomeron may be replaced by 'loops':
...
Introduce 'net fan' contributions via Schwinger-Dyson equation:
net
=
y ,b 1 1
+
y1 ,b 1
m2 >1, n 2 >0 / / m2+n 2 >2 /
m ... 2 y ,b2 2 ... n2 y ,b1 1
net
correspond to arbitrary Pomeron 'nets' coupled to given vertex (for simplicity, loops not shown)
a a a a
net
=
y ,b1 1
d
y1 ,b1
+
d
y ,b2 2 y1 ,b1
+
d
y ,b2 2 y1 ,b1
ne
y ,b2 2
l>1 /
...
+
d
+ ...
y ,b3 y ,b 3 1 1
have the meaning of 'reaction-dependent PDFs'
Introduce 'net fan' contributions via Schwinger-Dyson equation:
net
=
y ,b 1 1
+
y1 ,b 1
m2 >1, n 2 >0 / / m2+n 2 >2 /
m ... 2 y ,b2 2 ... n2 y ,b1 1
net
correspond to arbitrary Pomeron 'nets' coupled to given vertex (for simplicity, loops not shown)
a a a a
net
=
y ,b1 1
d
y1 ,b1
+
d
y ,b2 2 y1 ,b1
+
d
y ,b2 2 y1 ,b1
ne
y ,b2 2
l>1 /
...
+
d
+ ...
y ,b3 y ,b 3 1 1
have the meaning of 'reaction-dependent PDFs'
Sum of (almost) all irredicible contributions to elastic amplitude (pp(jk ) (s , b)):

net net m ... 1
m ,n >1
m1+n1>3
/
1 1
m ... 1 y1 ,b1
...
net
m >1 ,n
1 2
n1... ne t
y1 ,b1
...
ne
y2 ,b2
...m2
n1
m2,n 1 >0 m i+n i >2

/ /
n...
2
y1 ,b1
y1 ,b1
examples of graphs which are not included in this scheme:

p p p p
net
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Knowing the amplitude one can calculate tot , d el /dt , etc. However, to describe the structure of nal states one needs the complete set of partial cross sections one assumes the validity of AGK cutting rules one starts from 'building blocks': AGK-cuts of 'net fans' - dened by Schwinger-Dyson equations _
_ m>1 _ m=1 _ m>1
/
m=1
y1 ,b1 y1 ,b1
=
y1 ,b1
ne t
...
y2 ,b2 y1 ,b1
ne t
...m>0 y ,b y ,b 2 2 2 2 ...n>0
t ne
... ... m>0 y2 ,b2 ...n>0

net
/
net
m>2 net
/
...
y2 ,b2 y1 ,b1 _ m=1 y2 ,b2 y1 ,b1
_ m>1
_ m>1
/
...n>0
/
y1 ,b1
n
...
=
y1 ,b1
y2 ,b2 y1 ,b1
...m>0
t ne
/ /
et ... ... ... m>0 ... + y2 ,b2 ... m>0 + y2 ,b2 ... ...n>0 y2 ,b2 ... ...n>0 n>0 n>0
y1 ,b1 m>2 et net

/
t ne
y1 ,b1 _ m>1
/
t ne
y1 ,b1
ne
net
/ /
y1 ,b1
t ne
y1 ,b1
ne
One obtains the complete system of cuts:

_ m>2 / _ m>2 / _ m>2 / m>0 / m>0 / m>0 /
...
y1 ,b1
...
...
m>2 / et net
... ...
m>2 / et net
_ m>2 / m>0 /
_ m>2 / m>0 /
...
... ...
net
...
... ...
net
net
net
...
_ n>2 / (1) _ m>2 /
...
_ n>2 / _ m>2 /
...
net
net
y1 ,b1
... ...
net
y1 ,b1
... ...
net
y1 ,b1 _ n>2 / (2) m>2 / et net
...
n>0 /
y1 ,b1
y1 ,b1
net
... ...
net
net
y1 ,b1
net
... ...
net
net
...
_ n>2 / m>2 / et net
n>0 /
n>0 /
_ n>2 / _ m>2 /
n>0 /
n>0 /
n>2 / (3) _ m>2 / m>0 /
n>2 / net m>1 / ... y1 ,b1
m>0 /
m>0 /
m>0 /
...
...
/
...
...
...
...
n>0 /
t ne
net
_ n=1 (4)
t ne
_ n=1
t ne
_ n=1
t ne
_ n=1 (5) m>0 /

t
t ne
...
n>1 / (6) m>0 /
t
...
_ n>2 / (7) m>0 /
t
_ n=1
net _ m=1
...
m>2 / n net ... et
_ m=1
...
m>0 /
t
_ m=1 y1 ,b1
...
_ m=1
...
m>0 /
t
_ m=1
...
net
net
net
...
n>2 /
net
...
_ n>2 / (9) _ m=1
...
...
_ n>2 /
...
net
y1 ,b1
y1 ,b1
...
...
n>0 / _ m=1
...
...
...
n>0 / _ m=1
...
y1 ,b1
...
...
n>0 /
y1 ,b1
net
...
y1 ,b1
net
...
...
n>2 /
_ n>2 /
net
...
n>2 /
net
(8)
_ m=1
...
(10)
m>0 /
t
m>0 /
t
y1 ,b1
... ...
y1 ,b1 _ n=1
y1 ,b1
... ...
y1 ,b1 _ n=1
y1 ,b1 _ n=1
y1 ,b1 _ n=1
ne
n>0 / _ n=1 (11)
n>0 / _ n=1
ne
net
... y1 ,b1 ... n>0

/
net
... y1 ,b1 ... n>0
net
net
y1 ,b1
... ...
n>0 /
y1 ,b1
...
n>0 /
y1 ,b1
...
y1 ,b1
...
/ ...n>0
ne
ne
ne
ne
ne
ne
ne
Obtained contributions satisfy s -channel unitarity (completness):

i =1
pp(jk ) (s , b) = pp(jk ) (s , b)
11
(i )
allow to derive x-sections for various topologies of nal states e.g., diractive cuts:
p p p
A D C
p
B E D
A
C B
D
A
p
C B
(a)
(b)
(c)
can be applied for a MC generation for all that one ONLY (?!) needs to know the Pomeron amplitude & multi-Pomeron vertices

i =1
pp(jk ) (s , b) = pp(jk ) (s , b)
11
(i )
p p p
A D C
p
B E D
A
C B
D
A
p
C B
(a)
(b)
(c)

i =1
pp(jk ) (s , b) = pp(jk ) (s , b)
11
(i )
p p p
A D C
p
B E D
A
C B
D
A
p
C B
(a)
(b)
(c)
Particular (simple) model

m Let us assume eikonal multi-P vertices: G (m,n) = r3P P +n3
2-component ('soft' +'hard') Pomeron:
D P (s , t ) = 8 i s P(s) e P(s) lns t + rh/s s P(h) e P(h) lns t

dipole form factor for proton elastic eigenstates |j :
FjP (t ) =
Pomeron eikonal:
P jk (s , b) =
j ; j = (1 ), j = 1, 2 (1 j t )2
P exchange between a proton and a multi-P vertex (y , b): jP (y , b) = P 8 2 ie y
1 8 2 is
d 2 q e i qb FjP (q 2 ) FkP (q 2 ) D P (s , q 2 )
d 2 q e i qb FjP (q 2 ) D P (e y , q 2 )


FjP (t ) =
Pomeron eikonal:
P jk (s , b) =
j ; j = (1 ), j = 1, 2 (1 j t )2
1 8 2 is


FjP (t ) =
Pomeron eikonal:
P jk (s , b) =
j ; j = (1 ), j = 1, 2 (1 j t )2
1 8 2 is


FjP (t ) =
Pomeron eikonal:
P jk (s , b) =
j ; j = (1 ), j = 1, 2 (1 j t )2
1 8 2 is
Few parameter sets dier by the t to CDF/E710 at s =1800 GeV 2 and by the P mass cuto ( = ln Mmin ): = 2 - A, C; = 1.5 - B
P(s)
(A) (B) (C) 1.145 1.15 1.14
P(h)
1.35 1.35 1.31
GeV2
0.13 0.165 0.14
P(s) ,
GeV2
0.075 0.08 0.085
P(h) ,
, GeV1
1.65 1.75 1.6
rh/s
1 , GeV2
1.06 1.03 1.1
2 , GeV2
0.3 0.3 0.4
r3P , GeV1
P , GeV1
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.5
0.06 0.065 0.09
0.14 0.15 0.14
total / elastic cross sections and elastic slope

cross section (mb)
tot 150
slope (GeV-2)
5
200
30
25
100 el
20
50
15
0 10
10
10 10 c.m. energy (GeV)
10 10
10
Using only 'net'-like (blue) / 'loop'-like (green) enhanced graphs:

cross section (mb)
tot
cross section (mb)
200
200 tot 150
150
100 el 50
100 el 50
0 10
10
0 10
10
none of the two classes can be neglected P-loops only - far insicient for cross section calculations
relative importance of P-loops - higher for smaller P-slope and for non-eikonal multi-P vertices (e.g. in QCD)

cross section (mb)
tot
cross section (mb)
200
200 tot 150
150
100 el 50
100 el 50
0 10
10
0 10
10

cross section (mb)
tot
cross section (mb)
200
200 tot 150
150
100 el 50
100 el 50
0 10
10
0 10
10

cross section (mb)
tot
cross section (mb)
200
200 tot 150
150
100 el 50
100 el 50
0 10
10
0 10
10
Dierential elastic cross section

del /dt (mb/GeV )
2
10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 10 10 10 10
-1
31 (x10 ) 53 (x10 ) 62.5 (x10 ) 546 (x10 ) 1800 (x10 )

0 1 2 3
-2
14000 (x10 )
-1
-3
-4
-5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 2 |t| (GeV )
Diractive cross sections

(0) 2 Single (MX /s < 0.15) and double (ygap 3) diraction x-sections
cross section (mb)
SD
10
cross section (mb)
10 SD
DD 1 1
DD
10
10
10
10
high mass diraction - decreases with energy suppression of diraction - by eikonal RGS factors and by absorptive corrections from higher order cut enhanced graphs

cross section (mb)
SD
10
cross section (mb)
10 SD
DD 1 1
DD
10
10
10
10

cross section (mb)
SD
10
cross section (mb)
10 SD
DD 1 1
DD
10
10
10
10
Examples - partiall resummations of higher order graphs

n
m>2 / et net
...
m>2 / et net
...
dominant contributions to SD :
_ ... n>1 /
y1 ,b1
...
n>0 /
t ne
y1 ,b1
...
(a) _ m>2 /
_ n>1 /
p
...
(b)
n>0 /
ne t
y1
ne
(c) _ m>2 /
/
m ... 1>2
...
lowest order contribution only: triple-Pomeron graph only
...
n1>1
/
y1 ,b1 _ n>1 /
...
... m>0 / ... p

ne
t n>0 /
p
/
... in all the cases - full re-summation of uncut enhanced graphs (h) (g) ...
m2>0 k>0
net
...
...
/
n1>0
(a)
_ ... n>1 /
y1 ,b1
... m .
ne
m1>2
/
y ,b1
Examples - partiall resummations of higher order graphs

n
m>2 / et net
...
m>2 / et net
...
dominant contributions to SD :
_ ... n>1 /
y1 ,b1
...
n>0 /
t ne
y1 ,b1
...
(a) _ m>2 /
_ n>1 /
p
...
(b)
n>0 /
ne t
y1
ne
(c) _ m>2 /
/
m ... 1>2
...
lowest order contribution only: triple-Pomeron graph only
...
n1>1
/
y1 ,b1 _ n>1 /
...
... m>0 / ... p

ne
t n>0 /
p
/
... in all the cases - full re-summation of uncut enhanced graphs (h) (g) ...
m2>0 k>0
net
...
...
/
n1>0
(a)
_ ... n>1 /
y1 ,b1
... m .
ne
m1>2
/
y ,b1
Impact on high mass part of SD and diraction prole (at 14 TeV):

SD (HM) (mb) SD (HM)(b)
2 3 4 5
10 2
10 10
-1
10
-2
10
-1
10
-3
10
10
3 b (fm)
using dominant contributions only - coincides with the full re-summation within 5% lowest order contribution - order of magnitude dierence triple-P contribution only - violates unitarity: SD > tot , SD (s , b) 1 at b 0

2 3 4 5
10 2
10 10
-1
10
-2
10
-1
10
-3
10
10
3 b (fm)

2 3 4 5
10 2
10 10
-1
10
-2
10
-1
10
-3
10
10
3 b (fm)

2 3 4 5
10 2
10 10
-1
10
-2
10
-1
10
-3
10
10
3 b (fm)
From the Tevatron to the LHC

1.8 TeV
Set (A) Set (B) Set (C) KMR GLM
tot
79.3 80.5 72.8 73.7 73.3
el
19.3 19.9 16.4 16.4 16.3
SD
9.62 9.84 10.5 13.8 9.76
DD
3.62 4.06 3.84
SD HM
DD HM
DD LHM
DPE
0.19 0.23 0.28
4.52 4.78 5.74 9.7
1.95 2.37 2.01
1.20 (1.17) 1.24 (1.20) 1.42 (1.36)
5.36
1.2
14 TeV
tot
128 126 108 91.7 92.1
el
37.5 37.3 29.7 21.5 20.9
SD
12.1 12.4 12.3 19.0 11.8
DD
4.61 5.18 5.36
SD HM
DD HM
DD LHM
DPE
0.10 0.14 0.20
3.62 4.24 5.06 14.1
2.06 2.50 2.81
1.40 (1.37) 1.60 (1.56) 1.72 (1.68)
6.08
1.28
main dierence to KMR & GLM - faster rise of tot
From the Tevatron to the LHC

1.8 TeV
tot
79.3 80.5 72.8 73.7 73.3
el
19.3 19.9 16.4 16.4 16.3
SD
9.62 9.84 10.5 13.8 9.76
DD
3.62 4.06 3.84
SD HM
DD HM
DD LHM
DPE
0.19 0.23 0.28
4.52 4.78 5.74 9.7
1.95 2.37 2.01
1.20 (1.17) 1.24 (1.20) 1.42 (1.36)
5.36
1.2
14 TeV
tot
128 126 108 91.7 92.1
el
37.5 37.3 29.7 21.5 20.9
SD
12.1 12.4 12.3 19.0 11.8
DD
4.61 5.18 5.36
SD HM
DD HM
DD LHM
DPE
0.10 0.14 0.20
3.62 4.24 5.06 14.1
2.06 2.50 2.81
1.40 (1.37) 1.60 (1.56) 1.72 (1.68)
6.08
1.28
main dierence to KMR & GLM - faster rise of tot
'Semihard Pomeron'
Parton cascades start at low virtualities 2 Q0 - cuto between 'soft' and perturbative physics 'Soft' interactions (all |q 2 | - small s (q 2 ) > 1): - pQCD is inapplicable 'soft' Pomeron amplitude 2 'Semihard' processes (|q 2 | > Q0 s (q 2 ) 1) 2 < Q2 - 'soft' Pomeron for pt 0 2 2 - DGLAP ladder for pt > Q0 general interaction 'general Pomeron':
soft Pomeron QCD ladder
+
soft Pomeron
m same multi-P vertices: G (m,n) = r3P P +n3 (couple soft Ps & soft 'ends' of semihard Ps)
'Semihard Pomeron'
Parton cascades start at low virtualities 2 Q0 - cuto between 'soft' and perturbative physics 'Soft' interactions (all |q 2 | - small s (q 2 ) > 1): - pQCD is inapplicable 'soft' Pomeron amplitude 2 'Semihard' processes (|q 2 | > Q0 s (q 2 ) 1) 2 < Q2 - 'soft' Pomeron for pt 0 2 2 - DGLAP ladder for pt > Q0 general interaction 'general Pomeron':
soft Pomeron QCD ladder
+
soft Pomeron
m same multi-P vertices: G (m,n) = r3P P +n3 (couple soft Ps & soft 'ends' of semihard Ps)
Monte Carlo approach (QGSJET-II)

MC procedure: choose between low mass diraction or multiple production sample impact parameter & elastic scattering eigenstates sample a particular 'macro-conguration' of the interaction for each cut 'net-fan': generate (recursively) all cut Pomerons & rapidity gaps perform energy partition between all cut Pomerons for each cut 'semihard Pomeron': reconstruct the perturbative 'piece' (hard process, ISR, FSR) for each cut Pomeron: string formation & hadronization Like in the linear (quasi-eikonal) scheme interaction congurations are dened by Regge cuts of elastic diagrams the procedure generalizes to hA (AA) in a parameter-free way









Main dierences of the latest version (QGSJET-II-04) compared to QGSJET-II-03 (released in 2005): Pomeron loops included (only net-like graphs in II-03)
twice smaller triple-P coupling:
r3P 0.1 GeV
PP-coupling xed by H1 LPS diractive data
min corresponds to p,hard = 2Q0 3.4 GeV for the chosen 2 2 factorization scale in the model: MF = p /4
D( (in II-03 - by F2 3) from ZEUS rap-gap data) el el el parameter t included data on d pp /dt , d p /dt , d Kp /dt 2 2 higher soft/hard cuto: Q0 = 3 GeV2 (Q0 = 2.5 GeV2 in II-03)
Dierences between the two versions for particle production: at ne-tuning level (no drastic modications induced by LHC)
r3P 0.1 GeV
r3P 0.1 GeV
r3P 0.1 GeV
r3P 0.1 GeV
r3P 0.1 GeV
Total, elastic & diractive X-sections / slope

cross section (mb) slope (GeV-2)
125 h+p 100 tot 75 15 50 el 25 0 10 10
2 3 4 2 3 4
QGSJET II-04
20
p+p
QGSJET II-04
10
cross section (mb)
QGSJET II-04 10 SD
DD 1
10
el d hp /dt - only for small |t | (Gaussian form-factor used)

del /dt (mb/GeV ) del /dt (mb/GeV )
2 2
10 3
10 3 31 (x100)
10 2
Kp (x10) 10 2 62.5 (x10)
10 10 1800 p
0.1
0.2
|t| (GeV )
0.3
0.1
0.2
|t| (GeV )
0.3
D( F2 ,F2 3)
F2(x,Q2)
2 Q2=3.5 GeV2 Q2=4.5 GeV2 Q2=6.5 GeV2 Q2=8.5 GeV2 Q2=10.0 GeV2
0 10
-4
10
-1
10
-4
10
-1
10
-4
10
-1
10
-4
10
-1
10
-4
10
-1
F2D(3) - upper limit on r3P (RRP & qq contributions neglected)

xP F2D(3)
0.04 Q2=3.9 GeV2 =0.011 Q2=3.9 GeV2 =0.031 Q2=7.1 GeV2 =0.019 Q2=7.1 GeV2 =0.055 0.02
xP F2D(3)
0 0.04
Q2=5.3 GeV2 =0.02
Q2=5.3 GeV2 =0.06
Q2=10.7 GeV2 =0.02
Q2=10.7 GeV2 =0.06
0.02
0 10
-3
10 xP
-1
10
-3
10 xP
-1
10
-3
10 xP
-1
10
-3
10 xP
-1
Some results at xed target energies

xE dn/dx
p+p p
xE dn/dx
QGSJET II-04
p+p p 10
QGSJET II-04
1 100 GeV/c 1 100 GeV/c 10

-1
200 GeV/c (x 3)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 x
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1 x
dn/dx
10 10 1 10 10 10 10
p+p +/-
dn/dy
QGSJET II-04
0.8
p+p +/-
QGSJET II-04
0.6
-1
0.4
-2 -3 -4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 x
5 y
Versions II-04 (solid) / II-03 (dashed) at

dNch/d dNch/d
NSD 6 1800 4 200 2 4 8 NSD 6
s = 0.2 7 TeV
7000 2360 900
-5
-2.5
2.5
0 10 3
-5
-2.5
2.5
dn/dyd pt (c /GeV )
10
-1
NSD
dn/dd2pt (c2/GeV2)
NSD
10
10 | | < 2.4 10
-1
10
-3
7000 (x 10) 10
-5
1800 (| | < 1.0) 200 (| | < 2.5)
10
-3
2360 10 0 2 4 6 8 pt (GeV/c)
-5
10
-7
900 (x 0.1) 0 2 4 6 pt (GeV/c)
But: the inuence of detector eects unclear in CMS results E.g., contradiction with ALICE 'inel>0' selection:
dNch/d
8 INEL+ 7000 6 2360 4 900 2 QGSJET II-04
-5
-2.5
2.5
Outlook
QGSJET-II is based on optical theorem & s -channel unitarity all-order resummation of enhanced Pomeron graphs complete set of partial x -sections (for all possible nal states) self-consistent MC implementation 'semihard Pomeron' scheme for hard processes phenomenological soft Pomeron ( strings) for soft processes phenomenological vertices for Pomeron-Pomeron interactions Main drawbacks: neglects energy-momentum correlations (at amplitude level) in multiple scattering 2 neglects 'hard' (|q 2 | > Q0 ) Pomeron-Pomeron coupling 2 no evolution of saturation scale above Q0 = 3 GeV2 (treatment currently in progress (higher twist resummation))
Outlook
Outlook
Outlook
Outlook
Outlook
Outlook
Outlook
Outlook
Backup
Procedure for a 'cut net-fan' reconstruction (for simplicity, illustrated without Pomeron loops)
_ m>2 /
...
m>0 /
net
m>2 / n net ... et
=
y ,b1 1
...
y ,b1 1
y,b
...
... ... n>0

/
y,b
y ,b1 1
t ne
...
... n>0
/
y ,b1 1
t ne
at each step, one checks if the remaining piece is just a single cut Pomeron (with all the absorptive eects included):
a
...
=
y1 ,b1 d
+ ...
or a diractive cut (last graph in the rhs) or a splitting into 2 or more cut net-fans (2nd graph in the rhs)
Backup
_ m>2 /
...
m>0 /
net
m>2 / n net ... et
=
y ,b1 1
...
y ,b1 1
y,b
...
... ... n>0

/
y,b
y ,b1 1
t ne
...
... n>0
/
y ,b1 1
t ne
a
...
=
y1 ,b1 d
+ ...
Backup
_ m>2 /
...
m>0 /
net
m>2 / n net ... et
=
y ,b1 1
...
y ,b1 1
y,b
...
... ... n>0

/
y,b
y ,b1 1
t ne
...
... n>0
/
y ,b1 1
t ne
a
...
=
y1 ,b1 d
+ ...
Fixed target pC-collision
dn/dx
10 2 10 1 10 10 10
-1
p+C +/-
dn/dy
QGSJET II-04
p+C +/1
QGSJET II-04
0.75
0.5
-2
0.25
-3
0.25
0.5
0.75
1 x
-4
-2
4 y
Interferention between double diraction and double single diraction
Example: double high mass diraction at the lowest order

2
Comparison with heavy ions (QGSJET-II-03 - previous version)
dn/deta
dn/deta
800
Au+Au 130 GeV C 0-5%
800
Au+Au 200 GeV C 0-5%
600
600 5-10% 5-10% 10-20% 200 20-30% 30-40% 40-50% 0 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 pseudorapidity eta
400
10-20% 20-30%
400
200
30-40% 40-50%
-5
-2.5
2.5 5 pseudorapidity eta

S. Ostapchenko - Pomeron Calculus: X-Sections, Diffraction & MC

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S. Ostapchenko - Pomeron Calculus: X-Sections, Diffraction & MC

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Pomeron Calculus: X-sections, Diraction & MC

S. Ostapchenko NTNU (Trondheim) ECT Trento, December 3, 2010

arXive: 1003.0196 [hep-ph], hep-ph/0612175, 0602139, 0505259

'Elementary' processes: non-dir. production virtual rescattering

Schematic (elementary parton cascades Pomerons):

Schematic (elementary parton cascades Pomerons):

Schematic (elementary parton cascades Pomerons):

E.g., using eikonal vertices for Pomeron emission:

P P jk = Imfjk - eikonal for Pomeron exchange between |j and |k

E.g., using eikonal vertices for Pomeron emission:

P P jk = Imfjk - eikonal for Pomeron exchange between |j and |k

E.g., using eikonal vertices for Pomeron emission:

P P jk = Imfjk - eikonal for Pomeron exchange between |j and |k

E.g., using eikonal vertices for Pomeron emission:

P P jk = Imfjk - eikonal for Pomeron exchange between |j and |k

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

In reality, any 'intermediate' Pomeron may be replaced by 'loops':

Introduce 'net fan' contributions via Schwinger-Dyson equation:

m2 >1, n 2 >0 / / m2+n 2 >2 /

m ... 2 y ,b2 2 ... n2 y ,b1 1

have the meaning of 'reaction-dependent PDFs'

Introduce 'net fan' contributions via Schwinger-Dyson equation:

m2 >1, n 2 >0 / / m2+n 2 >2 /

m ... 2 y ,b2 2 ... n2 y ,b1 1

have the meaning of 'reaction-dependent PDFs'

Sum of (almost) all irredicible contributions to elastic amplitude (pp(jk ) (s , b)):

m2,n 1 >0 m i+n i >2

examples of graphs which are not included in this scheme:

... ... m>0 y2 ,b2 ...n>0

y2 ,b2 y1 ,b1 _ m=1 y2 ,b2 y1 ,b1

y1 ,b1 m>2 et net

One obtains the complete system of cuts:

y1 ,b1 _ n>2 / (2) m>2 / et net

n>2 / (3) _ m>2 / m>0 /

n>2 / net m>1 / ... y1 ,b1

_ n=1 (5) m>0 /

m>2 / n net ... et

n>0 / _ n=1 (11)

... y1 ,b1 ... n>0

... y1 ,b1 ... n>0

Obtained contributions satisfy s -channel unitarity (completness):

Obtained contributions satisfy s -channel unitarity (completness):

Obtained contributions satisfy s -channel unitarity (completness):

Particular (simple) model

2-component ('soft' +'hard') Pomeron:

D P (s , t ) = 8 i s P(s) e P(s) lns t + rh/s s P(h) e P(h) lns t

P exchange between a proton and a multi-P vertex (y , b): jP (y , b) = P 8 2 ie y

Particular (simple) model

2-component ('soft' +'hard') Pomeron:

D P (s , t ) = 8 i s P(s) e P(s) lns t + rh/s s P(h) e P(h) lns t

P exchange between a proton and a multi-P vertex (y , b): jP (y , b) = P 8 2 ie y

Particular (simple) model

2-component ('soft' +'hard') Pomeron:

D P (s , t ) = 8 i s P(s) e P(s) lns t + rh/s s P(h) e P(h) lns t

P exchange between a proton and a multi-P vertex (y , b): jP (y , b) = P 8 2 ie y

Particular (simple) model

Pomeron Calculus: X-sections, Diraction & MC

'Elementary' processes: non-dir. production virtual rescattering

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

High mass diraction from enhanced diagrams:

Dierential elastic cross section

Diractive cross sections

Diractive cross sections

Diractive cross sections

Impact on high mass part of SD and diraction prole (at 14 TeV):

Impact on high mass part of SD and diraction prole (at 14 TeV):

Impact on high mass part of SD and diraction prole (at 14 TeV):

Impact on high mass part of SD and diraction prole (at 14 TeV):

main dierence to KMR & GLM - faster rise of tot