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Ancient mathematical works such as Sulva-Sutras show the use of Geometry for
designing and constructing altars.Mathematics was an important field of knowledge
and the ancient Indians made valuable contributions to it.To day mathematics is
acknowledged as the queen of all sciences.Hindus thought like wise more than 3000
years ago.” Like the crest of a peacock,like the gems on (the hoods of) snakes,so is
mathematics at the head of all Vendanga Sastras”. Mathematicians like
Aryabhatta,Bhaskara I ,Brhmagupta, Mahavir, Aryabhatta II, and Srihari
developed most of the mathematics formulae which continue to be used even
todayThe approximate value of II (pie) as 3.1416 – a value used to day in all types of
mathematics, Algebra, Geometry, Trignometry etc.Astronomy essential for sacred
purposes used for practical purposes like Agriculture etc,,developed during the old
period continues to be an important science even today. Medicine was practiced
during that period so also the other fields of Chemistry, Physics, Agriculture, which
formed a base for the present development of Science and Technology. Indus valley
civilization displayed advanced skills. Indian Technology developed several hard
cements. Constructional engineering reached high levels in the medieval times age
inwide range of monuments including metallurgy, metal casting etc – The Iron Pillar
in Dehi is a fine example of the quality. Navigation also was used in a scientific
manner, an example being “The Matsya Yantra” which later the western world
copied and used as Mariners Compass. Textiles also were very m uch in vogue
during the period between 2500 -1000BC
(Students please note that this is the / evolution of science since ancient times and our
present status in science and Technology is the Impact of our Ancient Science on the
Society to day.) – could be a important question for you.
note that the evolution of science in the past history has raised the SPIRIT to
develop, research etc.,into more science and Technology.
.3.
Science Policy Resolution ,Vision of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and the 5 year plans.
The first Prime Minister of India late Jawaharlal Nehru realized how indispensable
is the development of Science & Technology.Thus he moved the Science Policy
Resolution in the Parliament in 1958 which was latewr modified over the years and
in 1983 with certain aims as follows :-
• Achieve a greater spread in the use of Technological developments,
• Ensure accessibility of Technological devices to all segments of the society
with special emphasis on remote and rural communities in order to improve
their quality of life.
• Enhance infrastructural facilities.
• Upgrade traditional skills and reduce drudgery keeping in view the special
needs of women and the weaker sections of society.
• Encourage industries for enhancing human skills to upgrade existing
technologies to comparable international levels as well as to attain such levels
for newer and emerging Technologies.
• Adoption ,adaptation and promotion of state-of-art Technologies for waste
prevention and reduction by lesser consumption of raw matewrials with
special emphasis on indigenous efforts.
• Modification and upgradation of the process Technologies for optimal
utilization of natural resources.
• Adoption of prev entive approach for pollution control.
• Promotion and use of cleaner Technologies &
• Ensuring access to cleaner Technologies available abroad.
The thrust areas for Technology development were to be related to : (see page 13)
The Government announced yet another policy in 2003.The highlight of the
objectives are (see page 14)
Read all the 5 year plans with special emphasis on 7th,9th & 10th plans
10th plan emphasizes on self reliance,upgradation of technology etc.
Read about CSIR well and its objectives with achievements during the 10th plan.
In fact 10th plan covers almost all aspects of S & T IN
Agriculture,Industry,energy,defence & Bio-Technology.
Spin-offs of all technologies developed in all departments for civilian use are
important with special focus in defence.,& Bio-Technology.
.4.
Technology is made up of three different types of Technology. _
1. Low Technology 2.Intermediate Technology 3. High Technology
4.APPROPRIATE Technology.
National Research Development Co-operation (NRDC) is a nodal Technology
Transfer organization in the Country. It has identified the constraints in
commercializing indigenous Technology, some which are : lack of design and
Engineering facilities, a pre-production bottle neck, lack of financial support, and
lack of Market Data. Now the CSIR and NRDC have evolved various strategies to
get the private sector to use indigenously developed Technologies.1.Equity scheme
under which a firm gets ready-to-use Technology if it gives an equity participation to
the Laboratory. Another is the profit-sharing scheme under which the Laboratory
gets a part of the savings generated by the company using its
Technology. The setting up of Marketing wings is also projected. However, Indian
businessmen might have to be provided with more incentives to adopt indigenous
Technologies. The concept of sharing development costs has to be encouraged. It is
only with more evidence of successful projects using indegeneous Technology that
exports or transfer of such Technology will increase. The CSIR network is exporting
Technologies. The Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) HAS
CONTRACTED TO TRANSFER PESTICIDE Technology for the AIDS Drug,
ANTI-ULCER DRUG TO Brazil, and other Technologies to China and other
countries. A leading company in Holland has bought a Hydro- dewaxing Technology
developed at the National Chemical Laboratory (NCL).Collaborations with foreign
firms are on the increase.In order to tap the talent and co-operation on non. resident
Indian experts,
A strong and scientific and Technological infrastructure has been established in the
country.The Industrial sector in India is in the Public Sector as well as in Private
Sector. Finance and manpower deployed for Industrial R & D activities represent
the Main Input to R&D and are used as indicators of the commitment of Industry to
INNOVATION. In a developing country like India, it is inevitable that R&D
activities be taken up on a large scale by the Government. However the functioning
of these organizations has been far from satisfactory, the main and Major reason
being the Political Interference in the Public Sector, being dictated Politically of
running the Public Sector Industries and these are the Major Barriers also besides
other Barriers, like funds not reaching in time radical interferences by political
parties, and misuse at every instance, of funds. Marketing of knowledge requires
special skills in the new environment, and knowledge of special nature has to be
imparted to boost the marketing of Technology by way of Transfer or sale. Special
consultants can FORECAST the market trends for the Industries and proper
pricing of a competitive nature can be developed with the help of consultants using
Statistical Methods.
ASSESSMENT – The CSIR has contributed significantly to the National economy
.some of them being the Labs do not have Mandatory goals.They are neither under
the Ministries nor are they afliated to Major Industries..The CSIR does not
interfere with working of R&D,or its utilization..The emphasis is now on reduced
dependence on Government Funds, to be more amenable to forces and user
demands.
.7.
Technology Transfer is effected not only in Industry, but also in Agriculture and
other scientific developments, including Medicines, and eradication of diseases of
certain nature by way of Vaccines and other medicines distributed in Rural areas
and remote areas for the benefit of mankind.,& forecasting with estimation of crop
results in Agriculture,weather forecasting for Agriculture purposes,mapping Acre-
age for better utilization.The spin-offs of different technologies, including
Defence,and NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY are transferred to the benefits of civilian
and human benefits. & Industry overcoming the Barriers and Political hindrances.
NEXUS is the interconnection or interaction between Transfer of Technology and
Developments,which has to overcome Barriers of different kinds as mentioned.
Low Technology - does not displace Labour / Intermediate Technology – refers to
the production of finished goods & Intermediate Products. / High Technology –
refers to the use of Sophisticated & Complex processes and Machinery,& is made
use of in Major & GIANT Industries, like Steel, Communications
Equipment,Space,and Nuclear Installations ,& Refineries etc. /Appropriate
Technology,as the name indicates is suitable for given Conditions, of
Production,Available Resources ,Technical Know-how, needs etc.
Promotion of Science & Technology should lead to the Breaking down the
BARRIERS of irrational and Superstious beliefs,& ideas that so often hamper &
damper the Human Progress.Scientific Principles have been profitability applied in
the fields of –
Agriculture to increase yield ,improving Crops, - HEALTH is directly or indirectly
influenced by the Discoveries of Science & Technology / - Communications play an
Important role in disseminating (spread of) information and Knitting people
together.Science & Technology have always been part of the developing process that
is inherent to civilization. BY WAY OF TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY.
.8.
BARRIERS: There are shortcomings like the dangerous side effects of Rapid
Technological Development – Environment Pollution, /Dangerous reactions in
Health curing Medicines & Tests. / In Agriculture excessive usage of, and not using
APPROPRIATE Fertilisers for the Crops & Plants. These have to be earnestly
checked and with the help of the same science and Technology avoid irrepairable or
irreversible damage & more utility has to be made.misdirected & indiscreet usage of
Technology should be avoided,& this is where Science & Technology R&D can be
constructively used in the development of our country India. ( critical note)
The impact of Scientific & Technological endeavour is seen - in Industrial
Advancement with high Technologies, Space Applications, Defence of our Country,
does not mitigate the misery of a large section of people having to exist in unsanitary
conditions, without safe Drinking Water, with little or no MEDICAL fecilities
,including education in the right direction. A large section of people still live under
the above mentioned conditions & have to ge mitigated to the least or completely
eradicate. Unless Rural India, including remote Areas in the country are benefited
by Science &Technology. and its R&D. THE IMPACT OF Science &Technoligical
R&D will continue to be at a low level. Efforts are being made and the progress is
slow – as Barriers continue to Hamper progress.
Self-Reliance : The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) is the
nodal department for granting recognition to in-house Research & Development
Centres.
.9.
NOTE: * in brackets is not a key factor though you can write about it at
the last.
• Technology Transfer to Industry towards indegenisation relevant to
social needs. A Technology Transfer Advisory Committee constituted by
DST, guides Technology Transfer issues & a TT cell sees to TT activities
of projects with the objective of encouraging Technology generation &
diffusion from DST – FUNDED Scheme
SPIN-OFFS CONTD:
SPACE RESEARCH
Objectives – The primary objectives:
i. satellite-based resources survey and environment monitoring/ ii. Satellite
communications./iii.meteorological applications./iv. Development of indigenous
satellite launch vehicles & associated ground segment for providing these space
based services.
The thrust in the 10th plan will be on the development of space technology & large
scale applications of this Technology in priority areas to act as a catalyst for
economic development,a tool for enhancing the quality of human resources and to
strengthen national security.
Cryogenic technology was used for the first time in ISRO vehicle.
Cryogenic Engine is crucial to the development of GSLV Using liquid Hydrogen
and liquid oxygen.These engines give greater thrust.
Insat system & its applications.
I NSAT is the largest domestic satellite communication system in Asia Pacific
Region.,with 9 satellites in operation – INSAT-3A ,3B,3C,3E,KALPANA-1,GSAT-
2,EDUSAT & INSAT-4A.The system has Meteorological Instruments on some of its
satellites.It provides services in TV,Tele-communications,V SATs & Meteorology
including DISASTER MANAGEMENT . INSAT has been a major catalyst for the
expansion of TV coverage in India..In the area of Tele-communications various
terminals are operating through INSAT.
INSAT societal applications.
It is important to note that besides use for routine Tele-communications,V
SATs&TV, INSAT is used for a variety of societal applications.
Application is in Education – One of the satellites in the INSAT System,EDUSAT is
dedicated to exclusively for providing education.It covers all regions of
India(Mainland).EDUSAT is primarily meant for providing connectivity to
school,college & higher levels of education & also to support non-formal education
including developmental communication.
,.23.
In order to enable large sections of our society to derive the benefits from science
and Technology ,by way of research and development .Scientific and Technological
activities require technically trained manpower and this is achieved through S&T
Education.The university system in India continues to be the main source of S&T
manpower development in India as scientists .The aims of the scientists are laid out
by the Government Scientific wing policies to -:
1.To achieve a greater spread in the use of technological developments & devices to
all segments of the society with special emphasis on remote and rural communities
in order to improve their quality of life and raise the scientific cultural SPIRIT to
higher standards,and shread the dividing barriers for development
2.upgrade traditional skills , enhance human skills and reduce drudgery keeping in
view the special needs of women and the weaker sections of society. And also
enhance the human skills through up gradation comparable to international
standards in quality and maintain the same levels for newer and emerging
technologies.
3.STATE-OF-THE –ART Technology to be developed for waste prevention, less
usage of raw materials(saving natural resources wherever possible).
4.Controlling Pollution through cleaner Technologies and maintain ecological
balance.
5.Continuous efforts to create more scientific and technical personnel relative to the
welfare & improvement for the population .
6. for self reliance & utilization of indigenous resources,for improving our economy.
.29.
Embryo transplantation -- ,used with cattle,goats,pigs, & sheep aims to increase the
number of of off-spring from a quality highly rated female.(under highly rated
harmone treatment to produce more eggs than normal). Cloning & genetic
engineering are likely to be at the forefront of future research advances in animal
breeding.Cloning embroyos to artificially produce genetic duplicates of an animal
has also become possible.example is DOLLY IN Feb1997( a lamb With human
genes) known as transgenic CLONING.,it was found that many other animals can
also be artificially developed through this technology of cloning. (please read pages
498,499 (cloning para) & also box 527.
Cloning of animals has been based on a technique known as “ nuclear transfer”
Please remember this comes under TRANSFER OF TECHNIOLOGY.
.36.
Mature Emerging
1. Bio-Mass Fuelled Power Plant
2. Bio-Mass Digesters. 1.Photo VoltaSystem(PV)
3. Hydro-Electric Systems. 2.Wind Energy.
3.Solar Electric Conversion.
4.Ocean Energy.
a.Waves
b.Thermal Gradients.
.37.