INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS

CHAPTER 14
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

Content:

▪ Integration of Odd and Even Functions ▪ Manipulating the Expression ▪ Integration

by Parts ▪ Integrals involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions ▪ Trigonometric Substitution
▪ Integration of Partial Fractions

 Integration of Odd and Even Functions

Any function whose graph is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis is an even function.
Any function whose graph is symmetrical to the origin is an odd function. Using equations,

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) even function

𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) odd function

THEOREM: Let 𝑓 be continuous on the symmetric interval [−𝑎, 𝑎].

(a) If 𝑓 is even, then

𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 0

(b) If 𝑓 is odd, then

𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝑎

Illustration:

Integrate the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 6 in the interval [−2, 2].

Sol’n.

First, determine if the function is even, odd, or neither.

Check if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥).

?
𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 6 ⇔ (−𝑥)4 − 4(−𝑥)2 + 6

Since, 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 6 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 6, then, it is even.

If it doesn’t satisfy the even equation, then check if it satisfies the odd equation
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥). Again, if it is not equal, then the function is neither even nor odd. This
integration method cannot be used.

Because the function is even,

2 2
232
∫ 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 6 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 6 𝑑𝑥 =
−2 0 15
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
 Manipulating the Expression

 Substitution

Example. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)5 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =𝑢+1

∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑢 + 1)(𝑢)5 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢6 + 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢

𝑢7 𝑢6
= + +𝐶
7 6
(𝑥 − 1)7 (𝑥 − 1)6
= + +𝐶
7 6

 Add and Subtract Term

1
Example. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + 1
1 1 + 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +1 𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑒𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + 1
= 𝑥 + ln|𝑒 𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶

 Division
𝑣2
Example. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑣−1

Divide Therefore,
𝑣2 𝟏
= 𝒗 + 𝒗−𝟏
𝑣−1

So,
𝑣2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑣−1 𝑣−1

𝑣2
= + ln|𝑣 − 1| + 𝐶
2
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
 Use Identities

Examples. Evaluate ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sin 𝑥)(sin 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (sin 𝑥)(1 − cos2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sin 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

cos 3 𝑥
= − cos 𝑥 − +𝐶
3

Evaluate ∫ cos4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ cos 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (cos2 𝑥)(cos 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 + cos 2𝑥 1 + cos 2𝑥
= ∫( )( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 2cos 2𝑥 cos2 2𝑥
=∫ + + 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4
1 cos 2𝑥 1 + cos 4𝑥
=∫ + + 𝑑𝑥
4 2 8
3 sin 2𝑥 sin 4𝑥
= 𝑥+ + +𝐶
8 4 32

 Multiply conjugate

Example. Evaluate 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 − 1

1 sin 𝑥 + 1 sin 𝑥 + 1
× =
sin 𝑥 − 1 sin 𝑥 + 1 sin2 𝑥 − 1

So,

1 sin 𝑥 − 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 − 1 sin 𝑥 − 1
sin 𝑥 1
=∫ − 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥 − 1 sin2 𝑥 − 1
sin 𝑥 1
=∫ + 𝑑𝑥
−cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥

= ∫ − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
 Integration by Parts

THEOREM: If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and have continuous derivatives, then

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

It is derived from the Product Rule for Differentiation.

Examples. Evaluate the following using integration by parts.

1. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)5 𝑑𝑥

𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥

∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝜋
2. ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

3. ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
Integration by Parts using Tabular Method

Illustration. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using tabular method.

Step 1. Create a table with three columns. The number of rows depends on the given function.
For the first column, write + and – signs as shown.

Step 2. Write “Derivative” in the 1st row 2nd column cell and write “Integral” in the 1st row 3rd
column cell.

Derivative Integral
+
-
+
-

Step 3. Write your 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 terms as shown. For the 𝑢, choose the term that when
differentiated repeatedly, it will become zero. The remaining term will be your 𝑑𝑣.

Derivative Integral
+ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣
-
+
-

For the given example, the table will be like this. 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 because when differentiated
repeatedly, it will result to zero.

Derivative Integral
+ 𝑥3 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
-
+
-

Step 4. Differentiate your 𝑢 repeatedly until it will become zero. Integrate your 𝑑𝑣 as many
times you differentiated your 𝑢. Below is the result.

Derivative Integral
+ 𝑥3 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
- 3𝑥 2 𝑒𝑥
+ 6𝑥 𝑒𝑥
- 6 𝑒𝑥
+ 0 𝑒𝑥
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
Step 5. Multiply as shown and add up the result.

Derivative Integral
+ 𝑥3 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
- 3𝑥 2 𝑒𝑥
+ 6𝑥 𝑒𝑥
- 6 𝑒𝑥
+ 0 𝑒𝑥

Hence, the final answer is

∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6) + 𝐶

Special Cases. The problems below cannot be integrated by using the above process. It
requires a little modification. This will be discussed during the class.

1. ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Exercise 14.1 Evaluate the following. Use any of the methods and techniques discussed.

𝜋
1. ∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ sin(−𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋

(ln 𝑥)2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑥2 − 2 3
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫(3 − 𝑥) √𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

4. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 3)3 𝑑𝑥

1
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥+1
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
 Integrals involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥, and let 𝑎 > 0.

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. ∫ = arctan +𝐶
𝑎2 + 𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 |𝑢|
3. ∫ = arcsec +𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

Examples. Evaluate the following.

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
1. ∫ 3. ∫
√9 − 4𝑥 2 1
𝑧√𝑧 2 − 2
𝑎=3 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢⁄2

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫
√9 − 4𝑥 2 2 √32 − 𝑢2
𝑢
= arcsin + 𝐶
3
2𝑥
= arcsin +𝐶
3

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 4. ∫
3 + 9𝑥 2 √𝑒 2𝑥 − 2
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
 Trigonometric Substitution

The objective of trigonometric substitution is to eliminate the radical in the integrand. This
method is used to evaluate integrals involving the following radicals:

√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 , √𝑎2 + 𝑢2 , and √𝑢2 − 𝑎2

where 𝑎 is constant and 𝑢 is any function.

For integrals involving

√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃

√𝑎2 + 𝑢2 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃

√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 where 𝑎 > 0.

Examples. Evaluate the following using trigonometric substitution.

𝑑𝑥 Then,
1. ∫
𝑥 2 √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ =∫
𝑥 2 √9 − 𝑥 2 (9 sin2 𝜃)(3 cos 𝜃)
Let 𝑥 = 3 sin 𝜃
1 𝑑𝜃
So, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 2
9 sin 𝜃
√9 − 𝑥 2 = 3 cos 𝜃
1
𝑥 2 = 9 sin2 𝜃 = ∫ csc 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9

1
= − cot 𝜃 + 𝐶
9

1 √9 − 𝑥 2
=− ( )+𝐶
9 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 3. ∫
√4𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)3/2
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
Exercise 14.2 Find the integral.

𝑥+2 𝑥2
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑥 2 √4 − 𝑥 2

1 2
√𝑥 2 − 3
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 4 𝑥
√3

𝑥4 − 1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 1 6. ∫
𝑥2 + 18𝑥 + 81
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
 Integration of Partial Fractions

Definition:
A partial fraction is any rational function where the denominator is factorable, and the
degree of the numerator always less than that of the denominator.

Review: Decomposition of Partial Fractions

Illustration:
Evaluate the given function.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6

This function is un-integrable on its current form. To evaluate, it must be decompose to

two or more simpler fractions. Using the decomposition method, the result is
1 1 1
= −
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 2
Therefore,
1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥−3 𝑥−2
So,
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 − 3| − ln|𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6

Examples. Evaluate the following functions by decomposing first the fractions.

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
𝑥2−9

𝑡
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑡
(𝑡 + 1)2
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 14
4 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 4

Exercise 14.3 Find the integral.

𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)

𝑥−5
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥
+ 1)

𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
16𝑥 4 − 1