Author: Billy
Further Pure Mathematics: 1st Term Full Revision
Topic 1: Completing the Square Method
𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 =0
If 𝑎 ≠ 0, divide the whole equation by 𝑎.
𝑏𝑥 𝑐
𝑥! + =−
𝑎 𝑎
1
Add of the coefBicient of 𝑥 on both sides.
2
𝑏𝑥 𝑏 ! 𝑐 𝑏 !
𝑥! + +D E =− +D E
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
Thereafter, continue solving for x until it comes down to one (or) two values.
Topic 2: Quadratic Formula
The standard form is 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐
The quadratic formula states that 𝑥 = .
2𝑎
!
i.e. 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0.
Compare it with standard form 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = −2.
−(−3) ± Q(−3)! − 4(4)(−2)
𝑥=
2(4)
Topic 3: Discriminant of the Quadratic Formula
The 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 part of the quadratic formula is also known as the discriminant.
𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 ⟶ equal/repeated roots [1 solution]
𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 ⟶ real, two or one (unequal or equal) roots [1 or 2 solutions]
𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 ⟶ real, unequal/different roots [2 solutions]
𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 ⟶ no real roots [Solution ∈ 𝐼]
Topic 4: Roots
There are usually 2 solutions when solving a quadratic equation. They are known as roots.
These two roots are known as 𝛼 and 𝛽, where
−𝑏 + √𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐
𝛼= and 𝛽 = .
2𝑎 2𝑎
The sum of two roots can be written as 𝜶 + 𝜷 = −𝒃e𝒂 .
The product of two roots can be written as 𝜶𝜷 = 𝒄⁄𝒂.
Topic 5: Useful Formulas for Roots
After Binding 𝛼 + 𝛽 and 𝛼𝛽, you can solve for values of the following.
𝛼 ! + 𝛽 ! = (𝛼 + 𝛽)! − 2𝛼𝛽
𝛼 ! + 𝛽 ! = (𝛼 − 𝛽)! + 2𝛼𝛽
(𝛼 + 𝛽)! = (𝛼 − 𝛽)! + 4𝛼𝛽
(𝛼 − 𝛽)! = (𝛼 + 𝛽)! − 4𝛼𝛽
𝛼 − 𝛽 = ±Q(𝛼 ! + 𝛽 ! ) − 2𝛼𝛽
𝛼 ! − 𝛽 ! = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝛼 # + 𝛽 # = (𝛼 + 𝛽)# − 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝛼 # − 𝛽 # = (𝛼 − 𝛽)# + 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝛼 # + 𝛽 # = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 ! − 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽 ! )
𝛼 # − 𝛽 # = (𝛼 − 𝛽)(𝛼 ! + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽 ! )
Topic 6: Quadratic Equation with Two Roots
Let 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 𝑅$ and 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 𝑅! .
The required equation is 𝒙𝟐 − (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 )𝒙 + 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟎.
Topic 7: Zeroes
0
= undetermined value
0
𝑥
= inBinity, where 𝑥 ≠ 0
0
0
= 0, where 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
Topic 6: Inequalities
If you don’t know how to do inequalities, come and ask me. I don’t know how to explain this
topic in simple terms.
Topic 7: Quadratic Inequalities
Find where the parabola cuts the x-axis and y-axis by replacing x and y values with 0.
i.e., 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. ⟶ Let 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
When 𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.
Here, you can obtain two values of x and find where the parabola cuts the x-axis.
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 + 0 + 𝑐 = 𝑐.
Here, you can obtain a value of y and find where the parabola cuts the y-axis.
Draw a sketch of the graph with line of symmetry and minimum point, and hence obtain the
solution set of 𝑥.
If the equation is > 0 (𝑦 > 0), the values of x are above the x-axis.
If the equation is < 0 (𝑦 < 0), the values of x are below the x-axis.
Make sure to colour or shade the dots if 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 0 or 𝑥 ≤ 0 is mentioned.
Topic 8: Arithmetic Sequences/Arithmetic Progressions
The formula for the nth term of an A.P. is:
𝑼𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅, where
𝑎 = Birst term
𝑑 = common difference
𝑛 = number of terms.
*The n'( term 𝑈) is equivalent to the last term 𝑙.
𝑈) can sometimes be written as 𝑇) .
Common difference 𝑑 = 𝑈) − 𝑈)*$
i.e., 𝑑 = 𝑈! − 𝑈$ = 𝑈# − 𝑈! = . . .
The formula for the sum to n terms, or sum of n terms of an A.P. is:
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = (𝒂 + 𝒍), or
𝟐
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝟐
Topic 9: Geometric Sequences/Geometric Progressions
The formula for the nth term of a G.P. is:
𝑼𝒏 = 𝒂𝒓𝒏*𝟏 , where
𝑎 = Birst term
𝑟 = common ratio
𝑛 = number of terms.
*The n'( term 𝑈) is equivalent to the last term 𝑙.
+
Common ratio 𝑟 = + !
!"#
𝑈! 𝑈#
i.e., 𝑟 = = =. . .
𝑈$ 𝑈!
The formula for the sum to n terms, or sum of n terms of a G.P. is:
𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺𝒏 = ,𝑟 < 1
𝟏−𝒓
𝒂(𝒓𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝑺𝒏 = ,𝑟 > 1
𝒓−𝟏
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏, 𝑟=1
Topic 10: ‘nth’ Term Formula from Sum to ‘n’ Terms Formula
To find the nth term formula from the sum to n terms, we can use this equation:
𝑼𝒏 = 𝑺𝒏 − 𝑺𝒏*𝟏
Topic 11: Sum to Infinity
The sum to infinity only exists when |𝑟| < 1.
𝑺, 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔 ⟺ |𝒓| < 𝟏.
Likewise, 𝑆, only exists in geometric progressions.
The formula for sum to infinity is:
𝒂
𝑺, = , |𝑟| < 1
𝟏−𝒓
This is called a convergent series.
𝑺, = ±∞, |𝑟| ≥ 1
This is called a divergent series.
Topic 12: Logarithm
Change of exponential form into logarithmic form:
𝒂𝒙 = 𝒃 ⟹ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒃 = 𝒙
Logarithm Properties:
log / 1 = 0
log / 𝑏 = 1
log / 𝑀𝑁 = log / 𝑀 + log / 𝑁
𝑀
log / = log / 𝑀 − log / 𝑁
𝑁
log / 𝑀) = 𝑛 log / 𝑀
log 0 𝑀
log / 𝑀 =
log 0 𝑏
1
log / 𝑀 =
log 1 𝑏
1
log /! 𝑀 = log / 𝑀
𝑛
log 2 𝑀 = ln 𝑀
