Algebra 2/Trig.

Cheat Sheet
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Unit Circle: Special Triangles:
90°
S A
(0,1)
30°
45°
180° 0° , 360° √2 2
(−1,0) (1,0) 1 √3

(0, −1) 45° 60°

T C 1 1
270°
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Trigonometric Functions: (SOH CAH TOA) Trigonometric Inverses/Identities:
(Only work on right triangles.)
1 1
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
Opposite

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
e 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) 1
nus 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃) =
te 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)
y po ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
H
𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
Adjacent 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) =
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
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Co-function Identities:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 $ − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 $ − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 $ − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃)
2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 $ − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 $ − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 $ − 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)
2 2 2
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Pythagorean Identities: 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 !Proofs:
Trig. 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ! 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 !Degrees
Converting 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ! 𝜃to Radians:
𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝜃 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 π 𝜋
60° × =
1 180 3
! ! 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ×
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Converting Radians to Degrees:
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ! 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ! 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝜋 180
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 × = 60°
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 3 𝜋

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Distance Formula: Law of Sines:
𝑑 = G(𝑥! − 𝑥# )! + (𝑦! − 𝑦# )! (This will be included on reference table)

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐵) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐶)

Law of Cosines: 𝑐 ! = 𝑎! + 𝑏 ! − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑐) = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝒄
OR
Product of Roots:𝒂
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) sin(𝐵) sin(𝐶)
,%
Sum of Roots: (
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Solving Trig. Functions Algebraically: Logarithms are Inverses of
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃, 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 − 2𝜋 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋 Exponential Equations:
𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝜃 − 1 = 0
𝑦 = log#$ (𝑥) 𝑦 = 10'
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1) = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 1 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1
,# (
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛,# (1) =
𝜃 = −90° , 270° 𝜃 = −270° , 90°

𝜃 = −270° , −90° , 90° , 270°

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Logarithm Rules: Logarithmic Equations:
!
𝑙𝑜𝑔#$ (100) = 2 10 = 100
log(𝑎𝑏) = log(𝑎) + log (𝑏) 𝑙𝑜𝑔) (𝑥) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔) (𝑥 + 6) = 2
𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔) (𝑥(𝑥 + 6)) = 2
log $ ) = log(𝑎) − log (𝑏) 𝑙𝑜𝑔) (𝑥 ! + 6𝑥) = 2
𝑏
log 𝑎% = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎) 4! = 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥
𝑙𝑛& (𝑥) = 𝑒 ' 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 − 16 = 0
(𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
To Change Log Base: 𝑥+8 =0 𝑥−2 =0
𝑙𝑜𝑏% (𝑥) 𝑥 = −8 𝑥=2
𝑙𝑜𝑔( (𝑥) =
𝑙𝑜𝑔% (𝑎) 𝑥 = −8,2
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Radical Equations: Simplifying Radical Rationalizing Radical
10√𝑥 + 4 = 100 Expressions: in denominator:
1 √𝑥 √𝑥
10 10 √40 = √4 ∙ 10 = √4√10 = 2√10 × =
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥
√𝑥 + 4 = 10
"
G256𝑚) 𝑛/ = 4𝑚𝑛! Radical Rules:
(√𝑥 + 4)! = 10!
#
!
𝑥 + 4 = 100
# 1 1 √𝑥 = 𝑥 -
25,! = =
√25 5 .
!
𝑥 - = ( √ 𝑥 ).
𝑥 = 96

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Imaginary Numbers: Sequences:
𝑖$ = 1 Given 𝑖 #$ Arithmetic Sequence: (add or subtract)
𝑖# = 𝑖 divide by 4 using 𝑎- = 𝑎# + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑖 ! = −1 long division, get
𝑖 0 = −𝑖 remainder 0, then
Geometric Sequence: (multiply or divide)
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 use as exponent.
𝑖 #$ → 𝑖 % = 1 𝑎- = 𝑎# ∙ 𝑟 -,#
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Binomial Theorem: Equation of a Circle:
-
𝑛 -,1 1 (𝑥 − 4)! + (𝑦 + 2)! = 16
-
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = \( )𝑎 𝑏 Center= (4, -2)
𝑘
12$
Radius=√16 = 4
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Probability: 8
Dependent Events= 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(5)
Binomial Probability= P (A and B)

Permutation= Independent Events=𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵)

(Order matters) P (A and B)

Combinations= Not mutually Exclusive= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃 (𝐴)

(Order doesn’t matter) P (A or B)
3(5 ∩8)
Conditional= =P(𝐵|𝐴) Mutually Exclusive=𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃 (𝐵)
3(5)
P (A or B)
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Population Mean (𝜇): Population Standard Deviation (𝜎): Z-Score:
- 𝑥−𝜇
1 ∑-:2#(𝑥 − 𝜇)! 𝑧=
𝜇= \ 𝑥: 𝜎=i 𝜎
𝑛 𝑁
:2#

Sample Mean (𝑥̅ ): Margin of Error:

- Sample Standard Deviation (𝑆):
1 𝑠
𝑥̅ = \ 𝑥: ∑- (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )! 𝑀𝑂𝐸 = 𝑧 ×
𝑛 𝑆 = i :2# √𝑛
:2# 𝑛−1
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Venn Diagram: Absolute Value: When solving for x create two
equations. One with a positive answer, one with a
A B A B negative. Then solve as normal. Ex:

|−125 + 2𝑥| = 45
𝐴∪𝐵 𝐴∩𝐵
−125 + 2𝑥 = 𝟒𝟓 − 125 + 2𝑥 = −𝟒𝟓
𝑥 = 85 𝑥 = 40

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 Factoring Methods to Know: Binomial Expansion:
1) Greatest Common Factor (GCF) 𝑎! − 𝑏 ! = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
2) Quadratic Formula: 𝑥 =
,%±√% & ,)(> 𝑎0 + 𝑏 0 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎! + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 ! )
!( 𝑎0 − 𝑏 0 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎! − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 ! )
2) Completing the Square
3) Difference of Two Squares (DOTS)
4) Factor by Grouping
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Discriminant Rules: Standard Form of a Parabola:
𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐>0 2 real roots Axis of Symmetry:−
%
!(
!
𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 =0 1 real root
Vertex Form of a Parabola:
𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐 <0 2 imaginary 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)! + 𝑘
roots Vertex:(ℎ, 𝑘)
0 < 𝑎 < 1, then parabola gets bigger
Dividing Polynomials: 𝑎 > 0, then parabola gets narrow
Remainder Theorem: If polynomial 𝑓(𝑥)
3𝑥 ! + 𝑥 + 1 is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑎), then remainder is equal
2𝑥 + 1 6𝑥 0 + 5𝑥 ! + 3𝑥 + 4 to 𝑓(𝑎). Ex:
0 !
− 6𝑥 + 3𝑥
2𝑥 ! + 3𝑥 + 4 If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 + 15 is divided by
(𝑥 − 1)
− 2𝑥 ! + 𝑥
2𝑥 + 4
The remainder will be…
− 2𝑥 + 1 𝑓(1) = 4(1)! + 6(1) + 15 = 25
𝑅: 3 Simplifying Rational Expressions:
!
3
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 +
2𝑥 + 1 9𝑦 0 − 𝑦 𝑦(9𝑦 ! − 1) 𝑦(3𝑦 − 1)(3𝑦 + 1)
= = = 𝑦(3𝑦 + 1)
3𝑦 − 1 3𝑦 − 1 3𝑦 − 1
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Compound Interest Formula: Exponential Equation:
𝑟 -; 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 '
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + )
𝑛
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 Exponential Growth:
𝑟 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏>1
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
Exponential Decay:
𝑡 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
0<𝑏<1

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Power Functions: Even Power Functions: 𝑦 =
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 - 𝑘𝑥 -
where, 𝑘 and 𝑛 are known number constants. where n is equal to any even
number {2, 4, 6, 8, … … … }
Odd Power Functions: 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 - Ex:
where n is equal to any odd number
{1,3,5,7, … … … }
Ex:
𝑦 = 𝑥!
𝑦 = 𝑥0

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Focus and Directrix: To find an equation of parabola, given focus (2,1) and
A parabola is equi-distant between directrix 𝑦 = −1:
both focus and directrix.
G(𝑦 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥)! = G(𝑥 − 𝑎)! + (𝑦 − 𝑏)!
(where a and b are from focus)

G(𝑦 + 1)! = G(𝑥 − 2)! + (𝑦 − 1)!

(𝑥 − 2)!
𝑦=
4

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Transformations of Function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 , where 𝑪 = 𝟐:

Function What does it do to the graph? Graph

Transformation

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝑪 𝐶 > 0 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑝

𝐶 < 0 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝑪) 𝐶 > 0 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

𝐶 < 0 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)

𝒚 = 𝑪𝒇(𝒙) 𝐶 > 1 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

0 < 𝐶 < 1 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐

𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙) 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐

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 𝒚 = 𝒇(−𝒙) 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐

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