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𝝅
, 𝟗𝟎° y - axis
𝟐
S A
▪ Sin and csc positive ▪ All positive
▪ (-ve, +ve) ▪ (+ve, +ve)
𝜋 𝜋
90+θ, 180- θ, + θ, π - θ θ or ( – θ)or 90 - θ
2 2
180°π °x – axis
360 2π
T C
▪ Tan and cot ar e positive ▪ cos and sec a re positive
▪ (-ve, -ve) ▪ (+ve, -ve)
3𝜋
π +θ, - θ, 180 + θ, 270 - θ 3𝜋
- θ, 270 + 𝜃, - θ, 360 - θ, 2π - θ
2 2
𝟑𝝅
270,
𝟐
𝜋 3𝜋
Change 90°, , 270, and changes.
2 2
−4
Example If tan θ = and θ ∈ [270°, 360°]
3
Find:
1. Cos (270 – θ)
2. Sin (180 + θ)
3. Tan (-θ)
4. Cos (90 + θ)
Solution:
−4
1. Cos (270 – θ) = - sin θ =
5
−4
2. Sin (180 + θ) = - sin θ =
5
−4
3. Tan (- θ) = - tan θ =
3
−4
4. Cos (90 + θ) = - sin θ =
5
Cos (- θ) = cos θ
Sec (- θ) = sec θ
Example
Find x:
7 𝑥
=
sin 60° sin 80°
(sin 80°) 7
X= = 7.96
sin 60°
"cosine law"
𝐶2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
Example
Even
Neutral Odd
All powers
Powers Are All powers are
Are even
even and odd odd
Symmetric
y - axis Eg: x + 2
Symmetric
eg: 𝑥2 + 2
origin point
1 0
Eg:
2 0
𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 + 4 𝑥5 + 2𝑥3 + 𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 3
3 2 5 3 1
4 2 0 0 𝑥3 + 𝑥
3 1
F (-x) = f (x)
Note:
|𝑥| is even
function
F (-x) = -f (x)
Drivitive
𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1 𝑥5 5𝑥4
𝑛 4𝑥 4
𝑛𝑥
𝑛 0 3 0
Solution : 𝑦 = 9𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 5
Solution: 𝑦 = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥
Tangen is y = 4x + b
Subs. (2, 0)
0 = 4 (2) + b
b = -8
tanget equation = y = 4x - 8
Behavior of function
If 𝑦 = 1 𝑥 3 − 5 𝑥2 + 6𝑥
3 2
Then: 𝑦=𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2)
Then, x = 2 is the maximum point for y.
x =3 is the minimum point for y.
in the interval ]−∞, 2[ the function y increase.
In the interval ]2, 3[ the function y decrease.
In the interval ]3, ∞[ the function increase.
For the function signs:
𝑦 = 1 𝑥 3 − 5 𝑥2 + 6𝑥
3 2
(mode 5, 4)
Conic section
𝑥2 𝑦2
2) Elipse: + =1 𝑎≠𝑏
𝑎2 𝑏2
If: 𝑎2 > 𝑏2 then elipse is horizontal.
If: 𝑏2 > 𝑎2 then elipse is vertical.
Center = (h, k) , 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
Foci
Horizontal Vertical
∵ center = (x, y) ∵ center = (x, y)
Foci = (x ± c, y) Foci = (x, y ± c)
Example (𝑥−3)2 𝑦2
+ =1
9 49
∵ 49 > 9 ∴ Elipse is vertical
Center = (3, 0) 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 - 𝑏2 = 40
C = 2 √10
foci= (3, 2 √10) and (3, -2 √10)
Asymptote of Elipse
5𝑥2−2 43
= 5𝑥 + 15 +
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
Oblique = 5x + 15
𝑥2 𝑦2 Equations have – ve sign at middle
3) Hyberpola: - =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Vertex = (h, k)
𝑏
Asymptote = y = k ± (x – h)
𝑎
Example
(𝑦−3)2 𝑥2−14𝑥+49
- =1
16 25
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑥−7)2
- =1
16 25
▪ Center = (7, 3)
▪ Vertical
4
▪ Asymptote: y=3± (x – 7)
5
4𝑥−13 −4𝑥+43
5 5
Transition of function
𝑥𝑚−𝑏𝑚 𝑚
Limit theorm "4": if limX→a 𝑥𝑛−𝑏𝑛
= (𝑏)𝑚−𝑛
𝑛
𝑎
Limit trig. theorm: limX→o sin 𝑎𝑥
=𝑏
𝑏𝑥
tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
limX→o =
𝑏𝑥 𝑏
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐱 → 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲)
Solving inquality:
𝑥−2 𝑥
1) >0 ≤ -1
𝑥+3 𝑥+1
x – 2= 0
𝑥
x=2 +1≤0
x+3=0 𝑥+1
x = -3 2𝑥+1 1
≤ 0 , 2x + 1 = 0 , x = -
𝑥+1 2
x + 1 = 0 , x = -1
x < -3 or x > 2
−1
-1< x≤
2
Matrices:
2 3
If A = [4 2], then A is (2 × 3) matrix
5 3
But, BA = (3 × 4) ∙ (2 × 3) cannot be 4 ≠ 2
Vectors:
𝐴= (10, 36°)
(r, θ)
𝐴= 8 𝑖 + 6 𝐽̂
If 𝐴⃑ = 3𝑖 + 5 𝑗 and ⃑⃑ = 4 𝑖⃑ + 2 𝑗⃑
𝐵
Find 3 𝐴⃑ + 2 𝐵 ⃑⃑ :
3 (3 𝑖⃑ + 5 𝑗⃑⃑ ) + 2 (4 𝑖⃑ + 2 ⃑𝑗⃑ )
= 9 𝑖⃑ + 15 𝑗⃑ + 8 𝑖⃑ + 4 𝑗⃑
= 17 𝑖⃑ + 19 𝑗⃑
In calculator:
to change from polar (r, θ) to cartesien (a 𝑖⃑ + b 𝑗⃑ )
use shift (-)
to change from cartesien (a 𝑖⃑ + b 𝑗⃑ ) to polar (r, θ)
use shift (+)
Arthmetic sequence
𝑇𝑛 = a + (n – 1) d , d = n – (n – 1)
𝑆 = 𝑛 (2a + (n – 1) d) = 𝑛 (a + L)
𝑛
2 2
Example
If A ∙ S = 2, 4, 6, 8, ............... 22
Find 𝑇7 and summution of A ∙ S :
Solution:
a=2,d=6–4=2
𝑇7= 2 + (7 – 1) 2 = 14
11
Sum = (2 + 22) = 132 𝑇𝑛 = 22 = 2 + (n – 1) 2
2 n = 11
Geomtric sequence
𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑑)
𝑛−1 , d=
𝑇𝑛−1
𝑎 −𝐿𝑑 𝑎(1−𝑑𝑛)
𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑑 =
1−𝑑
𝑎
𝑆∞ = where 0 < d < 1
1−𝑑
Logarithm rules
1) 𝐵𝑒 = R log𝐵 𝑅 = 𝑒
Eg: 32 = 9 log3 9 = 2
3) If B = a , R = 1 , then e = 0
log𝑎 1 = 0 eg: log3 1 = 0 , log5 1 = 0
log𝑎 𝑥𝑦
𝑧𝑙
= log𝑎 𝑥 + log𝑎 𝑦 - log𝑎 𝑧 - log𝑎 𝑙
Note
Numbers in numerator are positive
Numbers in denominator are
negative
6) log𝑎 𝑥𝑛 = n log𝑎 𝑥
Eg: log2 125 = log2 53 = 3 log2 5
7 log5 2 = log5 27 = log5 128
log𝑎 𝑥
7) log 𝑥 = (you choose your own new base)
𝑦
log𝑎 𝑦
log 7 Note:
log 7 = If logarithm has no base then base = 10
5
log 5
log11 2
= log 3 2 eg: log10 3 = log 3
log11 3
1
8) log𝑦 𝑥= , log𝑏 𝑎 × log𝑎 𝑏 = 1
log𝑥 𝑦
1
log7 5 = , log7 5 × log5 7 = 1
log5 7
Compination
And X Or +
Area of triangle
1
The main rule : B.h
2
First sec. rule:
1
Area = 𝑆1 × 𝑆2 × sin θ
2
tan θ = | 𝑚2−𝑚1 |
1+𝑚1𝑚2
(for only acute angle)
Example
Find a° and b°
3−(−2)
tan a° = | |
1+(−2)(3)
a° = 45° b° = 135°
Distance between point
and line
|𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐 |
L=
√𝑎2+𝑏2
Example
Find L: point: (2, 5)
Line: 5x – y – 3 = 0
|5(2)+(−5)−3| √26
L= =
√52+(−1)2 13
No Amptitude:
𝜋 For tan
Period = And cot
𝑏
Lxponential function
𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒃)𝒙+c
−𝑥
2𝑥 = (1⁄2) [increase]
y = a (𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑐
y intercebtion = a + c
If a is +ve y > c
range
If a is –ve y< c