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Methods Bound Reference 111
Methods Bound Reference 111
POLYNOMIALS .................................................................................................................... 5
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS........................................................................................................ 8
TRANSFORMATIONS ......................................................................................................... 11
A , B is the union of A and B, where there are all the elements of both A and B
A \ B is the set difference, where it states all the elements in A but not in B
Note:
- The ÔclosedÕ circle(¥)indicates that the number is included.
- The ÕopenÕ circle(ç) indicates that the number is not included.
The following are subsets of the real numbers for which we have special notation
- Positive real numbers: R+ ={x:x>0}
- Negative real numbers: R2 ={x:x<0}
- Real numbers excluding zero: R\{0}
Sum of functions
Difference of functions
Composite Functions
- If range of f ¦ domain of g, the composition g ç f is defined and
Coordinate Geometry
- Distance between two points A B = (x 2 2 x1)2 + (y2 2 y1)2
- Midpoint between two points
- Gradient between two points
- Tangent of the angle of slope- For a straight line with gradient m, the angle of slope is
found using m = tan»
where » is the angle that the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.
Simultaneous equations
3 cases for a system of two linear equations in two variables
- Unique solution: lines intersect at a point, eg. y = 2x + 3 and y = 3x + 3
- Infinite solutions: lines coincide, eg. y = 2x + 3 and 2y = 4x + 6
- No solution: lines are parallel, eg. y = 2x + 3 and y = 2x + 4
Polynomials
Polynomials- It is an equation or an expression that has terms that has been raised by powers
eg. y = x 3 + x 2 + x + 2
Quadratic formula
The discriminant
The discriminant of a quadratic polynomial a x 2 + bx + c is
= b2 2 4ac
For the equation a x 2 + bx + c = 0
- If > 0 , there are two solutions
- If = 0, there is one solution
- If < 0, there are no real solution
Determining the rule for a parabola
When we divide the polynomial P(x) by the polynomial D(x) we obtain two polynomials,
Q(x)the quotient and R(x) the remainder, such that
P(x) = D(x)Q(x) + R(x)
(
Sums and differences of cubes(
x 3 2 a 3 = (x 2 a)(x 2 + a x + a 2) x 3 + a 3 = (x + a)(x 2 2 a x + a 2)
(
(
(
(
Sign diagrams
For a cubic function with rulef (x) = (x 2 ³)(x 2 ³ )(x 2 ³) , where ³ < ³ < ³,
the sign diagram is as shown.
Logarithms
a x = y is equivalent to loga y =x
Logarithm Laws
Change of base
and
Circular functions
Degrees and radians
Circular functions
Asymptotes:
k=0, =
k=1,
k=2,
k=3,
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Transformations
Translations
Dilations
Reflections
Combination of transformations
Determining transformations
11
Matrices
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(
Note: If a transformation is defined by a matrix of the form where then
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POLYNOMIALS .................................................................................................................... 5
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS........................................................................................................ 8
TRANSFORMATIONS ......................................................................................................... 11
CACULUS .......................................................................................................................... 15
15
Applications of Differentiation
Note: This definition of the derivative assumes that the limit exists. For polynomial functions, such limits always exist. But it
is not true that for every function you can find the derivative at every point of its domain.
Leibniz notation
An alternative notation for the derivative is the following:
Note
Example-
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Example-
x
Differentiation of e (
Example-
1. 2.
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Example-
Example-
Example-
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Algebra of limits
Example-)
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Stationary Points
Example-
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Example-
Gradient of normal
If a tangent has gradient m, the normal has gradient
Example-
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Rates of Change
For the function with rule f (x):(
Example-
Example-
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Example-
Acceleration
Example-
Velocity
When
Where
Example-
Also, y= 50 - x
Example-
x + y =4 Quadratic formula
y= 4 - x
Example-
SA= 150
length= x , width = x , height= h
V= lwh
= x2 h
Example-
Quadratic formula
24
Example-
Area= (a+b) x h
Pythagorean identity
Also, -
Factorised
Look at the
sub into
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Example-)
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Example-
Example-
Example-
Example-
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Integration
The area under a graph
Divide the interval [a, b] on the x-axis into n equal subintervals [a, x1],
[x1, x2], [x2, x3], . . . , [xn21, b] as illustrated. Estimates for the area
under the graph of y= f(x) between x=a and x=b:
Left-endpoint estimate
Right-endpoint estimate
Example-
Example-
a Apply the right-end point rule with strips of 1 width 0.25 to estimate the area under the curve.
b Hence find an approximate value for Ã. How could you improve the
approximation? (
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Antidifferentiation(
Indefinite integrals
r
The antiderivative of x where r b 1
Properties of Antidifferentiation
Example- Example-
r
The antiderivative of (ax + b)
r
The antiderivative of (ax + b) where r b -1
(
r
The antiderivative of (ax + b) where r = -1
Example-
Example-
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kx
The antiderivative of e
Example-
Example-
Example-
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Example-
CanÕt use
a=0
b=6 As f(x) is not bigger than 0 for (c,b) so must use
c=4 the rule
Example-
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Example-
Example-
sin à = 0
Miscellaneous exercises
Example-
Product rule
c o s2 x + s i n2 x = 1
= sec 2 x + c
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Example-
Example-
Example-
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Applications of integration
Example-
Example-
Use rule
Use rule a
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Example-
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