Adel Gastli

Adel Gastli
ELEC202: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS II

UNIT 3: AC POWER ANALYSIS

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 1
 CONTENT
1 • Instantaneous & Average Power

Adel Gastli
2 • Maximum Average Power Transfer
3 • Effective RMS Value
• Apparent Power and Power Factor
Adel Gastli

4
5 • Complex Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Power Measuremen

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 2

CONTENT
1 • Instantaneous & Average Power 2
• Maximum Average power Transfer 3
• Effective RMS Value
4 • Apparen Power and Power Factor
5 • Comple Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Power Measuremen
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 3
 INSTANTANEOUS & AVERAGE POWER
 The Instantaneous Power is the power at any instant in
time.
 It is the rate at which an element absorbs power.
 Consider the generalized case where the voltage and
current at the terminals of a given circuit are:

v  t   Vm cos t   v  and i  t   I m cos t  i 

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 4

 INSTANTANEOUS & AVERAGE POWER
The instantaneous power, p(t) is:

Adel Gastli
p (t )  v(t )i (t )  Vm I m cos(t   v ) cos(t  i )
1 1
 Vm I m cos( v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t   v  i )
2 2
Sinusoidal power at 2

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Constant power

 p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit;

 p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 5
 INSTANTANEOUS & AVERAGE POWER
 This alternating power between positive
and negative values, is possible with
circuit elements like inductors or
capacitors which can store and release
energy.
 Note also that instantaneous power is
very hard to measure as it is constantly
changing.
 The more common power measured is
the Average Power.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 6

 INSTANTANEOUS & AVERAGE POWER
The average power P is the average of the instantaneous power

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over one period: 1 T 1
T
P p (t ) dt  Vm I m cos( v  i )
0 2

1. P is not time dependent.

2. When v =  i , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When  v– i = ±90o, it is a
When evaluated, the integral returns the component of purely reactive load case.
instantaneous power that was constant. 4. P = 0 means that the circuit
The time dependent part is a sinusoid and thus absorbs no average power.
averages to zero.
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 7
 INSTANTANEOUS & AVERAGE POWER
 In order to get the instantaneous
p (t )  Vm I m cos(t   v ) cos(t  i )
power, you need to work in the time
domain.
 But for average power it is possible to 1 1
P  Re VI *  Vm I m cos v  i 
work in frequency domain: 2 2
 Consider the case when v=i the 1 2 1 2
1
voltage and current are in phase and P  Vm I m  I m R  I R
the circuit is purely resistive: 2 2 2
 When  v-  i = ±90°, the circuit absorbs 1
no power and is purely reactive P  Vm I m cos 9 0  0
2

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 8

 LEARNING BY DOING

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EXAMPLE 11.1

SOLUTION

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 9

 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 11.2
 30  j 70 

I
SOLUTION V  120 0o V ~

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 10

 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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LEARNING BY DOING

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 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE

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SOLUTION

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LEARNING BY DOING

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LEARNING BY DOING

Adel Gastli

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LEARNING BY DOING

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PRACTICE PROBLEM 10.4

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Answer:

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(8  j 2)I1  j 2I 2  40 (1)
I1 I2

j 2I1  j 2I 2   j 20 (2)

(1)  (2)   8  j 4 I 1
 40  j 20

 I1  553.13o A

(2)  I1  I 2  10  I 2  13.6  162.9o A

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LEARNING BY DOING

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1
P1    40  5  cos(0  53.13)  60 W I1 I2
2

1
P2  8  5  cos(53.13  53.13)  100 W
2

1
P5   20 13.6  cos(90  162.9)  40 W
2

Others are zero

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 20

 CONTENT

1 • Instantaneous & Average Power 2

• Maximum Average power Transfer 3
• Effective RMS Value
• Apparent Power and Power Factor
• Complex Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Power Measuremen
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 22
 MAXIMUM AVERAGE POWER TRANSFER
 Previously (Circuits I) we considered
how to maximize DC power delivered to
a resistive load.
 It was shown that maximum power was
transferred when the load resistance
equaled the Thevenin resistance of the
supply circuit.
 This will now be extended to AC circuits.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 23

 MAXIMUM AVERAGE POWER
 In rectangular form, the Thevenin impedance and load impedance are:
ZTh  RTh  jX Th
Z L  RL  jX L
 The current through the load is:
VTh VTh
I 
ZTh  Z L  RTh  jX Th    RL  jX L 
 The average power delivered to the load is:
2
1 2 VT RL / 2
P  I RL 
   
2 2
2 h

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 24

 MAXIMUM AVERAGE POWER
2R
1 2 VT L /2
P  I RL 
   
2 2
2 h
 Our objective is to adjust the load parameters so that P is maximum
 We want to find the peak (maximum) of this function,
 which means finding the derivative and identifying where it goes to zero.
 This must be done for both RL and XL. '
 f  f ' g  fg '
  
 For ∂P/∂XL g
  g 2

 For ∂P/∂RL

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 25

 MAXIMUM AVERAGE POWER
RL  0
or
=0
X L   X Th

=0 ZL  Z *
Th

RL  RTh2   X Th  X L  RL  RTh
2

The load impedance must be equal to the complex conjugate of the

Thevenin impedance.
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 26
 MAXIMUM AVERAGE POWER TRANSFER
2 2
VTh RL VTh Rth
X L   X Th P 
2  RTh RL   X Th  X L   2  2 RTh  

2 2 2

RL  RTh    

2
VTh Maximum Average
P
8 RTh Power Transfer
Note:
If the load is purely real (resistive) , then for maximum average load
power transfer, we should have: R  R 2  X 2  Z
L TH TH TH

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 27

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EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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LEARNING BY DOING

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 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

Z th

Vth

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LEARNING BY DOING

RL

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LEARNING BY DOING

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 33

 CONTENT
1 • Instantaneous & Average Power
2 • Maximum Average power Transfer
3 • Effective RMS Value
4 • Apparent Power and Power Factor
5 • Complex Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Power Measurement

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 34

 EFFECTIVE OR RMS VALUE
 When a time varying source is delivering power to a resistive
load, we often want to know the effectiveness of that source on
delivering power.
 This value is the equivalent DC current that delivers the same
average power to a resistor R as the periodic (alternating) current.
 For a periodic current, the average power absorbed by a resitance
is:
T T
1 2 R
P 
T o
i Rdt   i dt
T o
=
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 35
 EFFECTIVE OR RMS VALUE
 For a DC current, the average power absorbed is:
T
R 2
P  I R   i dt
2
eff
T 0
 Equating these two and solving for the effective DC current yields:
T
1
I eff 
T 
0
i 2 dt  I rms

 The effective voltage is found in a similar manner:

T
1
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Veff  v dt  Vrms
2

T 0

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 36

 EFFECTIVE OR RMS VALUE
 The effective values for both current and voltage take the form of
the square root of the average of the square of the periodic
signal.
 This is typically referred to as the root mean square, or RMS
value for short.
 This can be extended to any periodic function g:

T
1
g rms   g dt
2

T 0
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 37
ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE (RMS)

2
(.)
2
1
2 
0
. d t

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 38

ROOT MEAN SQUARE OF g

2
1
 ( g ) d t2
Step 2:
2 0

Step 1: (g) 2

2
1
 ( g d  t 2
Step 3: )
2 0
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 39
CONCEPT OF RMS
Average of v2
v2
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Square root of the

t
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average of v2 v Average of v=0

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 40

 EFFECTIVE OR RMS VALUE
 The RMS value is applicable to any periodic function,
regardless of its shape.
 However, for a sinusoidal waveform, the RMS value is
related to the amplitude as follows:
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2 2
1 1 Vmax
 v(t )   max 
2 2
Vrms  d t  V cos( t ) d  t 
2 0
2 0 2
2
Vm 1
Vrms 
2
Vave 
2  v(t ) dt  0
0
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 41
 EFFECTIVE OR RMS VALUE
 The average power can be written in terms of rms values as:

1 Vm I m
P  Vm I m cos  v i   cos  v i  = Vrms I rms cos  v i 
2 2 2
 Similarly, the average power absorbed by resistor R is:
V 2 Voltage drop across resistor R
P  I rms R  rms
2

R
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Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answer as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 42
 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE

SOLUTION
The period of the waveform is T=4.
Over a period, we can write the current waveform as:

 5t , 0  t  2
i (t )  T 4

 10, 2  t  4
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 43
LEARNING BY DOING
 5t , 0  t  2
i (t ) 
 10, 2  t  4

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 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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LEARNING BY DOING

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LEARNING BY DOING

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 CONTENT
1 • Instantaneous & Average Power
2 • Maximum Average power Transfer
3 • Effective RMS Value
4 • Apparent Power and Power Factor
5 • Complex Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Power Measurement
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 49
 APPARENT POWER AND POWER FACTOR
Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of voltage and current.
It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from the average or
real power which is measured in watts.

P  Vrms I rms cos ( v  i )  S cos(  i )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between the voltage and
current angles. It is also the cosine of the angle of the load impedance.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 50

 APPARENT POWER AND POWER FACTOR
 The power factor can range from zero to unity.
 In a case where the power factor angle is positive, the
current leads the voltage, and vice versa for negative
angles.
 Purely reactive loads will have a power factor of zero.
 Power factors affect the way utilities bill for electricity.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 51

 APPARENT POWER AND POWER FACTOR

Purely resistive load (R) θv– θi = 0, P/S = 1, all power are

pf = 1 consumed
Purely reactive load (L or C) θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
pf = 0 consumption
Resistive and reactive load θv– θi >0 • Lagging - inductive load
(R and L/C) θv– θi <<0 • Leading - capacitive load

Leading pf means that current leads voltage (capacitive load)

Lagging pf means that current lags voltage (inductive load)

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 52

 CONTENT
1 • Instantaneous & Average Power
2 • Maximum Average power Transfer
3 • Effective RMS Value
4 • Apparent Power and Power Factor
5 • Complex Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Power Measurement

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 53

 COMPLEX POWER
Complex power S is half the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:
1 
S  VI
2
V  Vm v  2Vrms θv I*  I m θi  2 I rms θi

1 
S  VI  Vrms I rms  θv  θi 
2
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 54
 COMPLEX POWER
1
 V I  Vrms I rms  v  i 
2

 S  Vrms I rms cos ( v  i )  j Vrms I rms sin ( v  i )

S = P + j Q

 P: is the real (average) power in watts delivered to a load and it is the only useful
power. It is measured in Watts.
 Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and the reactive part of the
load. It is measured in VAR.
 Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
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 Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).

 Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 55

COMPLEX POWER

Root Coke (kW)

Power Factor=
Mug Capacity (kVA)

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 56

COMPLEX POWER

 S  Vrms I rms cos ( v  i )  j Vrms I rms sin ( v  i )

S = P + j Q

Apparent Power, S = | S| = Vrm sI rm s = P2  Q2

Real power, P = Re( S) = S cos( θv – θi )
React ive Power, Q = I m ( S) = S sin( θv – θi )
Power fact or, pf = P/ S = cos( θv – θi )

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 57

COMPLEX POWER

 S  V ms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ  θ i )

S = P + j Q

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle

Power Factor

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 58

 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 11.9

SOLUTION
120 4
The apparent power is: S  Vrms I rms    240 VA
2 2
 
The power factor is: pf  cos  v  i   cos 20o  10o  cos 30o  0.866 (leading)   
i  10o
The pf is leading because the current leads the voltage.
o
θv  θi  30  0  Leading pf
I  v  20o
V
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 59
 LEARNING BY DOING
The pf may also be obtained from the load as follows.

V 120 20o o
Z  o
 30  30 =25.98  j15 
I 4 10

 
 pf  cos 30o  0.866 (leading)

The load impedance Z can be modeled by a resistor R in series with a capacitor C.

1
Z  R  jX C =25.98  j15   R  25.98  X C  15  
C
1 1
C    212.2  F
15 15  100
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 60
 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 11.10

SOLUTION

The total impedance is:

 j2  4
Z  6  4   j2  6   6.8  j1.6  7 13.24o 
4  j2
The power factor is:
pf  cos  13.24   0.9734 (leading, capacitive)
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 61
 LEARNING BY DOING
The rms value of the current is: Z  6.8  j1.6  7 13.24o 
Vrms 30 o
o
=R  jX C
I rms    4.286 13.24 A
Z 7 13.24o
The average power supplied by the source is calculated as follows:
P  Vrms I rms  pf  30  4.286  0.9734  125 W
or
2
P  I rms R  4.2862  6.8  125 W
Where R is the resistive part of Z.
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 62
 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 11.11

SOLUTION

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 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 11.12

SOLUTION

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LEARNING BY DOING

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 CONTENT
1 • Instantaneous & Average Power
2 • Maximum Average power Transfer
3 • Effective RMS Value
4 • ApparentPower and Power Factor
5 • Complex Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Power Measuremen

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 68

 CONSERVATION OF AC POWER
The complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal the
respective sums of the complex, real, and reactive powers of the
individual loads.

For parallel connection:

1 * 1 1 1
2 2
 2
*

2

S  VI  V I1  I 2 = V1I1  V2I*2  S1  S 2
* *

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 69

 CONSERVATION OF AC POWER
For series connection:
1 * 1 1 1
S  VI   V1  V2  I  V1I  V2 I*  S1  S 2
* *

2 2 2 2

 So, regardless of how circuit elements are connected, the total complex
power delivered is equal to the total complex power absorbed by the
elements.
S  S1  S 2  S3   SN
 The same is true for real and reactive power.

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EXAMPLE 11.13

SOLUTION

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Vline

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VL

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 CONTENT
1 • Instantaneous & Average Power
2 • Maximum Average power Transfer
3 • Effective RMS Value
4 • ApparentPower and Power Factor
5 • Complex Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Power Measuremen

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 76

 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Power factor correction is the process of increasing the power factor
without altering the voltage or current to the original load.
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Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason.
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 77
 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
 Most domestic and industrial loads, such as washing machines,
air conditioners, and induction motors are inductive.
 They have a low, lagging power factor.
 The load cannot be changed, but the power factor can be
increased without altering the voltage or current to the original
load.
 This is referred to as power factor correction.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 78

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Large motors
PF=0.4-0.7
compressors

Computer
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Switched-Mode PF=0.5-0.6
Power Supply

Diode rectifier, PF=0.5-0.6

Triac lamp
dimmer

Light bulb PF=0.9-1.0

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 79

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

PF=0.7

70% of the amps produce watts

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to the load to produce torque.

30% of the amps produce

reactive power that does not
contribute to the load torque.

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POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Power factor represents the percentage of electrical Amperage
supplied by the electric utility that actually performs work.

Q P

P=S x PF=Torque x Speed

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 POWER FACTOR ANALOGY
One way to understand power factor is to think about a horse pulling a barge along a canal. The horse must pull

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the barge from the shore; therefore, the horse is pulling the barge at an angle to the direction of travel. Because
the horse is pulling at an angle, not all of the horse’s effort is used to move the barge along the canal.

The effort of the horse is the total power or apparent power (kVA); the power used to
move the barge is the working power or real power(kW); and the power that is trying
to pull the barge to the side of the canal is the nonworking power or reactive
power(kVAR).

The ratio of the real power to the apparent power is known as the power factor. If the horse
is led closer to the edge of the canal the angle of the rope decreases and more of the
apparent power is used as the real power, increasing the power factor.
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 82
 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
 To mitigate the inductive aspect of the load, a capacitor is added in parallel
with the load.
 Looking at the phasor diagram, showing before and after adding the
capacitor, the power factor has improved.

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POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

SUMMARY

Qc = Q 1 – Q2
= p(tan θ1 - tan θ2)
= ωCV2rms

𝑽𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑸 = 𝑰𝒎 𝑺 =
𝑿
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 Qc P (tan θ1  tan θ 2 )
C  
= P tan θ1 ωVrms
2
ω Vrms
2

P = S1 cos θ1 Q2 = P tan θ2

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 84

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Unity Power Factor Correction

PF=0.7
S’=P S=P+jQ

PF’=1 Q

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 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
 So, the capacitor needed in order to shift the power factor angle
from θ1 to θ2 is:
QC P  tan 1  tan  2 
C 
Vrms
2
Vrms
2

 Note that the real power dissipated in the load is not affected by
the shunt capacitor.
 Although it is not as common, if a load is capacitive in nature, the
same treatment with an inductor can be used.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 86

 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
 With the same supplied voltage, the Unity Power Factor Correction
PF=0.7
current drawn from the line is less by S’=P S=P+jQ
adding the capacitor near the load.
 Since power companies charge more for PF’=1 Q
larger currents because it leads to larger
power loss.
 Overall, the power factor correction
benefits the power company and the
consumer.
 By choosing a suitable size for the
capacitor, the power factor can be made
to be unity.
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 87
 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 11.15

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SOLUTION

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LEARNING BY DOING

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LEARNING BY DOING

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LEARNING BY DOING

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 CONTENT
1 • Instantaneous & Average Power 2
• Maximum Average Power Transfer 3
• Effective RMS Value
4 • Apparent Power and Power Factor
5 • Complex Power
6 • Conservation of AC Power
7 • Power Factor Correction
6 • Application: Power Measurement

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 93

 POWER MEASUREMENT: WATTMETER
 Power consumption in a AC system can be Current Coil

measured using a Wattmeter.

 The meter consists of two coils; the current
and voltage coils.
 The current coil is designed with low impedance
and is connected in series with the load. Voltage Coil
 The voltage coil is designed with very large
impedance and is connected in parallel with the
load.

Adel Gastli
Profs. Adel Gastli &
Lazhar Ben Brahim Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 94
 POWER MEASUREMENT: WATTMETER
 The induced magnetic field from both causes
a deflection in the current coil.
 Ideally, the configuration does not alter the
load and affect the power measured.
 The physical inertia of the moving coil results
in the output being equal to the average
power.

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Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 95
 POWER MEASUREMENT: WATTMETER
Since the wattmeter is the instrument for measuring the average
power.
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Equivalent Circuit with load

The basic structure

If v(t )  Vm cos(t   v ) and i (t )  I m cos(t   i )

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  12 Vm I m cos (θ v  θi )

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 96
POWER MEASUREMENT: WATTMETER
Analogue Wattmeter Digital Wattmeter

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Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 97
 LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 11.16

SOLUTION
In Fig. 11.32, the wattmeter reads the average power absorbed by (8-j6)  impedance
because the current coil is in series with the impedance while the voltage coil is in parallel
with it.
150 0o 150
The current through the circuit is: I rms   A
12  j10   8  j 6  20  j 4

150  8  j 6 
The voltage across (8-j6)  impedance is: Vrms  I rms  8  j 6   V
20  j 4

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 LEARNING BY DOING
150  8  j 6  150
The complex power is:  Vrms I rms  
20  j 4 20  j 4
 423.7  j 324.6 VA

Thus, the wattmeter reads: P  Re  S   432.7 W

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LEARNING BY DOING

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 Adel Gastli
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END OF THIS UNIT

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