So youre ) One to be an Tm NetTeCopyright 19419 Kenficl & Fsser Co,O, you've decided to be an engincer. Well, that means you're going to make a lat of the rest af us look lazy, sleepy, sloppy, inexact and unimaginative. (Ves, engineers have imagination. In my opinion, a guy whe can dream up a bridge, a road or a modern industrial machine is more of a poct than most poets.) You've chosen a pip of a profession, ‘The world looks 10 engi- neers, and looks up to ‘em. Engineers have designed such things as the Eiffel Tower, Boulder Dam, the Hudson Tunnel, Chevrolets and Fords, B-29's, safety razors, popsicles, roller cousters, washing machines, kiddie cars and skyscrapers—and 1 was going to say the Grand Canyon, but I guess that Nature did that. Every engineer and scientist needs tools and equipment. (I'm telling you!) You'll need them within a few hours alter you hit college and keep on needing them until they triangulate you far a pine box. The tools you use will have to be absolutely dependable and preciseto within a ten-thousandth of a cat's whisker. There is no just “dumb luck” calculation in an engineer's ileSome of this equipment you'll have to buy right new. T's a shame; you should chosen a course where you coulda gottcn along with a couple bucks’ worth of text books Good instruments will make your work easic s book is all about the equipment you'll need sooner or Later faster and better ind help you to hoist yourself some good grades. Also, good. stra ments © more fun to have uround—like an especially good fishing outfit, or a hot set of golf clubs, or skis, or a crackerjack camera, What's been your hobby? Well, make good engineering tools your hobby henceforth First, let's yam about the things your professor will. probably tell you to get right away. He's the man to ask, of course, I know he'd like to see you get the best Personally, I'd start right in to tying te an outfit that has been around for over 80 years, trying Like everyth to produce the best equipment for engineers, scientists and d tsmen, (If you'll turn to the rear of this book, you'll see it’s Keuffel & Esser Co. on whom I have a crush.)First thing on your engineering shopping list is a slide rule An engineer without a slide rule is like a slide tombonist wit out a slide trombone, You'll be cating and sleeping with your slide rule as long as you live, There are various types of slide rules, They start with the simplest, original Mannheim type. ‘This rule bas been the basis for all the improvements and more claborate scales that Keutfel & Esser have added since, on the Palyphase, the Log Log Duplex Trig and Decitrig and the Log Log Duplex Vector rules. Here agai your professor will advise you what co get, Most profs today are recommending the Log Log Duplex Trig or Decitrig to their stu- ill handle exponential equations, dents because these babies My nickel’s worth is this: whatever type of slide rule you buy he sure it is a good one. An almost good slide rule is like an almost cturer to stamp out slide rules like cookies, but it really takes aches and pains to turn out a good good egg. It is possible for a manu0 and produetion can't be hustled. (Even Keuifel & Esser _make a hurr d-up slide rule, themselves, to meet a lower price demand.) I say, get yourself-a honey of a slide rule right at the start, even though it may hurt you some to raise the moucy with white | A good slide rule is made out of mahogan’ and what are called “engine divided” graduations. It takes many decades to grow good mahogany and se ‘al years to season it, (You might almost say good mahogany doesn’t grow on trees, but of course it does.) Good, long-seasoned mahogany is the le that will maintain its only material to use to give you # slide alignment and accuracy through the years, last as long as you will want to use itand always work for you as well as the day you hought it... providing, of cours roommate. you don't throw it at the radia or your at is mmm ant by ‘ou may wonder nygine divided" gradua ons. This means that the tiny lines on your rule are made plicated set of machines that are better than human and that engrave yy at come every single line individually on the white face of the rule, Thete isn’t the slightest. chance of any ling being even a gnat’s eyebrow aut of place, at legible until the cows come home. h line is cut deep and clean, and the colar is filled in erwards by land, Thar is why the graduations w Tstay clear andJust asa bride gets a kick out of starting matrimony with a chest of the best darned silverware on carth—expecting it to last her all her married life—you can get a boot out of starting your engineering career with a set of the best darned dh wing instruments on earth which will last you all your en, inecring lile. Next to your slide rule, a ipal investments you'll probutly have is is one of the earliest pr to make as.a freshman. You can look at them in their case, and dream ef the bri dams, tunnels and ships that may come to life through their use It’s a fact that a really good set of dray can't be cheap. Something | made by a manufacturer with instruments simply nothing ain't, But if you buy a set a fine reputation, vou can count on getting what you pay for, If he makes seve you can safely gauge the quality by the price. Like good slide rules, good drawing in grades, as he is sure to, truments aren't just thrown together. They're a job for genuine cra ftsmen—they're pre cision instruments for lifelong precision pe The best are formance, «le of rolled nickel silver. The nickel content insures the necessary hardness and wear ig qualities of the joints andmoving parts, Phe joints mean a lot (as s don't). The accuracy of the Il the joints of a compass wobble, you'll draw a wobbly circle, That is, if the joints of ass don't move in the same plane, the points of the instrument won't meet whose joi instruments depends on ch com exactly. You'll get eccentric circles, which don't go in engincering. The best pens are made of high car- bon steel, stainless stcel or high speed swel. The r fic steel wears; soft stecl does not. You'll need a T-squite (00, most likely, and even your T-square might as well be a thoroughbred right from the start. A 'T-square leads a hard life (it gets dropped, stepped on, wrenched and kicked around, alas, was) and it ought 10 be built for hardship. You can get one that is all wood and 1 thing else, but there areother kinds that are better, One that is wood but has transparent edges is better because it lets you see a full quarter inch of the work below the line you are draw- ing, And best of all is the kind with par ented transparent edges. The patented feature is: that the transparent edge is a little thinner than the wood center— that is, it is very slightly raised above the drawing surface, The advantage of this is a double-header, First, the wansparent edge vides free and Keeps more transpar ent. Secondly, the tip of your ruling pen is not in contact with the ruling edge. ‘This defies capillary attraction with its ink blobs and smudges which are enough to make any engincer cuss like a buecaneer Then come the odds and ends—the triangles, protractors and curves. They come in various qualities, but here again the main thing is to get them from a good manufacturer. Drawing boards, too. You'll likely have to get one, They come with or without battens to reinforee them underneath. The battens make the board heavier, and you'll probably go for the lighter kind, H you wish, you can get a surface material to cover the board with K&E make one called Laminene which is as smooth as glass andl wonderful as a base for your drawing or tracing paper, and is easy to keep clean, ton, Pve had the same drawing board for about a quarter of a century, and I love it almost as much as 1 do Mrs, Herold. Until you get over being a layman, you'll probably call a scale a “sale rule.” T still do. A seate is a basic drafting tool on which something little usually represents something bigger. Maybe, for example, when 1 ineh stands for I foot, Anyway, you use it for measuring or laying off distances or dimensions which represent proportionately larger distances or dimensions. You'll depend a lot on good scales. ‘The best professional seale is the haxwood type with white facings and “engine divided” graduations. (Remember what Tsaid above about slide rules?) [9]Then there’s the sort that iy made entirely of plastic. They cost U bie less, and vou get what you pay for, And there's the hardwood type that is merely printed. There's the Hut type of scale, with two or four bevels, and the triangular one, with six faces, chosen by most colleges heeause they are more uselul. Some scales are graduated for civil engineeri drafting, divided 10, 20, 80 (and so forth) feet to the inch; ethers for ech cal engineers or architects, divided 14, 14, 44 inch, and se on to the foot. Besides, there are special scales thar are sometimes used by mechanical engi ncers (known as ratio Seales) that are 14 size (4 in, = 1 fe), 14 size Bin. = 1 Me), 14 size (6 in. = 1 ft) and suchlike. This is a lot of detail, but your professor will help ele the mud iv up T've ahout covered the tools you're Likely to need except the materials you'll be drawing on, You'll most he away-—all ely launch your drafting career on opaque drawing paper. You'll feel more at home an this at first pcamuise yOu can ser ich around and blunder and erase and re-draw to your heart’s content without raining a lot ol more expensive paper. necring andcommercial drafting rooms, the sharks make practically all their drawings on transparent trac per or trac jaDont BE ASHAMED ing cloth. And a good deal of work is dane on these in colleges today But the ch Never cloths worth knowing, There are a number of kinds of both of the nces are, you'll start off’ on a non-transparent paper. neless, there aré a coupla things about tracing papers al My own choice f tracing paper would be the kind called Albanene, every time, ‘hat’s what my engineering friends all tell me, tao. And the also swear by a tracing cloth called Phoenix, It’s moisture hasts.” proof, they say, and it scares away what they call And then, while we're on subject, there's a wonderful new development called Stabilene, Vhat’s a tracing clath made out of glass fibers, that ov shine or hat or cold, It’s very important for work of certain k just won't change its dimensions one iat, come But there isn't room for the whole story here REPRODUCTIONS If yow're going to be an engineer, you gotta reproduce. T mean, you can't hand an original drawing around to all the peaple who have to read it and work with it, any more than an author of a book ic, Repro: nal manuscript around to the entire pul ductions are to the engineer what the printed book is to the author Good reproductions that are clear and casily read are needed. And it ake ‘em. good materials 10 1 takes good drawings anewi RRR g You GOTTA REPRODUCE There's quite a variety of reproduction processes. One kind has come tremendously to the front in recent years, It is the dry diazo, ammonia developing process that gives positive line prints (not nega- tive like blueprints) on paper, cloth or film. That description sounds like a big mouthful, but K&E just call them #elios prints. Another handy trick a Iot of people don't know about is the making of new tracings from pencil originals by photographic and similar processes. It’s a matter of minutes and saves hours of tracing: by hand. Now we come to one or two things you may or may not actually meet in college. But you'll want to know therm eventually, so you might as well have a knock-down to them right now. One of these is the drafting machine. No, this isn’t a conlra p- tion that will do your work while you go fishing. But modern draft. ing rooms, where they have been used, wouldn't be without them, They are taught and used in some college classes. You may even use one in your freshman year. [12]The hig idea is, it permits you to moye a rule all over a drafting board and the rule stays parallel vo its origin, ‘The best model works on the principle of enclosed drums and steel bunds. The accuracy depends on the precision of the radii of the drums, if | ain Nol too stully, Comparing a dralting machine with a T-squarc, triangles and a protractor is like comparing power navigation with sailing. But if you haven't got an engine 1. Every engineer ought to learn how to letter pretty well, so that what he writes will be neat and readable. Here again is an art that has to be learned the hard way first. But later on, you will want the uxury—no, it isn’t even a luxury any Tonger—of what might be called “controlled” lettering. There are two main types of this, One is donc with stencils. ‘The other is done with guides or templates on which the letters or mumbers or even graphical symbols (mapping, electrical, welding and so on) are grooved. K&E's outfit is called Leroy, and it consists of the guides and a little device which has one arm with which you trace the grooves and another arm with a litte pen which draws the same letters a short distance away, clear of the guide. 'Lhis is by [ar the you have to use at sa 1134most practical method of lettering, because you can see what you're doin ‘There's no risk of smudges or blobs, because the pen itsell never touches the guide. The beauty of uhis kind of lettering is that it takes no skill, and is always the same, whoever does it. It has become so popular in recent years that it is a “must” in literally thousands of drafting roams Leroy Lettering has made history. When we Americans licked the Japs, we used a Ler sel to prepare the surrender document to which they appended their John Hashimotas that day aboard the “Mighty Mo.” By the way, K&E alo make a “non-professional” lettering set called Dorie, which works on the Lerey Levering principle, It is an excellent job for student use. You might ask your college hookstore to let you sue one Graph paper forms, too, are worth a paragraph, if you are still reading, (I'm still writing} ‘These have several main uses: for ple ting engincering or scientife or business data (such as showing the variations in the price of cheese since 1863); as a guide for sketching or drawing, ete. The selection is a bit confusing and alarming at frst, what with all the available square and rectangular section forms,nd trigonometric and. so the logarithmic and semi-logarithmic forms, the reciprocal forms the specials like electrical, polar co-ordinate on, You'll get uhe instinct lor choosing the ones you need, and there are good guides te their use to: help you choose Another ingenious little gimmick with which you'll want to make friends sooner or later is the planimeter. What it does is measure the area ol any shape or form you want. You simply run a tracer point round the periphery and then read the distance the measuring wheel has g need one lor doing things like measuring drainage areas, or com put imagine that it has got to be mighty accurate, or you'll be way off in reat Outdoors, g for the moment iL as “the art of findin, thing is or putting it exactly where it ought to be science instead of an art, for its middle name is aceu in seeking 10 dehne the dilference between Amer ne while you weren't watching it. You may excavations or evaluating indicator diagrams, But you can your areas, That brings us out into the Let's talk about surve out where some " Maybe it's a Somebody has defi cy. Lin Yutang ns and Ch esesays that the American engineers will build a tunnel through a mountain, starting 36ths of m both ends, and meet in the middle to within ile the Chinese will start at both ends and both crews will go clear through the mountain, and thus get two tunnels. No kidding, Anicrican engineers have actually hit it that close, and such feats are more or less commonplace with the skilled man asing the right instruments, Yes sir, you've picked a real profession! But whether you're building tunnels or dams or airplanes or machiner you can't hope for much if your surveying instruments aren't just the way the n inch, Ww! ought to be, no marter how hot you are, yourself. II instrey ments of any kind in general use that you can think of, the wansit is about the most accurate. And it is exccedingly versatile in its accomplishments. It's used for establishing level lines, for measuring vertical or horizontal angles, and for measuring approximate dis- lances, by means of its stadia haits and a leveling red. Tts Tesser brother, the level, is for level lines only. And then there's its athe relative, the alidade and plane table, used for topographical map- ping, If it ever falls to your lot to buy or specify any of these extremely vital instr The top instrument in surveying is the wansit. Of a nents, always take into account what you know and his reputation when you are looking far quality, accuracy, reliability and long life. 'm not mentioning any names, but you may sense vaguely what outht I'm talking about. And speaking of measuring, (was 12) 1 want to throw in a word of the manufactur about. tapes. purpos steel and woven measuring tapes. Each kind has its ‘The steel ones are, of course, used for aceuracy. Here, what counts is legibility and wear. There's nothing clearer or better than a white background with bold, black numbers and graduations on it. Engineers swear by Wyteface. ‘Tapes are made in a variety of lengths and in all the different forms of graduation you'll ever need, One buddy you'll have to have is a good Field Book in which to record your notes. It should be one you can use outdoors in all weathers and that will last forever, or thereabouts. The best ones are stitched with non-rusting wire and will open right back, cover to cover, without cracking. The paper should he waterproofed. [18]I've been trying im as gentlemanly a way as possible through these pages to hint you should give real consideration now anal for- ever to Keulfel & Esser as the makers of all your engineering and. drafting equipment. Here's a company that is aver 80 years old, and getting: more alive every year. They have been throngh three wars and won most elegant wreaths of laurel for the things they developed and built for the armed forces in all three fracases—things like periscopes, range and height finders, io mention .a few. There is hardly a major piece of engineering, from the Panama Canal to the Brooklyn Bridge, backwards and forward, in which K&E produets have not played an important part, KXE have a big factory, with many workers who have been with them for years, some for gt skills and the devotion which go into making a line of fine, first class precision engineering instruments and materials. K&E products are known and respected from coast to coast and all over the world, ‘The KXE catalog has been called the handbook af the dustry. nerations, and whe have inherited the (17)As I said at che open! g of this lecture, yours isn’t a hit or miss profession. It's yotta be hit every time, You can't allord to have it any other way. It hay happened once in a while chat a bridge has fallen down or @ building sagged or collapsed. Not alten—but whe ‘knows, maybe the instruments used had something 16 do with iv Anyway, you awe it to yourself to attach 1 yoursell the best equipment you ean possibly get, Second rate stuff is like shoes that don’t ft—and you know what those can de to your feet So pick your manufacturer, and stick to him. Find out some- thing about him, Learn wl what his rep is, ithe makes, how long he’s been at it, and You may want to toss away what I've written here, but Keulel & Esser Co, have craftily put some valuable stulf in the following pages which make ita reference book chat you simply cu't afford to throw way. Lh. rayU.S. SYSTEM METRIC SYSTEM Length | mile = 5280 eer lometer = 1000 meters 3 feet 1 mever = 10 decimeters 12 inches Idecimeter = 10 centimeters Veentimeter = 10 millimeters Surveyor's or Gunter’s Measure | millimeter = 1000 microns (a) 1 micron 1000 mnillimicrons (mx) 1 mile =8 furlongs =80 chains J millimieron = 10 angstroms ( {| chain =100 links 66 feet 1 rod =5!4 yards =16!4 feet Nautical Measure 1 nautical mile = 6080* feet 1 fathom 6 eet Tmile = 1 kilomecers 1 aneter pe Vyard = 0.914" meter Tioot = 0,3048% meter Jinch = 2.54" centimeters Area T square mile =040 acres 1 scjuare kilometer =100 hectares 1 acre = 10square chains 1 hectare 00 ares 1 acre 540 square feet 1 are =100 centares Tsquare inch = ularinches 1 centare 1 square meter 1,000,000 circular m 1 square mile =2.590° square kilometers I square yard = 0.8361" square 1 | cireular inc 6 cquare foot =0.0929* square meter quarc inch =6.452* square centimeters 1 aere = 0.4047" hectare Volume J acresioot = 43,560 cubie foer 1 curd = 128 cubie fect T hoard foor = 144 cubie inches Leubie yard = .7646® cubie meter l cubic foot — 0.02832* cubic meter {cubic inch = 16.39" cubie centimeters Capacity—Volume of Liquids 1US. gallon =8.145" pounds of water 1 liter —1000* eubie contitueters 1 231 eubie inebes le 481* U.S, gallons 1 Imperial gallon =1.2* U.S. gallons 1USS, gallon = 3.785 liters Vquart 0.9963" liter Titer = 61.02* cubic inches “Indicates on epproximate value.Weight or Mass 1 short ton = 2000 pounds 1 metric ton = 1000 kilograms Hong con =2240 pounds V Kilogram =~ 1000 grams Tpound = 16 ounces T gram DOU railligrams 18* kilograms 86" kilograsn I shart ton = 907 1 pound Angular Measurement circumference ~360 degrees degree = 60 minutes minute 60 seconds circumference = 6.2832" radians radian (p) 57.2958" dewrees quadrant — = 90 degrees quadrant +100 mils quadrant 106) gracls grad = 100 grad minutes grad minute = 100 grad seconds Circumference = 3.14159* diameters Temperature 32 ‘ ia dures y degrees C= {1.8y+32) degrees F ‘Absolute zero = —45 x degrees Uniform Velocity _4 (distance) (velocity) « me) 1 mile per hour=88 feet per minute 1 nautical mile per hour =1 knot = 1.1516 miles per hour Velocity of light = 186,300* miles per second Uniform Acceleration 2: (velocity, final) —os (velociey, # (aime, clapsed) Standard acceleration due to gravity (g.) = 32.174" feet per second per second = 980,78 centimeters per sceand per second (acceleration) a = Force W (weight) £ (force) P= mass xacceleration = ma = poundals © grams weight 1 gram weig 1 pound weigl T pound weight * Indicates on opproximate valve. [20]Pressure 1 atmosphere = 14.7% pounds per sq. in | atmosphere = 29.92 inches mercury [atmosphere = 33.9% feet of water 1 atmosphere = 760 millimeters of mercury Work and Energy Meckantcat Lerg = 1 dyne-centimeter 1 gram-centimeter =980.7* ergs 1 kilogramemeter 233 fpot-pounds T horsepower see, 550 faot-pounds The 1 British thermal unit = 778* foot-paunds 1 British thermal unit =252* gramcalori 1 foot-pound =~ 0.3239 gramecaloric 1 gram-calorie = 0.4269 kilograin-meter Elestricad 1 joule =10" ergs L watt-seeond = | joule 1 foot-pound = 1.356* joules Power horsepower = _550 foot-pounds per secand L horsepower =2545 BTU per hour 1 horsepower = 746" wat I kilowatt = 1.341 horsepower ‘Quadratic If ax? }ix +e, then x= Binomial (ath) a" bean bE Arithmetic and Geometric Progression Ifn= the number of terms, a =the first tere, | =the last mon difference, s=the sum of n terns, r=the commen ratio wm, d=th cou fea (n—1)a = pala h) * indicates an approximate valve,sin (448) cos (AEB n A cos Bteos Asin B cos A cos BF, san dttan B tan hPa anc tan 8 sin Asin B=2 sin (4-8) cos 4(4—B) sin d—sin B=2 cos 14-48) sin 14 —B cos A+cos cos A+B) cos ii — 2) cos A—cox B= —2 ein A+B) sin id —B) sin 2.4=2sin Acon A cos 2. A =cos* A —sin* A= 1 — 2 sin? A=2 cost A—1 2tan A coz ot d=1 1 tan? 4 2eot A +.70T1V1—cosd cos $A = 4.7071 V1 feos A 4 A cot $4 Solution of Oblique Triangles Angles 4, Band €. Sides opposite a, § and ¢ respectively. A+B+C=180 sin A_sin B_sin It 48 —2he cas A F(AER)=9°-$ 0 code poe 2b ah avt A=} (A+B) 44 (4-8) B=} (A4+8)—4 (4—B) asin Bsin 2sin A tan HA tan (A+R) Area = de sin A= = Valea) (68) ee) when spa +b-4e) (22)These are some trade marks to look for to make sure you are getting genuine K&E products: KE® KRE® POLYPHASE® Slide Rules LOG LOG DUPLEX TRIG and DECITRIG® Slide Rules LOG LOG DUPLEX VECTOR® Slide Rules MINUSA® Drawing Instruments. PARAGON® Drawing Instruments ANVIL Drawing Instrements MERCURY® Drawi LAMINENE Draw PARAGON Scales ALBANENE® Tracing Paper PHOENIX® Tracing Gloth STABILENE Glass Cloth HELIOS® Dry Diazo Reproduction Materials PARAGONG Drattii LEROY® Leticri DORIC Lettering Equipment PARAGON Surveying Instruments WYTEFACE Steel and Woven Tapes y Instruments Board Surface M. ng Machines quipment 38)